Chapter 30

Grammar : The Mystery of Structures 545
q{f< RfF{ Example erql &{ I

They have bought a furniture.
Give me an ink.
@ sentence erEtg a6 TS I Eel5t <fCs'l furniture Rcdll non-count noun I fr€t{
3ll-Si ink \e qt I non-count noun-€R gf[lt indefinite article (a €rt( an) etCE
ql I rFCFI sentence !fr{ cottect fr'l R6{ :
'lIC*
They have bought (some pieces of) furnittrre.
Give me ink.
4{r{ article-sr<iT{rffiqxKrftRBqfq{q sr(fi'fi ffil I
rPeter?
Do you kno* {' thePeter?
a Peter?|.*
'r.' B€ article-4-:t incorrect use Cf ffi| a-66q I
m{ TfR Crl Proper noun4T sffCct article TrC dI qT$ Rrts wd

{6C; C{CFrE \5[ glst proper noun,(3t ukE <\t.r-q <lc{ qI I (T5FI : There is a
Peter in this village.
f furniture.
I the furniiure
I need { * a furniture
Lo-n furniture
L* furnitures
furniture Erqt qsfr non,count noun I €i glcri indefinite article {r<les

'ilC{ 41, fF-g definite article iI{Qi5 E{ I qftS-q, non-count noun 6S
qCg
plural -€ <f<{I-< re-fl {lIt 4l t
qqlFft determiner
all, both, half : qfu(4t {6{l predeterminer I
a €[Q-{ €fNirs-{ "l{ of EfEqs qCs eilr< I
all of.them
= they all.
All of them have corne
= They all have corne.
frq Al! of those boys have come.
= Those boys all have come (geq)
: All tlrose boys have come (tsh)
Bcth of thern have said this.
- Thev both have said this.
Half of the rnangoes are sour.
= Half the mangoe;
O 4{qR ol{ {fi pronoun 41 E'C{ noun {6{, gl{f,q of fs E-q'a}dt\s TI-s l
alt (og the boys

both (of) the girls
half (og the apples
APTEI-_35
546 A passage to the English Language
a fuffi determiner 6st pronoun ftcr< <KsR s-<l {lT I
He bought forty mangoes. All/Both/Half were sour.
o ffi determiner-E singurar er( plurar count noun €{( non-count

noun-€3lg[Cofil{dsqg 1
half the water

all the water
all water
frg half water (qs6)
a Au qR( both 6$ headword-.ir etrF\3 <qrm !.lir, frg harf cs qsr6{
<Kqks<t{l*qt r
The boys alllboth have said so.

(fu$) The boys half have . . . . (s\eq)
= We are all hunoru.
= All of us are hu-n6rv.
O singular concrete count noun-€it WC{ ail_q-il <K{< rTF-dtE-< Cultq el-cv
rlr
He hasn't finished all the cigarette.
q?ttt-{
'1{ FHIc<?E' qcqf all <lTC\e- Scltq -rlcE"1$" -l-I*
cD-{tD-{ incorrect
RCq(< {<l q{i I correct sentence {f,<[ :
He hasn't finished the whole cigarette.
<1, He hasn,t finished all of the cigarette.
-
ftE RE TlTff5-S (temporal) noun-q< wcrt allTrc q?R str (ail_a<) et6{
arricle
<'6ryIl I
I haven't seen him all day.

R, E'r all students.
We are
Q<rr+i ail-q<qdsr{ r
It's all a hoax.

et <lr$r all-qt vd .+F c1r I
q?F <i"siF?T .ftr-lr<s fi'"lt

{l{-They all are students. frg fr-qT <lfsl. all
<rdds qcscq cak qqr{ +-${ F-{I r all qftef Tt{qv
Er 6s-{E informal context-
e rqlsrft-sqd-'q< elnr<) ctrtsiaG t"
Double 'l
€R dekrminer sC4l3t iI{{R one, two, three
r wlce
Three times
I
! ?sfift numerai-(K (I{{IT c?Ra fxln I €? determiner
-t
l-our times qrElrs 'D' Rtqca frku arn qCS-{
I <lq-qlT ftr<,c"1
etc. ) m$r{t{t$:
D + noun phrase
D + the + noun (phmse)
D+asmuchas+
He earns Tk. 20,000 per month
Bui I earrr double the amount.
<1, But I earn double that amount.
<1, But I earn twice as much as
that (amount).
.fr determiner elf,t{ qfCtrS {fr;K
<i{qk qCR
(dav
(a I I week
o * j"u"Jyl, J month
leach I ' lvear
l(per) J I iecade
(etc
He telephones me twice a week.
I meet her once a month.
This machine breaks down four
cardinal l times a monih.
numbers :I -= determiner
t*" 9{ effiq-g;ffi noun-$ q1,€
""., . . .Ji
three q{ | c{Td: She has two
cars.
<lTu-s
I have only one shirt.

ordinal )
numbers , I
first. I
e ordinal number gfEl-{
:lC{, next, last,
second.
last I
additional, another, other-€A6{.1
cardinal number_€R
third I Elcst <I
'l(s T{cs efrcn I
"t. )
The last three chairs are broken.
The three last chairs b;;i;;.
"r;
fu Wmrcfq.f q5-fir< cardinal ,,u*U"._qn Elcrl <cT
The.first rhree boys should be ;h;r;". I
In the shelf the iir"t ti*- U;;;;";;"

second five on economics. on management, and the
qe
ffiffin I
6:E;:
ertf< Tc{, frg *flre Rerfl ts{
qr_rantifier
count noun-€i clcct <r+q-s qr I ccErET qFfl
I :
small. largJ I many, few, ffi
I qf{r? frq qTrS c{erEi eT
e_te J ,.,on_count noun_€T ClCal <I{d-s
ET I 6Tfi :
much, litrle *sTl&-r
Itew biscuits (= not manui

-
He save
'"" jffiilfi:,TJ;;:1?
la linte mirk 1 = iifini''
ftR fu quantifier rqtq.R qkq <l<-ds qfi5 ert-{ {t r q{<
quantifier c$ Q'Sl-sl ffit ".r;-;;
or< €fi-< <f<{-<.rs fir"qpf c?r11c;sl ir]_{ r
548 A Passage to the English Language
e + or. {:.":::*,i',.",
ill . e + Noun . "r . {;.,:l:J,oni"nou,,
i t) . ouantituino
ort
Noun + .f .
{;:H:&o',,in,oun
i aif_t
'$. CqsFI :
plenty of 1 iwater I
There is la lot of I ldiscussionf
[a good deal ofJ [etc. )
f" {::"#} anuror I

He has
1" illmll {:m'H} o' I'onno

@ structurefr cqr+qffserEl<l+I eil€Rt<l{ | R'{{ .
He has a great deal of money.

He has a good <leal of money.
He has a quantitv of money.
l-le has a largeulsmall quantity of money.
He has a small amount of money.
etc.
qqiil T{fo
4s-t iEF^t, 'lIR {-
He gave me small milk.
<1, He gave me small money.
ftg q{fl <qco ttR-
He gave rne a small amount of milk.
He gave me a small amount of money.
ftgqrl.flqqrs tR-
He gave me little milk.
fi'Eqttr*<Aql_
He gave me a little amount of milk.
'many' 6{ qsBRrqs a}5qclqlmqT .
many +
{:;} . singr"rlar noun
qE*vkq ol8s phrase ffi singuiar Rccrq RI<DqI$Tl q-q, qfts qft plural H{
f6t t
Many a man WAS present there.

Many men WERE present there.
Common nouns with no (zerol article

qirtR qEil cqrrlQ cq, vtrig Degree{ Honours
"ffET-{ fitf{ftq-{ ew
"a$FIl{ a-<<qcdt an il'rt-6<t ei qffi-{ ECf{ 6rr{ "cs]{l{ article Hl(fi
<q-Rdt, <t mFIF article {fiNq Cc<" @ qtfu eCF ET<rE cq-fi c<ft e+q1d r
,{ TfifllK q-{{]Q qFr{t qrC.R

@t Wr*t5-* or<R r \or{ q?$c{ csf{ c$f{ ffirE
common noun-€K EllCat article Tc{ft \5t frfS \flT q]D-{t F-<l qrE I
O'mlnt frq< ckal ffiT (c<< Fr*frv; rP1-{ rfi-6-5q, Rr"m +r< Ew
?+fiq <l ffie- c*r6emH F-d< q{i, sFt qll't article Tclcs qT 4 I cw{ :
I'll go there by car.

ftg Cet in the car, Look at the car, Buy the car-4>F[ a5q fiffi F6i T<nlu{
3'FI car-{i gtCel the <Fl'qE qmlq I
He's in bed.
I'm going to school.
He's goiyrg to market.
He'll go to church.
I'm going to mosque for prayer.
lfr: E: school-q <l€{'lit tsfffi fi RT '?h-{ft-{" srq, qdts ergrqql T-n <l FlsI
fi'sl,EfqrEsR qk'f the {c{ ql r ft-E qsF buildins Rffir{ school 6s frc<F{t
F-{cq {l visitor RT{r{ {sRI {<llFT sR Elc'l the {c{ rl
I'm going to the school to meet a teacher.
Go away from the bed.
lbed-a< ctcl ?tqRs tT*F6 $ q{|c{ Et {<nTq ql T6{ bed-€{ grcat the
Tc{cq I
She's in bed. lT{-rffi q-qi]

He's in mosque. tQldq<ql]l
They're in prison. [{lq.Ielg CL<l
He's in hospital. (British English)
Rita is in class now. (American English)
bed, mosque. prison, hospital, class-ffi qfrECt{Rqs c{Tl-TCci mB
sll q{lcl cqt +mq? <q<q r 6rrq;u' qQ w noun-q< qlctt the <rcR I ft-q Q
sentence gffl 6T{{ I
Look at the bed,/mosque,/church.

