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CHAPTER l
INTRODUCTION
tree “mangue” and the English word for a stand of trees “grove”. Mangroves are
in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This group of plants is very
important to the ecosystem diversity because they protect the coastline from
destruction (maintain the ecosystem diversity) and provide many resources for
The mangrove ecosystem are highly coastal zone from erosion and act as buffer
zone between land and sea. Mangroves preserve water quality and reduce
source for decomposer food webs including many macro invertebrates (Fratini et
al., 2000; Cannicci et al., 2008).The Pichavaram ecosystem of east coast of India
flora and fauna (Macintosh & Ashton, 2002) providing habitats for the distribution
Molluscs are abundant in the littoral zones of sea. Molluscan group namely
gastropod and bivalves form 98% of the total population. Macrobenthos maybe
lower tree trunks and the sediment surface, but which do not burrow in it. Infauna
refers to burrowing invertebrates which live within the sediment and arboreal
forms refer to those live attached to stems, roots of the mangrove vegetation.
the Arthropods. In mangroves, molluscs occupy all the levels in the food web
such as predators, herbivores, detritus and filter feeders. Thereby they play an
Gastropods and bivalves are the two major classes of molluscans occupying
three categories epifauna (living on mud or surface area of the land), infauna
some molluscs have habitat overlap as well (Dey, 2006; Kesavan et al., 2009;
Shanmugam and Vairamani, 2009). Molluscs are used for various purposes like
food, ornamental, poultry feed, and source of lime (Boominathan et al., 2008).
they provide. Their pneumatophores prop roots, trunks, and fallen branches and
3
leaves make a complex habitat not only for fishes, but for most of the
is not clear and some plants such as cottonwood are regarded as mangrove by
In the Philippines, the total stand of mangrove forest has shrunk from
450,000 hectares in the 1900 t0 about 150,000 hectares in 1998. The decrease
recommended for mangrove reforestation (Our Seas Our Life Hand Book, 1998).
detailed data on specific sites to identify areas for conservation and rehabilitation.
Nowadays some of the species of molluscs are endangered because they are
regularly eaten by humans. Due to the over collection, this is need to study them
and inform the people in the area about the importance of shelled molluscs in the
marine environment.
4
The result of this study would provide additional knowledge concerning the
status of burrowing macro invertebrates in Brgy. J.P Laurel. In this case, they
would know how to preserve or conserve the species present in the area for the
future generation.
Mangrove forests are home to a large variety of fish, crabs, shrimp, and
mollusc species. Mangrove are known for its ecological, social, and economic
importance/values, such as; provide shelter, food, and breeding sites for a large
number of marine and terrestrial organisms and are also important to humans for
the prey of food fish such as the flounder and cod. Their shells are also used for
usually contain exoskeleton. It has some ecological importance via food source
for human kind in specific. They usually contain carbon elements which were so
very useful in marine organisms. Most minute organisms depend on them like the
area Brgy. J.P Laurel, Panabo City. It would also serve as a baseline data for
future studies and had used for formulation of some policies on the utilization and
5
conservation of the species within the area and also help coastal communities
of significance.
of significance.
6
Panabo City.
A one- shot sampling was employed during lowest low tide. Identification
of organisms was up to species level when possible. The sampling was limited
Conceptual Framework
variables. The independent variables was the substrate type and the physico-
chemical parameters in Brgy. J.P. Laurel, while the dependent variables were
associates.
7
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER ll
METHODOLOGY
Entry Protocol
Panabo City to seek permit and also from the Barangay of J.P Laurel Panabo
Study Area
The study was conducted in the coastal area of Barangay J.P Laurel
which is approximately 4.5 kilometres away from the city proper (Fig.2). There
are two stations that were established in the PNAP planted mangroves. Station
It is a near house coastal area with muddy substrate (Figure 2). Station two will
Sampling Frequency
sampling was conducted within a week specifically during Saturday and Sunday.
