Mechanics of Materials II

o Understand the strain transformation

o Develop general equations of strain transformation under plane

strain conditions
o Transformation of strain at a point is
y
similar to the transformation of stress 𝜖𝑦𝑦

o General state of strain at a point in a 𝛾𝑦𝑥 𝜖𝑧𝑧

body is represented by 𝜖𝑦𝑧
𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝛾𝑧𝑥
– Three components of normal strain 𝜖𝑥𝑥 𝛾𝑧𝑦 𝛾𝑧𝑦
𝜖𝑥𝑥
0
𝝐𝒙 , 𝝐𝒚 , 𝝐𝒛 and x
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝛾𝑥𝑧
– Three components of shear strain 𝛾𝑦𝑧
𝜸𝒙𝒚 , 𝜸𝒙𝒛 , 𝜸𝒚𝒛 z 𝜖𝑧𝑧 𝛾𝑦𝑥
𝜖𝑦𝑦
o These six components tend to deform
each face of an element of the material
• Normal and shear strain components at the point will vary according
to the orientation of the element
• Strains at a point are often determined by using strain gauges, which
measure normal strain in specified directions
o A plane-strained element is subjected to
– Two components of normal strain
𝝐𝒙 , 𝝐𝒚 , and
– One component of shear strain 𝜸𝒙𝒚
o Plane stress does not necessarily cause
plane strain
o The reason for this has to do with the
Poisson effect
o If the element is subjected to plane stress
𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 then 𝜖𝑥 , 𝜖𝑦 are produced along
with 𝜖𝑧 . Not a case of plane strain
o Unless the 𝜈 = 0, Poisson’s effect will
prevent simultaneous occurrence of
plane strain and plane stress
o Establish transformation equations that can
– determine the components of normal and shear strain at a point
when x, y components of strain are known

o Requires relating the deformations and rotations of line segments,

which represent the sides of differential elements
Sign Convention
o Normal strains 𝜖𝑥 , 𝜖𝑦 are positive if they
cause elongation along the x and y axes
o Shear strain 𝛾𝑥𝑦 is positive if the interior
angle AOB becomes smaller than 90°
o Positive 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑥𝑦 will cause the
element to deform in the positive
𝜖𝑥 , 𝜖𝑦 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦 directions
o Angle between the 𝑥 and 𝑥ƴ axes is 𝜃
o 𝜃 will be positive provided it follows the
curl of the right-hand fingers
Transformation of Strain
o Strains 𝜖𝑥 , 𝜖𝑦 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦 are acting in xy coordinate system
o d𝑥ƴ lies along the 𝑥ƴ axis
o Determine elongation of a line segment d𝑥ƴ caused by strains
𝜖𝑥 , 𝜖𝑦 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦
o Components of d𝑥ƴ
𝑦
𝑦ƴ 𝑥ƴ
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥ƴ cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑥ƴ s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥ƴ
𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Normal Strains
o Normal positive strain 𝜖𝑥 acts on line 𝑑𝑥
o Elongation in 𝑑𝑥 is 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥
o Since 𝑑𝑥 is a component of d𝑥,ƴ thus it causes elongation of d𝑥ƴ
o Elongation in d𝑥ƴ is 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃

𝑦 𝑥ƴ
𝑦ƴ
𝑑 𝑥ƴ
𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜃
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑥
Normal Strains

o Normal positive strain 𝜖𝑦 𝑦

acts on line 𝑑𝑦
𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃
o Elongation in 𝑑𝑦 is 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜖𝑦 𝑑y 𝜃
𝑥ƴ

o Since 𝑑𝑦 is a component
𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃
of d𝑥,ƴ thus it causes 𝑦ƴ 𝑑𝑦
elongation of d𝑥ƴ 𝑑 𝑥ƴ
𝜃
o Elongation in d𝑥ƴ is 𝑥
𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑦
Shear Strains
o Assume 𝑑𝑥 remains fixed
o Shear strain 𝛾𝑥𝑦 is the change in the angle between 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦
o Shear strain 𝛾𝑥𝑦 causes the top of line 𝑑𝑦 to be displaced to the
right
o Shear strain 𝛾𝑥𝑦 is 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
o Causes d𝑥ƴ to elongate 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝑦 𝑥ƴ
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃

𝑦ƴ
𝑑𝑦 𝜃
𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑑 𝑥ƴ
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
o Adding the three elongations, resultant elongation of d𝑥ƴ