They'll repair the hospital.
qq< fiFCa the 3rK{ I s'Rq E-s ql{'erEl< clcal {lTcs< qpr6 ,q?Ir6{
e[oFf fll@qt I
"retR-s
a 4l-E< 4lCqn qlCtl article (C{ 4t T{frEs 5-6{ |
in winter
in spring
etc.
fschool.
He wants io go tol j college.
Now he's at J I university
Lsea
S:lclffs verb + BY + ql{<f{6ffi TF I
fbus
travel'l I taxi
leave I l.u,
.o-" f by{plane
go | | train
returnj I boat
Lrickshaw
frg E-s RIT{l$qr4< TIFK qfrt by AI e[+rq sRfi< qlc?t article TFr r
He is on the bus.
Ge! in the boat.
Take a train.
Take the 10-30 train. etc. "
O meal-€l {llii+ qfttt article {C{ { r qfr vF qfCtt have Tl preposition

elrrs r
before ',, flunch

:;'---'-
arler I I breakfast
I ,g"
(British English)
I
for f 1 dinner
have I I suPPer
;;;;"r") | cocktails.(American English)
Lbrunch (American English)
Note : Breakfast + Lunch = Brunch
waiting for lunch
prepare breakfast
go there after dinner.
ftq frffi FC{ {<firs uttce .qT< noun-€ Vlcrt article {C{ :
The dinner was good
The breakfast was good,/eatable
He didn't enjoy the dinner very much.
O at, by, after, beforb-,q< i=r frr{d q?R<tcg<t ffi lqcn-< {lrt T{6{, Us
TFQfEf{ gktt article <CCi} I
when day breaks

when night falls
fdawn
I daybreak
I dusk
at { twilight
I noon
I night
tmidnight
rdav
. lnioht
bv 'i tJmorrow morning
laround midnight,/noon
ftq in +Bs noun qq6{ftSll verb + fu noun .qsfr{ efforq, Es noun-(?l
9lCtl article T['{ t
Imorning
I evenlng
I dusk
in the { twilight
I day time
I night
i igp Lafternoon
:*.1 o ffirt-$ft{ qr6T{ qrc{ article {cI60s
'llr{,
ql-€ {JrF
'fil? I
anemia (American iFIIT)

anaemia ( British <l{l{)
influenza
diabetes ,
appendicitis
a {ever
the plague
lftu
(the) lmumps
Imeasles
N.B. British ({( American Enlish-qK q{T 9Ild$lq6{t qF.F q-{i qi
6{{fs-{ British and American English Differentiated ffi 6.rp6e
"g1 ,
Structure q-qffi ffi sfl4lr a1qi q8 6q"lrs-< A High Level Dictionary

of English Structures <tF "nr r
N. B. Degree €R( Honours odtfs article-St gEq6:iqfu trK quffD;t

6S-CE q{{il qr{ affrs', cs-{E c{-ry<l c+rqR ql <?cv qffi6{| s-fl
sc.{t I Articte
qqffi qrL<T qFIfrs RqserqT ffiE ETr{r{ q-{r .ce ec{< q<EE q<il-sF s-{ r
O Parallel <t rTtlfg<IE structure-€ article {tri41 r
face to face
[face to the face q]t tl
arm in arm
[arm in the arm 13tr t]
back to back
hand to hand
line to line (recording)
hand to mouth
[They live from hand to mouth]
from left to right
[from left to the right t-rl rl
from top to bottom
from beginning to end
[from beginning to the end ffi rl
from dawn to dusk
that person neither woman nor girl
t. . . . . a woman nor a girl-9efrSlsft{l
day by day
hand in hand
from right to left
from east to west
PRACTICE MATERIAL
Correct the following sentences :

1. I travel by the bus.
2. Many a man were present there.
3. He gave me a small number of money.
4. I am going to the bed to sleep.
5. She gave me a little number of biscuits.
6. No less than twerity people were present there.
7. No fewer than half a liter of milk went bad.
8. I have small money.
9. I am going to the school; I have an exam today.
10. He is now in the church praying.
11. They are going to home.
72. Now he is at the school; he'll be back after the classes are over.
13. I do not eat anything before the lunch.
14. I get up early in morning.
15. Get down from bed now.
16. Rice of Barisal is famous in Bangladesh.
17. Honesty of that man was well-known.
18. The honesty is still the best policy.
79. She works by the night and sleeps by the day.
20. The life is hard on earth.
The Uses of 'Some'
some = ftR "tfut"t <t CS?B$ I €F non-count 4d( plural count noun-€T
qft't<rrqeEs I q<<I{qR-T{ffifrcD cqrlEril r
O Some 4FlV6tr sflirmatiue sentence -4 ff{-{u {g I

Give me some rice.
Some people have said so.
There is some probability that this will happen.
Negatiue sentence -4 some 47446 g 4l t9dt\ not some (l no some
<I{QT<.{ 6sk{1{F c{E, tsI'no'<i{qRs-<(gEr< r
There is some water in the glass.

There is no some water in the glass (9"s5)
There is no water in the glass.
€9lC-<[ interrogative sentence-q € 464l6alsame EIf,QE {g ili 6{6s"C-dJ any
<i<ao qT I i{5-fiu-< qm-fl ffi qt'
Is there sorne problem?
RVGn=tefifr :
Is there anY Problern?
a q{-r a-q-< qcr< {l{1(:l "yes" ffi qrn F-<l q{, cqqIFf(E some
<t{{Ks-d RF flIGl l
Could You give me some milk?

- Yes, certainlY.
Would You like some tea?
- Oh, that will be great' qf[tt
a "qF" d<|lF c(1TRI5-S 'lCq< some <t{qs E-{ I
He s':l.l the house for some twenty thousand taka'

1i+,]e
Thev live some fifty miles away from here'
t.-o'uo-j;;"uav
-' crd c-rrq ro*n trn +-<t q+F
".'Rfrire
stvle t
q{l {l-<
;;"*lo *;lqAm.f 11rclqcaf a,/an-(-:tr <tftF some <r<{m
t
Who told You this?

Some Rahman (told me this)
(rl({t sa (<{l{ q]rq<)
He's studying in some developing country'
eK singular
qsri o<F;[, . (. . Cstqi q$ E-{l.q.ft{ Cqr-l) qq WCd some-€-?l
count noun <ffiCq I
The Uses of 'AnY'

rorr-{ 65"1q type-q< &fiTrs fioi{ o-Ecs singular non-count
noun-
r
q< qIc'f any {f€Ks-fi${ rfiffi mtr"+&fis'(sT<I1€srl I
You can get admitted into any- college here'

AnY boof on this subject will do'
if you have any problem, -telephone me'
O "q$ mn+ F("llilRm"l)" 4 Vcd plural courrt noun
4{( non-count
noun-€itr ql[et anY <K"qs q{ I
If you have any doubt, check it,twice'

He opined so like any people of his age'
Come anY time and see me'
j "6qg4frR( sfrg qES ft-ql" sl gTFf{ q-{i E{ s-{l {C4 interrogaiive
sentence-€ anY (iTdE QF I
[any + singular,/plural count-noun]
ls there some water in thai glass? (Ve5)
ls there anY water in that glass?
Are there inY PeoPle in the street?
Are there utty bthnt girls in the street?
qfug o?" ei stcd anv <I{qs
O Negative sentence-e "csllil frq{
q{ I q{< 6$.CG some <JTds qT 4l I
Nobody has some idea about it (s\9S)

