Académique Documents
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Database Systems
by
J. Glenn Brookshear
1
Database
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Figure 9.2 The conceptual layers of a
database implementation
Schemas
3
Database Management Systems
Database Models
4
Relational Database Model
5
Relational Design
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Figure 9.4 A relation containing
redundancy
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Figure 9.6 Finding the departments in
which employee 23Y34 has worked
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Relational Operations
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Figure 9.9 The PROJECT operation
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Figure 9.11 Another example of the
JOIN operation
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Structured Query Language (SQL)
SQL Examples
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SQL Examples (continued)
• update EMPLOYEE
set Address = ‘1812 Napoleon Ave.’
where Name = ‘Joe E. Baker’
Object-oriented Databases
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Figure 9.13 The associations
between objects in an object-
oriented database
Advantages of Object-oriented
Databases
• Matches design paradigm of object-
oriented
i t d applications
li ti
• Intelligence can be built into attribute
handlers
• Can handle exotic data types
– Example: multimedia
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Maintaining Database Integrity
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Sequential Files
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Figure 9.15 A procedure for merging
two sequential files
Figure 9.16
Applying the merge
algorithm (Letters
are used to
represent entire
records.
The particular letter
indicates the value
of the record’s
key field.)
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Indexed Files
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Hashing
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Figure 9.19 The rudiments of a
hashing system
Collisions in Hashing
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Data Mining
• Class description
• Class discrimination
• Cluster analysis
• Association analysis
• Outlier analysis
• Sequential pattern analysis
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Social Impact of Database
Technology
• Problems
– Massive amounts of personal data are being collected
• Often without knowledge or meaningful consent of affected
people
– Data merging produces new, more invasive
information
– Errors are widely disseminated and hard to correct
• Remedies
– Existing legal remedies often difficult to apply
– Negative publicity may be more effective
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