𝛿 𝑥ƴ = 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃

o Normal strain along the line d𝑥ƴ is

𝜖𝑥ƴ = 𝛿 𝑥ƴ Τd𝑥ƴ = (𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃)/d𝑥ƴ

o Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥ƴ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑥ƴ s𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝝐𝒙ƴ = 𝝐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝝐𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

o Above equation gives the transformed strain 𝜖𝑥ƴ = 𝛿 𝑥ƴ Τd𝑥ƴ in

terms of strain in xy coordinate system
Transformation of Shear Strain
o Strain-transformation equation for 𝛾𝑥ƴ 𝑦ƴ is developed by
considering rotation of d𝑥ƴ and dyƴ due to strain 𝜖𝑥 , 𝜖𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑥𝑦
o Rotation of d𝑥ƴ is given by angle 𝛼
o Displacement caused, δy,ƴ is first determined
o To obtain δy,ƴ consider three displacements acting in yƴ direction

𝑦
𝛿 𝑦ƴ
𝑦ƴ 𝑥ƴ
𝑑 𝑥ƴ 𝛼
𝑑 𝑦ƴ 𝑑 𝑥ƴ
𝜃
𝑥
 𝑦 𝑥ƴ
𝛿 𝑦ƴ
o To obtain δy,ƴ three displacements 𝑦ƴ
acting in yƴ direction 𝑑 𝑥ƴ 𝛼
– One from 𝜖𝑥 , giving −𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝑑 𝑥ƴ 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃
𝜃
– Another from 𝜖𝑦 , giving 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
– Last from 𝛾𝑥𝑦 , giving −𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝜃
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑥
𝑦
𝑦 𝑥ƴ
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝛿 𝑦ƴ
𝜃 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝜖𝑦 𝑑y 𝑦ƴ
𝑥ƴ 𝑑 𝑥ƴ
𝛿 𝑦ƴ 𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝛼
𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑦ƴ 𝑑 𝑥ƴ
𝑑𝑦 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝛼 𝜃
𝑑 𝑥ƴ 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥ƴ 𝑑𝑥
𝜃
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑥
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑦
o Adding the three elongations, resultant elongation

𝛿 𝑦ƴ = −𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃

• Shear strain is obtained by dividing each term by d𝑥ƴ

𝛾𝑥ƴ 𝑦ƴ = 𝛿 𝑦ƴ Τd𝑥ƴ = (−𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃)/d𝑥ƴ

• Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥ƴ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑥ƴ s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝛼 = 𝛿 𝑦ƴ Τd𝑥ƴ

𝛼 = −𝜖𝑥 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝜖𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin2 𝜃

𝛼 = (−𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 ) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin2 𝜃

o Line dyƴ rotates by an amount β
o This angle is determined by substituting 𝜃 + 90° for 𝜃
o Using identities
sin 𝜃 + 90 = cos 𝜃 , cos(𝜃 + 90) = − sin 𝜃

𝛽 = (−𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 ) sin(𝜃 + 90) cos(𝜃 + 90) − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin2 (𝜃 + 90)

𝛽 = −(−𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 ) cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃

𝑦
• Here α, β represent 𝛿 𝑦ƴ
𝑦ƴ 𝑥ƴ
rotation of sides d𝑥,ƴ dyƴ of 𝑑 𝑦ƴ 𝑑 𝑥ƴ 𝛼
an element whose sides 𝛽
𝑑 𝑥ƴ
were originally oriented 𝑑 𝑦ƴ 𝜃
along 𝑥,ƴ yƴ
𝑥
o Element shear strain is given by

𝛾𝑥ƴ 𝑦ƴ = 𝛼 − 𝛽 = −2 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 (cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃)

• Using trigonometric identities

sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 , cos2 𝜃 = (1 + cos 2𝜃)Τ2 , sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1

𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜖𝑥ƴ = + cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2

𝛾𝑥ƴ 𝑦ƴ 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
=− sin 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃
2 2 2
o Similarly
𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜖𝑦ƴ = − cos 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
2 2 2

o Principal Strains
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑃 =
𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦

𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
𝜖1,2 = ± +
2 2 2
o Maximum in-plane shear strain

𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑠 = −
𝛾𝑥𝑦

𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛾𝑖𝑛−𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
= +
2 2 2

𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦
𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
o Problem 10.1 – 10.16