NobodY has arlY idea about it (sq)
Do You have anY idea about it?
No' I don't have anY idea about it'
or, No, I have no idea ' " " '
The Uses of 'another' and
'other,
o qk'f €-s <-+q qI{ mrrqffi'ffi-q-+n"co
(I{q-s q{ r cF e1 singular fip! a-6 e-{r another
count noun_€3t qkrt <I{.d.s qT I
Give another one (ql{trs qfm_+F ns r)

13
qftfrs **#;,:R-AffiTffi.''fi:.f:i H*
He'll have to work for another ten
; ;,
days.
lqefe' cr .c.{qk{sq.lfrTslq-TKrq
rl
_ Six people died and another ten
'd& Other <Ftr-d's RS plural count noun_€i
wounded.
Wr<, *U"1r. S*.fi F{Cfl non_
count noun-(i[ qtCqe eF <Fl-qu qfs c||F
I
Other boys stayed in ihe vard.

play card or arrlnge
fo, amusement.
"ihn,
The Uses of "fewr' ,
few: {< ${, <q-rs cffi m[cbt fi r plural count noun-€sl Cl(cl TJ<.-q-g
a.T r
a few = several q-g +rToftf+C{+Sn

r plural count noun_q<
<I{-q-sqT Wccl
r
the few = frffi ccq qfiC*l1E r
the very few = frffivnf gqgqqlB-s

There were few people
1
the strelt. Nobody came to help

_in
There were a few peo-pr" i" trr"'rt-rn"i.'il#d;;""t" me.
There were very few _""s;l;'the ri"ro'L".
tree.
The very few-mangoes tf,at he kept for
I have me were sour.
only a few bioks ., tf,i, ,uL;".t.
The Uses of "little"
Non-count noun_431 9IC5t little <Kd.s qR
I
little = qlTFl, iEr6e- crn-q mRtt {, {(.{fq.fi{ X_{_{lT {€

q"g I
a little = qFFi, qF, ftR

very little = $TI,qrc-.rEi s.{,
the lfttle sr< {<fics) cailq vo, c{Q qTlfiF{
I've :..(frtrB
{lE I
little faith in him.
Give. him a little [= some] milk.
We have very little information.
The (very) Iittle milk that you gave him
was bad.
The Uses of ttCertaintt, rtNumerous,,, ,,Various,,
ql and
determiner erqt qtq<qEiR-{ qr$< qft-$
cfr.*-il6{-#';""
frc-t.-strr<T frffi sL< 6o'fi1€TFrs*{Rrr qrc< qfqT
group 6S T<IITE {c-{ certain <r{qR s-trcs RT
vfu<g ffi-<
r
We have certain (frq some specific) problems for which we

can't do this.
Certain people enjoy doing harm to people'
sl-c4..s q(?rs cfinrc a{tIFnu*"rous 4?lde e{ r qF 6$?Fl count noun-
q-{ql6;t<|{quq{ I
Numerous problems will crop up if you

This plan has numerous (: many) disadvantages'
RC{ frR fu <ifu <t <WT 1<rlre various.4=l-de {T I
This can be done in various (= many different) ways'

People of various professions gather there'
Modification of Determiners
cfl6{[ cfr6qT determiner c$ q{1FB determiner El{t modify e<l<F I ftR
qF 'il6{
general determiner sTFl3tr very, far, too EKlg modified
I
Give me two more mangoes'

I've no more to give You'
Do you have anY more work?
too
iilffi'
* 1*uny
U"*
We have used too much ({< <Ft) "t
this colour'
Don't give him too much indulgence'
There's too little doubt about it'
The members are too manY'
very
i[T'
+ l little
Inruch
Very many boys have responded .to. our call'
Veti few itreeis of Dhaka are well-lighted'
I had very little moneY left.
<I{qs E{
-ft E a,iery little €K( a very great many phrase-1frsmarrying I
them'
A very great many glrls have proposed to me for
Headword, Modifier
{1-5q qrq!
q<Elctlqqfl 6qr{Q R, €s'F phrase qotfks word-€K qqE q[Tte <lrs]
.r{Fqfq element (E{qlq) Rqr{aM$1{ | R'{-{ :
A tittle boy is standing at the door"
.cq <Irsl' subject <*f O titUn Uov r qdts ffi word-q< c.TE €smTE
element (qqlcr subjeci) Rrcc< <i<R-tr Ec-{-6q | ft-E qR ffi word-q< wE
ufd qa-;1.u: fi*<1 u:-<l qcuE ? "Bov" cT | {.-fl( €? phrasefi-< Headword
q6nl "boy" I sRrE cq{t ctls GI, CiFlr{l phrase-€K qld \5K c< wordfr OI<l{'
1H, slrs TCal headword t q{i 4elR, qTF headvrord-€K clcal q-ffFi
determiner €{lRl modifier nv {C{ phrase
"t6v qt I phraseFCs E-s
headword-€K modifier R'rr cllrs, CEIfr Ev modifier-9i modifiere qnrFrs
flI6{ t ufq5q, EsFrcFcT, qtTfl cq'"lre-
"fi& c{, q4.F phrase_q q'.{"lcq: qffi
headword S{s, qTF determiner ell<rr{ tVdts,
1+A"fm;_
phrase : DETERMINER + HEADWORD
q'<-f, qftlll qFKt cq'cqR, determiner zero_s qrs
"Jlr< r wdts frq fr-g
headword-St gtC4 de{erminer <FfqE ql-v q6u *p1-54 ,
plate
a half done egg egg
rules to be followed rules
the man on that hill man
machinery made in.Japan machinery
a fish having a swollen belly fish
a very interestingly decorated room room
the mother with a babe in her la mother
The Structure of the phrase

qfffSq English phrase (fu noun phrase)-q< structure ft sl
'I|r{ f'I I ql
.e-IrqMr< <FKs <tC-S-{ ,{R q{Ilr{ qFrfl, qfu CSIFC"I {6{s,
-_5 English
phrase-€i structure qslg T{fsl L{<q 6EI{rFIg;fC< B+q"f* +-<-< r
Phrase-(i ${ :
The very small bov sitting there is my brother.

D- p-m Ta To;i mafE;
Phrase-€i '.r1€t element-sCfl< \r{i qtITI determiner (€l(
predeterminer) ({( Headword q*trd qn{t qfrq]u{l +r<& I q?F qlrq]rfi
Rl3 modifier ?Flr$ TCFT, qRR, fi fi part of speech modifier Rcc-c{ <Kq-s sc.
ollm9frrq r
{pE, determiner e Headword-4K modifier sr< qtrrs <m frrE FRfrflE

word s(Efrs modifier Rcryr< q{t IIl{ :
Noun-€it modifier
Pure adjectives
Noun Adjectives
Verbal Adjectives
present participle
- past participle
Adverbial- particles
:i.r Prepositional Groups
Compounded clause Items
Pure adjective R64l nice, beautiful" good, bad, strange, fat, tall, black,
white trljlfr I Noun adjective <dll qT 6{? q< noun 6$ 6qsf,fll'RfrF context-€
adjectivefom< <rqqs q{ I 6qq:i :
a coloqr television
a hockey stick
a paper boai
['C{qT' television? B9{, colour television I {s-d( colour'F4fr television
6f modify TGITR I rfslR, q< t13l-Ci-:l stick {.tr, hockey stick 9;lI 6sr{l boat lTtr,
pApER boat I 6{ word noun-q< qcfrs ftfi\5/GRs s.r{ cqII, \5k$ <CE
adjective I qrK 6S-GI frRs word QFII noun ftq CcsC{f television, stick,
boat-€i qefus ffks or< frre I q FKccl qIq-{GF adjective (c<q I'Es
modifier) <Ei-[s qC< r]
"verb + ing"€{( verb-4? past participle {fr auxiliary verb RfusR<

<-tifqs qS, s|qcE \51 modifier-rq< S'M S?fiE efffi t 6{'q{ :
a sleeping dog ({qs T;fR)

A barking dog seldom bites.
(csrfl T{< TI{-vH sn l)
the marauding army of . . . . .
the defeated soldiers ("i-$es fi{Iil)

corrugated iron
the forbidden tree (frRh {m)
Adverbia! particle q.f{t frt {:l word C{s({l adverb dlrt( prepositioii Eq
part of speech -ffi sfq $-{(9 qfr{ I csT{ : up, down, out t9ltft t 4E word
tsI'{1.3 norrn-(3l modifier ltcq[< Rl<qs q3E oflcn I C{frq :
the up train
the down train
the then minister 1-os+tftn x&)
the above word
preposition + W{fi{I *oid-eq-6{ q$q 'meq s noun-4F modifier
Rfii< xi-+qs q{s effca r fi:FI :
an out-of-date fashion
an up-to-date editicn
a not-for-profit organization
G"ftn-* <r+ierqrs fifro
ssrnoound (TjiE-{h rq) qr{l {qrdFH
edition €it( organization4l noun eqftA'modify fashion,
$_{6{
${C{I F{tr{l *99, clause GF
t
compound_€ A"n_gR_rr_ T?< vfr<,

€ii modifier Rf{rs V-{SK s-dR Srsfq{ qt noun_
r csT{ :
,,,, li,h:lrl**'1-know problem :-if vou ask him any question, he

on first-come-first-serve basis
qlat_qFrE_Wrt_"f
trT{&fu_e_
a dress-as-you_like even. (ffiT_
* tft-ckW c{qT)
aS!
..3, ne ,
has an "
a pay-as-you_earn oolicu
I'm-important" diseas6; he arways himserf to be the
most important man in the society
q'lTrl qsscl rs$_:3n-€{ modifier-(< BqICT"t 6qcqt& r ft-E cofcdt
ffiH'#'ffi";ffi cora corq-*J'a ui-nq" Er Er cqftfi
adjective {C-{t noun-,.93t modifier, qSq}

i[.rq ,st
ql:rfl q_s? qt"tt Cft{& r ,AsQ
9lr{, adverb-{f{f adjective, verb, (r( adjective_*F modifier r cfi;r :
a good boy
[noun_€? modifier : adjective]
a very good boy.
[u"r.: adverb = ,,goocl,,_€K modifier]
This is better than ihat.
lbetter qr{| modifierl
This is much better than that.
lmuch qg=41 better_4if modifier]
He tried hard.
[hard {ffi verb ,,tried,,_€{ modifierJ
He tried very hard.
Ivery qffi adverb ,,hard,,_€R modifierl
IE
r{re{ 9l*oure
of the Noun phrase
:*',-RI ohrase-'.R siructure-€R
T{rurn c<ft ewt"f cc FRi4,'$Tft
rr{I noun phrase-d{ strrrcture-Q
;;
noun phrase-€< structure c?ffi qi*; q<
; e_k* lt wrr{ qT,R, .e_f
'TTil q{iFlt +-rq r*r-cr{ phrase-(i

structure {qCS E-m qNkk.n TCS q,C4'.S qR<f qCE
Noun phrase-q afffs $I"iflF q*b d";..iner €(( qT.F headword
r
(noun) r modifier qlsrq q headword_€R Ek t\s <.{cs offF,

6{:F : "lrns fi.(g "m< r
The tloy is wise.

{determiner + headword = noun phs.]
This boy is wise.
ldeterminer + headword = Np]
This little boy is wise.
[D+ModifieriU=f.ip]
This very little boy is wise.
[D + Modifier of Modifier + Modifier + H = NP]
This is an interesting poem.
ID+MrH:NP
D : Determiner
M = Modifier
H = Headwordl
Don't tease ($F1sT s-{t) the sleeping dog.
ID+M(verbal) +H:NP]
g"ifTf$ example QIEII9 C{-I=t modifier (Iil-QE q[ffCE. CCefql Headword-
qif qlq <.6{q I Modifier, q_{rll, H_q< ,Ic<\g {C{ | Cgp{ :
j:$;e
The boy at the corner of the room is wise
.*,' -f E- -_lr-
€rit6{ The boy . . room qQ rl.<F{ {Cdll noun phrase I qE <lr$l<
subject t Headword q6{I boy I "boy"-€3 modifier qfO'l at the corner of the
room. (eA phraseFcs qfr cq q"rl-sF phrase \51 ql{<l 'rc< cE"Ft r) ftq q{fc{
modifierF H-q-ir ?ar 4Tqe, qlei 4v/ fuE c+;r? ft vtr<i n q.Frl {r{ crFr
modifierF[-$ H-q< qfc'i qir csFtrr+ "rc< wrfr q{?
O Modifier +rt;I Headword-qd Ef6{ qT(TlFt 'f6q a64?
frcr-i structurefr qtr +-< r
[P'*q+[Hl*[P-ut-t"ll
9dl9 pre-modifier + Headword + Postmodifier r 6$I{F fslcn'{ <'fcs 9 cqrt :
Adj.
Noun V(ing) + word(s)
V (ing) V (p.p.) + word(s)
v (p.p.) Preposition + word(s)
Adv. Part. Appositives
Prep. Grps to+verb+word(s)
Clause Item
tvl ,\r,
Pre-M Post-M
Btm* diagram cqlcs 6aql C{ Adjective, Noun, present participle (verb
+ Tq
ing), past participle, adverbial particle, prepositional group, clause
item-qACTI Headword-(i qtc{ <'CC slCrF modify T1ST
I C{:r{-.
ab<
D# [Determiner + Headword]
a good boy. [Adj. + H]
a very_good_ boy [Adv. + Adj. + Hl
a floating flower [present pirticiple + H]
(vtcqr{F)
a broken needle [past part. + H]
FrsTdF)
The down train [Ad. particle + Hl ffi r
ft-E qTq diagram carr$ cn?tt {lruq c{ V(ing), V(p.p) Headword_qt ,lC-{s
{fi r fuE Ffi q<( c$-{ <cc? Diagram-e fi.rl, V(ing) TtV(p.p)_q< qral q.{Tfs
word {lf[e, q<< ccef{t qTrq firq (€FF phrase ofhq r,c<) Es
modify T:[rE, Efi Ev V(ins)-phrase Tl V(p.p)-phrase Headword_q< elr{
n co
<'cc\5lrf modify $.Gt I tr51"1 :
a broken needle
(tus) a needle broken by her
the sleeping dog.
G-E) the dog sleeping an the bed
a running bus.
a bus running toward the north.
fug q-{s@-ing modifier c$ H-q< qc{ ({lc{] sf$ ql
r 6qT{ . q,rq:il<fr
4l-
The playing child.
ftq <fr-
The child that is playing . . .
ql, The child playing . . .
The child playing there is my daugther.
Does a moving object have iny wligh,tl
GV) I've seen an object moving in that box.
vR[4 c{.{t crtEl C{, H-4T modifier {fr phrase qT, slqfq Et
qrq, qtr{ qT I H_.!Ef "ic{
qT{l diagramfr Cqrfs qlr$ 6TC*IR Cq, Headword_€R rnodifier
6fff{I phrase qelR preposition 9]T€, vyqgq <fr rltA-{
ER SR A* Ollr"* .-"Hnua*ora
€r.s elGt<rc I c$F{:
The book on that table is not mine.
A man from Khulna wants to see voil.
qfi TR-*' rhe book on that table {c*r' q+fr I'{oun phrase
I Headword
{Cfl.| book I Headword (A modify Ftr(R on that table €l
phraseF r ft-Gl*
nTrs' A man from Khulna-(Fr *sF neun phrase.
Headword {err rnan r
frorn Khukra €SB phrase rll man C$ moCify $sl-(s. I

qEE'ct qT-fl ftrFE noun phrase-q< tfST ffilEilT I cq'1-4f{ c{ sP'€

qsF
Headword €i( Determiner Wfltlt vl(g
qnrs 1 qft-Slqq Cq"fq modifier ellr+ t
modifier ql:llil Headword-qi qfc{ q<( elr{ Ttrcs "|I'c< I

q w{W< qrftrrs
<etl@C{ premodifier €{( postmodifier lail ER I :IdlE, C?t {{C*t phrase-€ SSF
Headword el|CS r e"n q|{g| RfrX €f$t3t phrase
q{( siICE-{ tft{ fr[{ q|c-{15-{l
s-?tr< I
Types of Phrases
Phraseq{lqsqEeffi< tlcfl:
1. The Noun Phrase.
'':k'
2. The Adjective Phrase.
3. The Verb Phrase.
4. The Phrasal Verb.
S.The Adverbial Phrase.
6. The ParticiPle Phrase.
7. The In{initive Phrase.
8. The PfePosition(al) Phrase.
1. The Noun Phrase

4 <fieflr< ql.ilq1t'ttffic< mT{R rwfil q-ff$ Phrase erElvlqqr{
qf{K q<q{-{t Noun Phrase fuq qffi
qnA+-<T< qfCEtE-{l S;tr?t I e?F{ Wqjqr<
qtT< fs{ ftRRq modifier Headword-€K {r< TCC I
2. The Adjective Phrase qll6$ adjective I 4K ffC{ q{n-{t'm

Adjective phrase-43 Headword "{s
qc{Q adjective phrase E6s ql t €R phrase q< ttfd(o €Eifr{ ffi{ffi <l{ :
PREP' + word(s)
,---'
-ADJi * €- +
lApv.l +l INFIN'+word(s)
;
IADV. : Adverb, ADr. : Adjective, ,*$?u=.r[T3!']1,.", ,*r. =
Infinitivel
ffiJFT:
He is a good boY"
eA a good boy q641 .{sE noun phrase' frg-
{6si
He is good enough as a {riend.
qR<156i good enough qrqt ,l4fr adjective phrase. SlRq qF q1-C51 adjective
1icftn<r+qsqmlq I
That's a very good idea.

,48 {|r+], a very good idea €E tr<t q(qF noun phrase, firg .,*ty good Q6{t
[AdV. + ADJ.] .{rcB adjcctive phrase {l noun phraseF< Headword

"idea"
fs modify TT6Q I
The cat is fond of milk.

APTEL_36
etu'rai fond of milk-{mr,e+F adjective
of milk SC{I qGfr prepositional phrase {rir Headword {cf,l fond
pt,*r" lt,i."a,, * modify T{CR tET{6E r
phrase-€d Headword 6 prepositionar ffi<fi

tr ff*iil: phrase Etil
It is good to see you again.
qqtT good to . again CLET qTtr adjective
again qcm ea# ri,,iiiun'ph.u,*ui;rhrase I Headword
.i,Tl;]d'fftvou ;;;*"d i,nooo,,
Srnoking is bad for health.
Adjective phrase er'' bal fo, h"urth r H""a*..a ,,bacr,'
for health-{t 4$F prepositional i 4( modifier {FI
phrase.
She is alwaus f^^ i.,.,, +^ +^rr- peopre'
t""r"ulff"*"o:"1[#
n ,", r"Jfi3i,
I saw a d""""J giJ *;ikirg along ihe street.
This is a 1r,..1v.
cteaity i[""t;t-; i"]iuoor..
c1lT{ Tls.iDTg a cleariy illust.ateJ
Headword CS modify TiqqkTSm
textil q* €FF noun phrase, RllI
phrase-clearly illustrated I
cfr q61
nnua*l,J <un iilusirated un*,n"a,ru
;St]o"":f;j$.on'"** -*q
The qirl in blue sari is mv
sister.
Hes ior
this theory.
intedileri'eilil to understand
The box is too big to lift.
3. The Verb phrase
t[::;ffi{S?l {l Tq verb (R( auxliary verb-.ir qqq,n 5r0-s
on."rY-*
"'""5'.,'.]:l::i:]1ni"ffi'L'#nf
';:i.:f fl ,,;,,,',
O verb 'uto be"_q? fr&{ for.n : be, a,n, is, are, was, were, been,
willlshall be, being i
a RG-4 1o'* : have, has, had, shail,zwir,
ilff:" ;::,*"vd"-€ir
C modal u"r6, , can, couid, ,night, shall, should,
must, need, .iurJuy, will, would,
O frR semi-rnodal ;, ought, i.lave to, be, (arn
to
erc.) be g.ing to,. be lbout-to,-i"i"u",r"l, to, are to, was to,
rbther, had sooner W I
#;"";;;,i,il",o
Examples :
I shall go there.
He will have done it by five.
They many come tomorro*.
She has done this.
They should say so.
wr
Some Important Rfrles :
O 'Have' forms I
being l*utP'P't
qdlg, have-SlfrGg<q 4{( 'being'-4K past participle
'li lexical verb-€3
<t{qsq{ rc{5FI:
havelhas done
having done
to have said
",ift shall/will have made
1:l had done
being made
He has said this.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
They will have completed the work by May 30, 1997.
Those baskets are being made.
O 'being' (kE be-4n gTIFIi form (..f 'l{ lexical verb-{i-ing form (l
past participle form Trf[s 9116{ I c$FI :
I am making it.
It is done by him.
It has been made by him.
He has been making it for one hour.
They will be working there.
They will be given this benefit. T$TIfr r
O modal 4?t( semi-modal-4K IICqI lexical verb-qi s/eslingled Rt{

{4 {C{ I Negative-( not + verb ?[C{
simple I
You had better not go today.

Gftqmltia cffi)
They should do it.
i dare not say so.
You must obey him.
R: F: modal,/semimodal 4i( lexical verb-€i qf<['qTR infinitive-q< to-
€<cqdl t6$FI:
incorrect : I dare not to say so.
correct : I dare not say so.
incorrect : He should to do it.
correct : He should do it.
incorrect : You need not to do it.
correct : You need not do it.
4. The Phrasal verb

verb + adverbial particle-qsr{ Wr{?F combination TIil-dS R{ SIfq? qd
qr++ rmrql idiomatic, qdfq \ilq< q:n frr4n qd qlcq {t verbF< fi-s-{ qcf
c{rsqlETIhl I
verb + preposition-.$e phrasar uerb
Frcfi qr" phrasal verb-(T Trrq c$-<ET adverbial fr6q* {'R c{{ r fr-q orrat
".6{GF
Rrqr< <rqq.c- prnporition-Q
<Fl-qs qT I C{rSrq, 6lCq-< TCs, partideF -1?-vl1i{
q{, Cqrsrq Bs
preposition d[< <j<qv
combination Cs phrasal verb T{t {llt fi r
C{rF[, put qSE verb {Ef qd ilrlt r q< {kel

on, off, out .!q ffi
adverbial particle T{I-CE EtIh< Smt qdqT :
put on = "fR{q T-dt
put off = (com"n-o) se c+el
'iJ,t
put out = frfr6n 6p-a
':t-'
put up with = T{ s.rfi
€916{ tUM - CIIRIT, MLS CfiI I
rsg:
tum on = ( IRF) q{+-{f, Dlqs-<l
turn off = eED) q{F.ti-<l, <-{ F-{l
:
tum down ofrrn cqn
tum uP = <t&S fiRt
r"" J;; I
l:l I tn" jilf''
irY I
I
Ldownj lmachinej
ffr: [': phrasal verb (oF q\r-rg v1B-{' frEs r qfkois-f phrasal
verb_€i 9d
idiomaiic <?E q-{tcn ccsrqt crtq
{rsT {tqsrcs S{ i ft-g frq ftR cfr{q
qtrq{r{ $<Ifi qerqt {qcq qrR.lrsfcaflc-slr{
qR{ Cd'"lfdK q-dl qt C{"lfS-{ Tactics
{"rqn{ rw r qaQ ffi
phrasal for Learning Verbs itF
"lw c?-fF {r++ rl
5. The Adverbial phrase

Adverbial phrase-(t Headword Rcftq am-s adverb r sT< qk{ qTfl;Il
word <F-qs {$ r Adverbial phrase 6Frc{r verb 6s,
adjective cs, rt adverb
6S modify {GI r Adverbial Cqlf$ qt ESuaq.F Es-{
"fis3ft${ r
when ( sfi)r
where (c+tqfRx
why (c+;r)r
how (6$I$vR-{)r
Adverbial phrase-e? Headword 6S modify $-{Crc_ qt6{ :
qql Cfl({t adverb
<1, prepositional phrase.
He talked very loudly.
(rlltr{ very loudly q6q1 adverbial phrase, {kt Headword R6{l loudly r (6s
modify SiKQ very |
She has gone out in the rain.

lwhen?€TF< E-s-< fire rl
. He was highly satisfied.
Adverb m FnRfits skrl vfri s-st{lT I
O Adverb of Manner
O Adverb of place
O Adverb of Time
O Adverb of Frequency
O Intensifiers
ryTIi adverbial phrase CSs qq T?i v-lc{ vlnl +-fi<lt r
She speaks English very- fluently.

He works ver! hard.
You are riding too fast.
He has performed extremely badly.
qt gqt{{'lerqlF frftv phrase erqt qrEI adverbial of manner, s'R{ qqrEl
cql6$ How? (fu<) eitr{ q-<T<
"ll\sFl rrlcq I
Wait right here.

He lives somewhere here,
He's somewhere around here.
ql <lsie6{lTs frRs phrase qrql E6EI adverbial of place.
6. The Participle Phrase

Participle phrase-e{i Headword cflrs qFE present participle (verb +
ing) {l (48 past participle (of verb) I 4t phrase srEI
{qE modifying
phrase, qqne, qil noun-(il modifier ftq6{ ft.{[ verb-€3tr complement Rm6{
<I{qEq{ I
The boy who is standing there is my brother.

(R sentence-€ who is standing there {f,{l €sE clause (phrase T{) {r The
boy 6S modify <r{Cq 1 qQ clausefrrs qSF phrase-q Rqfgfi\o +<l {-l r ufi
who is-Cs <tq frca Er< r
The boy standing there is my brother.

4E sentence-€ standing there {6fl1 (s'fr participle phrase {I q{rC{ adjective
(modifier)-€( sM qIrtrsfr ftfi-q eTi T-{ I Standing there-Cs €fi
+T6R I
clause T;ll {ICDQIT, SR{ qfs 6{lCfl finite verb C€ I standing-(i C[a] {fr
auxiliary verb rlfQ$, EI-q@ Elfs finite verb <ml 6qs I q 41_<-Ccl who is
standing i1t"1s EFll €SF chuse, phrase Tttr I
The men working there are illiterate.

The dog barking loudly is not mine.
The man jogging in the field is a lawyer.
€R sentence efqklc- 6fro phrase qCfl
Headword Rcrym eg present participle
{f{l participle phrase I qelqlfs
<ITqtr q(-Tcq thq<{erET calrs ql(
{Etl qtre 6{ present participle phrasa qv-fr{ ,tSE t
erT eifrs :
V (ins) . 6f"i::la:narphrase
[other Present Participles
6{.o :
We saw him playing in the
field.
'" The girt dancing-ani ;;il;;.
1r;,' Past participle phrase_(K Uqn<q
-- ' her friend.
*.1-,
The stick broken
-at the middle
He was found badly " will not do.
;;;;.
Thoroughry a.r""."iir"J,-itn
He was offered u went back.
*nti-i,rrii"irla"nn-i"s
,oo_.
7 . The Infinitive phrase
phrase-q Headworcr Rccr< clR-s qofr
infinitive E{q to +
""rotitffi": To read newspapers is a good
habit.
I was sorry to see him d;at.
I have much work to a;;;;.
This girl is not able
t" i;;;it.
She wants t" s"
€s'f phrase noun, modifie. "*"v;*.
<l u;b_s<;""ii_"",
Rcqm<r+qoqg r
More exmples :
Havino {verb (past participle) [active I
" I oeen + verb (pasi participle) [ passive
]
Having said this the man disappearej.
(qFell <,6E cqtoF Eqte
culE) Cr*
Having been read, tl," book gave
"wine, havins m€ much pleasure.
been
We were astonished ut 4*lrk;
di;;; not#,n,o the brain,,, savs he.
ni. l,"ui"g Ui#i"i"f..d
out.
Having known that she failed
in the exam, the girl suicided.
+ {.19j:.,,'""
Being
p.r.,g deceived,,r" L1:l?yillT:'j,j:l
Being boring to others is a
bad habii.
-'",
Iverb simple
I be + verb (ing)
be + ve.rb (past participle)
lo + II be + adjective
I have + verb (past particinle)
have
I\nave been + verb (ing)
been + verb (past participle)
He wants to eat now.
I expect him to be sleeping now.
He is thought to b0 living in this town.
It seems (to me) that someone is coming.
= Someone seems to be coming.
I suspect them to be stealing the crop now.
He was seen to be moving.
This basket is to be made within two days.
It has to be completed by july 5.
I consider him to be happy.
I'm sorry to have disturbed you.
Ir is soid that he has done it.
= He is soid to have done it.
It is reported that they have changed their attitudes.
= They ore reported to have changed their attitudes.
It is belieued thab he has been killed.
= He is belieued to have been killed.
It seems that the pen has been stolen.
= The pen seems to have been stolen.
It is reported that he has been living there.
-- He is reported to have been living there.
8. The Prepositional Phrase

Preposition + noun phrase fr[4 prepositional phrase ti6\5 ST I G->lit
prepositional phrase-€it q?llF (<( ("IC{ preposition alI6{F, CCef{l sentence-€
preposition-€R sM s'6{ I GlsFl :
with reference to
in connection with
for fear of
in unison with
in case of tsfifr I
tffiE q'FR q-dl qQ fiqr+3 Tactics for Learning Prepositions {F

o'{q rl
\5F-,m cs-cE prepositional phrase co-Eq etran< fro cqfco prepositional,

fug q<t sentence-€ adjective (l adverb-43t slq +T< | c{:Ft :
Keep the book on the table. (adverbial) [where? q< E-€< frrq 1]
The book on that table is not mine. (adjective) [book Cf modify

4T6ql
The girl in blue saree is not my sister. (adj) lgirl CS modify s<(Q l]
The cat is sleeping under the table. [where q< Eg< ftre. r]
I've come from Khulna. [where? q< E-g< frcn. l]
The Noun phrase Revisited

€fi cct q-JFrs qf{lrfl 6rq qfq {Ft : Noun phrase-€ csf{ <-{r{r
modifier l-ieadword-€R qfc{ €<( csT{ tl3lcq< rnodifier \dT efCT <cq r q{l{
RCfl : Heoduord CF afr modify ot.a qifr phrase, ufq"ff e7 (modrJierfr) <rt
Headword-9j el? t q47fifF modifier qqfuE word <Tq'CWf& vl
Headword-g7 qrrrr Tcry / G.q-{ .
The boy sfonding there is my brother.
(i- sentence-( The boy standing there qi4l €TF noun phrase {t q"tll-{.
subject Rqr< {r{as RLT6R r Noun phraseft-<
Headwo.j Ca*l Uoo , *t
Headword CS qKIiI modifyTTIRsfonding fhere-€E participle
phraseF r
. Do you know the lady with the dog?

@ sentence-4 object {Cfli fhe lady with thJ dog-cl noun phrasefr r q<
Headword RC{t lady I €E Headword 6S modify S3l-6e
roifh ,he dog €E
prepositional phrasefr r Cfr q6q1 post-modifier.
The rice of Barisal is famous.
€l sentence-( The rice of Barisal 4Q noun phrasefr
RC{l subject I Noun
phraseF< Headword RC{l ricb, {lC$ modify $-fiq qT.F
O*O*""d phrase
"of Barisal" / ch"lt {kQ' C{ €i modifierfi Headword_q< efcT <[qre I
Seeing is believing.
@ sentence-€ seeing 4{( believing {c{r participle phrase Trfi-itr $(qr Zero
determiner {6 I q<T noun phrase-q< fiq T<Cq I
To read newspapers regularly is a good habit.
(R -A to read newspapers 1"g*t:tort9_il ,"farr" phrasefrl
sentence
noun phrase ftqr{ <iccg {t{-e r
The cat under the table is fond of milk.

Q sentence -a rhe cat under the tabre {[-{t qtrF noun phrase <r q{If,{'
subject Rcqr< <i-qqs RITGR r €i Headword
{c4I cat. 4Q Headword cs
modify ?F3KQ unofsr the table (Q preposition phrasefr I
modifierft €a.F
phrase {sTl3tr Vl Headword-q< 'lC< a6ry5e r
Q sentenceB ft eql-
Rahim along with his parents have come to see you.
{t, sentencefr qff+ +g I €R structure GF analyze T<csE pnB <f<t
"t-vc< r
SentenceF< subject {-{l Rohim along with his parents / €F Headword

'Rahim't (6$ modify FKTe 6/6ag with his parents
4Q prepositional
phrasefr I fi-{'{ qrEI, Headword EFfi verb-€f
tr{ fr{lRq aaa, *O
modifier SRI qT r {p<li parents plural {?{ 6{ have <F.qv
Etr{ vt T{, {<(
Rahim (Headword) third person and singular number qr{
T'6{'has'<r{qs r
{q<l( ts6 sentenceF {r< :

Rahim along with his parents has come to see you.
Structure analysis-€itr ETl il aFS5q
q {-{CT{
<la{ W <11ffi 6-SIE frrmq O-gf
r q sRtcl structure analysis qE
sFqel{ r q ritefll-{ qm c{Fi qtqcg qrE
€8 @?rs-{ The Anatomy of the English sentence €:r(
structure {r'fi
E'ITRq-{i A High Level Dictionary of English
Structures <R qF ru r
Appositives
frca-<<toiEt lv r
Mr. Ahmed is chairman of this club.

He has gone to Dhaka.
,{A <l<l qfdr+ rto esF qRqs o-*t {I{i r Mr. Ahmed-€K complement
{rsl
{c{l Ew phrasefr EKI .t+? <rfuT$ {<rttc{l {cq
chairman of this club r qdls r
{6{l(vlRl srs q't[${ complement t 4 s'l-fi"|, Mr. Ahmed-4i "K s$ <fi"c{

chairman o{ this club <foq W"f< qL<-sF T$ <Fr{ has gone to Dhaka 6{ctl
qlg r c;-t:
Mr. Ahmed, chairman of this club, has gone to Dhaka.
{S <'s-<i {C{l' Mr. Ahmed has gone to Dhaka I TcqJ< appositive ,/
apposition EKI Mr. Ahmed (subject) c?({ rdfyT e<f fi-{l qrfl r qFrs 15
<n+i-< sRreqr q(-tRffir< ffil{ csrfi qcsR cqR r Appositive T(ql subject nl
oblect >r#vfrfrw ve$ ffi a6 1
stcilftREq'R{q:
He has caught a bird, a beautiful bird with a long tail.
Mr, X, the frist man to do this, is a genius.
We talked with Mr. David, the head of the company.
Mrs. Imam, the musician and dancer, has died.
His father, an lranian, died when he was sixty.
Appositives RC{I Noun phrase I
Techniques for Structure Analysis

(for advanced students)
Some Sample Questions with Answers Analysed :
In each of the following sentences, analyse various phrases into

determiner, modifier, headword, finite verb, and infinitive.
1. Looked at from the other side, the same single picture will
seem to be two human faces looking at each other with deep
interest.
Answer:
(Past) participial phrase : Looked at from the other side, and
looking at each other
In these phrases :
past participle (headword of the phrase) = looked

determiner : the, other
It is again a combination (WE; of two phrases :
looked ot (participial phrase), and from the other side (prepositional
phrase), where the latter ({rc{'{F) modifies the former (qktffi-s), and has
the headword "from".
noun phrase : the same single picture, two human faces, the
other side
In these phrases :
determiners : the, tuto
head words (respectively-Saf@IT) : picture,
faces, side
The headwords are modified as follows :
picture-by the same single
faces-by two human
side-by the other
verb phrase : will seem to be
,. .
present participle phrase : looking at each other (headword
'looking')
phrase : at each other, with deep interest
p_repositio_nal
[R: E: qfr ErFi s-dl< qrs1 .c$F fr€ c{, €a,F phrase q-$1q1 q41firs
phrase q< {5WCT€ ut$u q6u 41-6u
'1
2. There he goes carrying a basket on his head and walking

westward in order to go to the nearby market to sell something.
Answer:
participial phrase : carrying a basket on his head
headword : carrying
noun phrase : a basket = object of present participle
prepositional phrase : on his head
another participial phrase : walking westward
infinitive phrase : in order to go to the nearby market
noun phrase : ihe nearby market
infinitive phrase : to sell something
determiners : a, his, the
3. Having seen me frorn afar, he waved his hand so as to

attract my attention.
Answer:
Participial phrase : Having seen me
prepositional phrase : from afar
noun phrases : his hand, my attention
determiners : his, my
4. one of the marks of a great novel is that we can turn to it

again and again and still notice some masterstroke we had not
noticed before.
determiners : one, the, a, some

Noun phrase : one of the marks of a great novel
[in which 'of the marks' and 'of a great novel' are
prepositional phrases]
verb phrases : turn to, had not noticed [finites]
adverbial phrase : again and again
[modifier of 'turn to'], before
5. A girl in blue with a bag in her hand came here to see you
yesterday when you were absent.
Answer:
noun phrase : a girl in blue with a bag in her hand
lsubjectl
headword : girl
modifiers : in blue (prepositional phrase)
with a bag in her hand (prep. phr.)
'ilf: modifier of 'bag' : in her hand (prep. phrs.)
infinitive phrase : to see you
adverbials : gesterday
when you were absent (clause)
finite : came
6. He must be p.riirh.d at first, he being (GrEF cl fra) the

major accomplice ({-{cTlft) in that murder.
Answer:
verb phrase : mugt be punished [passive]
headword of verb phrase : punished
prepositional phrases : at first, in that murder
preseni participle phrase : being the major accomplice
(functioning as modifier of 'he').
noun phrase : the major accomplice
headword : accomplice
determiner : the
modifier of headword : major
another noun phrase : that murder = determiner +
headword
7. Known to only a few people, this place is very dangerous

and ftrll of predators (ffi "ns).
Answer:
pasi participle phrase : Known to only a few people
Its headword : known
It functions as modifier of 'place'.
adjective phrase: afew
noun phrase : a few people (headword 'people' which is
modified by'a few')
adverbial : only (which modifies 'a few')
another adverbial : very dangerous
another modifier : full of predators (headword 'full' modified
by the prepositional phrase 'of predators')
phrase
another noun : this place (used as subject)
determiners : a, few, this
8. I see him probably looking for something in the dust-bin in
his garden.
Answer:
(Present) Participle phrase : looking for something
Its headword is 'looking' and it
modifies'him'.
Prepositional phrases : in the dust-bin in his garden
Both these phrases function as
adverbials because .lheg refer to place.
They contain the determiners 'the' and
'his'.
9. He was seen to be standing with one of his friends in the

middle of the meadow (qfr, Tcffi{ qt5).
Answer:
Verb phrase : was seen (passive) [finite]
Infinitive phrase to be standing
:
Prepositional phrase : with one of his friends
This phrase contains a noun phrase : one of his friends [Here 'one'is
a pronounl The headword 'one' is again modified by the
prepositional phrase 'of his {riends'. This prepositional phrase
again contains a noun phrase 'his friends' [determiner + nounj.
We can call such a phrase a series of nested phrases.
Another prepositional phrase : in the middle of the meadow
This phrase contains :
the noun phrase 'the middle of the meadow' with 'middle' as
headword, 'the' as determiner, and 'of the meadow' (another
prepositional phrase) as modifier (poslmodifier).
INOTE ' qqii{ 6{IT]F phrasefrro qsl(< cqytkqt <R :
Prep. Phrs. in the middle of the meadow
Noun Phrs. - the middle of the meadow
Prep. Phrs. of the meadow (Modifier)
Noun Phrs. - the meadow
Headword : meadow
1O. Standing on the roof of his house, he shouted at the top of

his voice, saying, 'I want to live!'
Answer:
1) (i) Participial phrase Standing on the roof of his
house
(ii) Headword of the phrase Standing
(iii) Prepositional phrase
contained in the phrase
- on the roof
(a)
(b)- of his house
-
(iv) Noun phrase in (iii) (a) the roof
Determiner in (iii) (a) the
Headword in (iii) (a) -^^r _
-
Noun phrase in (iii) (b) his house
Determiner in (iii) (b) his
Headword in (iii) (b)
- house
2l (i) Prepositional phrase at the top of his voice -
Imodifies 'shouted']
(ii) Noun phrase in (i) the top of his voice
(iii) Determiner of (ii) the
(iv) Headword of (iii) - roP
(v) Modifier of (iv) - of his voice
IPrepositional phrs.]
(vi) Noun phrs. in (v) his voice
(vii) Determiner of (vi) - his
(viii) Headword of (vii) volce
3) (Present) Participial phrase : saying, 'l want to live!' -
11. Mr Rahman, ou1 principal, is very much interested in golf.
Answer:
1) (i) Complement of subject very much interested in golf
(ii) Adjective phrase very much interested in golf
[modifies subject]
(iii) Headword of (ii) interested
(iv) Adverbial very much
[Modifier of (iii)]
(v) Headword of (iv) much
(vi) Prepositiornal phrs.
lModifier of (iii)l
- in golf
2) Appositive : Mr Rahman <-2 our principal

lqdtq ers qolcT{ app ositive]
-_
12. A man of letters (Ftfrs TIT{) should be eager (qtdQ) t"
teach other illiterate (fi<S<) people of his societgr.
Answer:
1) Subjeci : A man of letters
(i) Noun phrase : A man of letters
(ii) Headword of (i) : - man
(iii) Determiner of (ii) ' A --
(iv) Posi-modifier of (ii) of letters
IPrepositional phrase]
2) Verb phrase : should be
3) Complement of Subject ; eager to teach his society
[Modifier of subject] - -
3) : to teach other illiterate people of his
4) (i) Infinitive phrs. in
society
(ii) Noun phrs. in (i), 4) . other illitera te people of his
society
(iii) Headword of (ii) people
(iv) Determiner of (iii) other _
{v) Pre-modifier of (iii) illiterate
(vi) Post-modifier of (ili) of his society
IPrepositional phrs.]
(vii) Noun phrs. in (vi) his society
(viii) Headword of (vii) society
(ix) Determiner cf (viii) his _
13. The building opposite (fr{fus) our house belongs to a very
'i-+1t
rich businessman"
Answer:
1) Noun phrase : The building opposite our house
Headword : building
Determiner : The
The headword is mod,ified by the prepositional phrase (post-
modifier)-opposite our house.
[€{16{ opposite CflC{l adjective 1]tl
2) Verb phrase : belongs to
3) Noun phrase (used as object of preposition 'to'). a very rich
businessman
Headword : businessman
Modifier of headword : rich
Modifier of 'rich' : very (adverbial)
Determiner : a
14. The man standing in the yard with my brother is my

brother-in-law.
Answer:
Subject : The man standing in the yard with my brother (Noun
phrase)
Complement : my brother-inlaw (noun phrase)
Headword of subject : man
Determiner : the
Participial phrase post-modifying subject : standing in the yard
Determiner : the
Prepositional phrase modifying the verbal 'standing' : with my brother
Determiner : my
The complement is a noun phrase : my brother-in-law
Headword : brother-in-law
Determiner : my
15. He is supposed to have got lost (T6{ C{ fr qrfr'CT C'lCq)

somewhere in the jungle.
Answer:
Verb phrase : !s supposed (passive) [finite]
Complement of verb : to have got lost (infinitive phrase)
Grammar : The Mystery of Structures
575
Adverbial cn--,,,L^- ^ t- - t.t .
; ;:ii:Tf"l'r'ifln:,"r":lJo'u? ud,n,biur
t
p*po,itionur phrase
Determiner used in ,h" pr"frXtll"lrnn"tt '**')
15. Take care of your parents as long as (<vfr+ ot{v)
living on earth. they are
Answer:
(i) Verb phrase of the principal
clause : Take care of (finite; phrasal
(ii) i\r:un phrase used as object of (i)
: your
(iii) Determiner in (ii) : youi
(iv) Headword in (ii) : parents
".:n?l
Verb phrase in the subordinate clause : are
living (finite)
Prepositional phrase used as adverbial to
modify ,iiuing, , on earth
Conjunction connectin$ the two clauses : as
long as
17. Because of your unfriendly attitude (q{-{-ql"f
Tr{v.R) and
rustic (cfC{l) behaviour, you will have to suffer
a lot-
Answer:
1) Noun phrase.: your unfriendly attitude
(i) Headword : litittial
(ii) Modifier of (i) ,
(iii) Determiner : ""fii"raiv
your
2) Noun phrase : rustic behaviour
(i) Headword : behaviour
(ii) Modifier of (i) , ;r;il"
- Verb phrase
9l Adverbial . -
4) : will have to suffer
modifying 3) , i;i'*
"
18. He was seen to be playing with other
school playgroqnd. boys of his age in the
Answer:
1) Verb phrase : was seen to be playing
(i) finite : was seen (passive)
(it non-finite, ie,
infinitive as
complement of (i) : to be plauino
(iii) Prepositional phrase modifying piaying,
: with other boys
(iv) Prep. phrs. modifyi,.,g 'boyj , "oifrru
.gn
Determiner : his
(v) Prep. phrs. modifying ,playing, : in the
school ptayground
Determiner : the
Modifier of 'playground' : school (used as
adjective)
19. Reading books of poetry may be regarded as (Rc{c< ffi

<'-{t c{..C\g "ffc{) one of the most fruitful ({!-dTED habits a
person can
ever have.
Answer:
phrase)
fT--- putii.lpial phrase used as subject (functioning as a noun '
Reading books of PoetrY
Headword :'Reading
Noun phrase used al object of'reading' : books of poetry
Headword of this noun Phrase : books
j! ."
-a:
Prepositional phrase modifying 'b-o9ks' : of poetry
2) VLi[ pfttutn : may be regarded (passive, finite)
3) N;;-;h;;;" uiJ ut obp-"t of 2\": one of the most fruitful
habits
(i) Headword : one (Pronoun substituting a habit')
(ii) Prloositional phrase modifying (i) ' of the most fruitful habits
(iii) ii;il;-h;";; iontained in (ii) ' the most beautiful habits
(iv) Headword o{ (iii) : habits
(v) modifier of (iv) : fruitful
(vi) Modifier of Modifier (v), ie, Adverbial : most
(vii) Determiner : the
4\ Finite in the second clause : can have
NOTE TO THE STUDENT

B'IC<-RG;r< ,".rt"n." €< RGd phrase ReNq s-{f{ E"fi{ ffiqr{]' {c{TQ t
qm-s ftslft< +'lcR qrc-s S"t|T gRFI sltl-cg "ilr<-sft€ q:I 6s[G eq
q€
r s'c<
qT{<"t qft+-fg
e|[{ls sentenceeFlFt Csccl R B"m q<-{q-{ s-{'f E6$cqst o-<rq
q"{qGIT{ ffirE C<Ft4ls<|{E\3fl{l6{ I
PRACTICE MATERIAL
lfr: E: structure analysis-€< ffi qlFIfD-{K sTfl q? <trs{ Analysis of
sentences q{jt{F m{ ll
A. Analyze the phrases and clauses of the following sentences'
and
Show at the same til;-ih; tt..d*otd", determiners, modifiers
name the Phrases.
A. 1. I am a boY.
2. He wants to make it.
3. Man is mortal.
4. Mr. Rahman, Secretary of ihis club, has gone to Dhaka'
5. The girl in blue is mY sister' --
6:. ihn "-u"hinn boughi
*l
from China is now working well'
7. Those who want join the party should pay Tk' 500 each'
8. Very few people can understand this problem'
g. Bring me the floating flower'
ib. fnn't"uding of newspaper is a good habit'
11. A broken needle can cause a great problem'

12. Srvimming is a good exercise.
13. The Rahim of his village is not old enough'
74. The tiger killed yesterday has now become alive'
15. I saw him PlaYing in the field.
76. To do that is not imPortant.
17. A tiger from the nearest jungle is eating our goats'
18. Give it to whoever deserves it'
19. I know whom he loves.
20. Flying ashes can go into your eyes.
:4:i B. 1. The boy standing there with his friends in the street is my
:31 brother.
2. The book bought yesterday is missing'
3. The only son of my uncle's friend has drowned'available here.
not
4. informaiion about ihis extraordinary fact is playground'
5. I found him playing with his friends in the
6. He is a man of word.
7. It may have been raining now in Singapore'
8. fn"l'uav *ith the dog clme here yeiterday with her husband'
,. We eleited him chairman of our Union Council'
10. A barking dog seldom bites.
ii. f.t" tof,ettlJt with one of his closest friends has done this
extraordinarY work.
72. The pond is being dug by the people'
13. They seem to be coming towards- us'
14. I shall have finished my homework by five'
15. The down train has not arrived yet'
16. I want to catch the uP train.
17. A man in danger loses his wit.
18. I found the man in danger.
19. They have been playing football for two hours'
20. I know nothing about that miraculous man'
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Grammar : The Mystery of Structures 545

q{f< RfF{ Example erql &{ I

m{ TfR Crl Proper noun4T sffCct article TrC dI qT$ Rrts wd

furniture Erqt qsfr non,count noun I €i glcri indefinite article {r<les

a €[Q-{ €fNirs-{ "l{ of EfEqs qCs eilr< I

alt (og the boys

o ffi determiner-E singurar er( plurar count noun €{( non-count

half the water

The boys alllboth have said so.

I haven't seen him all day.

It's all a hoax.

q?F <i"siF?T .ftr-lr<s fi'"lt

I have only one shirt.

In the shelf the iir"t ti*- U;;;;";;"

Itew biscuits (= not manui

f" {::"#} anuror I

1" illmll {:m'H} o' I'onno

He has a great deal of money.

'many' 6{ qsBRrqs a}5qclqlmqT .

Many a man WAS present there.

Common nouns with no (zerol article

,{ TfifllK q-{{]Q qFr{t qrC.R

I'll go there by car.

She's in bed. lT{-rffi q-qi]

Look at the bed,/mosque,/church.

O meal-€l {llii+ qfttt article {C{ { r qfr vF qfCtt have Tl preposition

before ',, flunch

when day breaks

anemia (American iFIIT)

Structure q-qffi ffi sfl4lr a1qi q8 6q"lrs-< A High Level Dictionary

N. B. Degree €R( Honours odtfs article-St gEq6:iqfu trK quffD;t

O Parallel <t rTtlfg<IE structure-€ article {tri41 r

Correct the following sentences :

O Some 4FlV6tr sflirmatiue sentence -4 ff{-{u {g I

There is some water in the glass.

Could You give me some milk?

He s':l.l the house for some twenty thousand taka'

Who told You this?

The Uses of 'AnY'

You can get admitted into any- college here'

If you have any doubt, check it,twice'

Nobody has some idea about it (s\9S)

Give another one (ql{trs qfm_+F ns r)

Other boys stayed in ihe vard.

a few = several q-g +rToftf+C{+Sn

the few = frffi ccq qfiC*l1E r

the very few = frffivnf gqgqqlB-s

the strelt. Nobody came to help

little = qlTFl, iEr6e- crn-q mRtt {, {(.{fq.fi{ X_{_{lT {€

a little = qFFi, qF, ftR

We have certain (frq some specific) problems for which we

Numerous problems will crop up if you

This can be done in various (= many different) ways'

Give me two more mangoes'

The Structure of the phrase

The very small bov sitting there is my brother.

{pE, determiner e Headword-4K modifier sr< qtrrs <m frrE FRfrflE

"verb + ing"€{( verb-4? past participle {fr auxiliary verb RfusR<

a sleeping dog ({qs T;fR)

the defeated soldiers ("i-$es fi{Iil)

compound_€ A"n_gR_rr_ T?< vfr<,

,,,, li,h:lrl**'1-know problem :-if vou ask him any question, he

adjective {C-{t noun-,.93t modifier, qSq}

'TTil q{iFlt +-rq r*r-cr{ phrase-(i