Field Sampling
station was composed of three transect lines with the length of 50 meters, which
was 10 meters away from each other. A 2.5m at both sides along the transect
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burrowing macro invertebrates that were found within the belt-transect were
identified.
10
Station 1
Station 2
Figure 2. Map of the study area in Brgy. J.P Laurel, Panabo City
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50m 50m
10m 2.5m
Physico-chemical Parameters
Salinity – The water salinity samples was obtained every station using
refractometer.
pH – The pH of the water was determined per station using pH meter. The
Data Analysis
A. Diversity
C= ⅀ ( ni / N)2
Where:
C= index of dominance
13
macro invertebrates
(Odum, 1971).
H’=-Ʃ(ni/N) log(ni/N)
Where:
e=
14
Where:
e = index of evenness
H’ = Shannon-Wiener index
S = number of species
S=
Where:
S = index of similarity
B. Population Density
study area was determined by counting the number of individuals per unit
area.
Population Density =
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CHAPTER III
A. Results
the study area (Table 1). In Sandbar area, there were 2 species that were found
area, there were 5 species found in the study area namely; Anadara granosa,
Thracia convexa, Scylla sp., Perisesarma sp., and Alpheus sp.. All of these
burrowing macro invertebrates were found and identified in both areas belong to
Stations
Burrowing Macro Common Name
Invertebrates Species Sandbar Boardwalk
Phylum mollusca(Bivalvia)
Thracia convexa X /
Phylum arthropoda(Malacostraca)
The diversity indices are presented in table 2. Sandbar area, the index of
dominance had a value of 0.51, index of diversity (0.30) and index of evenness
(0.98) compare to the Boardwalk area which had a dominance of 0.32, index of
The similarity index was 0.29 which indicate that the both stations were
not similar.
Density
(Figure4).
mangrove area between two areas with a (p-value 0.1473882 > α=0.10).
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
There were two species found in Sandbar area. Among the two species,
61%, and Anadara granosa with a density of 0.93 indv/100m2 with a relative
In Boardwalk area, there were five species were found. Among the five
species, Alpheus sp. had the highest density of 4.53 indv/100m2 with a relative
of 1.247 indv/100m2 with a relative abundance of 13%, Scylla sp. with a density
abundant was Thracia convexa with a density of 0.27 indv/100m2 with a relative
Physico-chemical Parameters
The salinity of water in Sandbar area was measured during lowest low tide
ppt. The temperature in Sandbar area ranged from 27°C to 30°C, while in
Boardwalk area ranged from 25°C to 27°C. The pH of the water that was
obtained in Sandbar area was 8.16, while in Boardwalk area was 7.86 (Table 5).
B. Discussions
Composition
five species (Alpheus sp., Perisesarma sp., Anadara granosa , Scylla sp. and
Thracia convexa ) were found in the area and only four species were belong to
Phylum Arthropoda. Thracia convexa was also found and identified in the area
and it was belong to Phylum Mollusca. Only one species, Anadara granosa, is
The preference habitat of any mud crab species is usually associated with
particular the telorance on salinity, may difference from species to species (Le
Vay, 2001). This genus Perisesarma (De Haan) live in burrow constructed in the
edges or within the mangroves or in the reed marsh higher than ordinary high
water mark, and among the roots, trunk, and lower branches of mangrove trees.
This crab is commonly occurred in the mangroves of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
(Islam et al. 2000, 2002). Anadara granosa and Anadara antiquata, lived mainly
in the intertidal zone at one to two meters water depth, burrowed down into sand
or mud (Broom, 1998). Snapping shrimps of genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 live
from the intertidal zone to great depths, occurring especially in coastal tropical
muddy substrate. They burrow down in the substrate to hide and to find food for
mangroves ecosystem because of high primary production within the food web,
Diversity
were found in Sandbar area, consisting of two species, while 71 individuals were
burrowing macro invertebrates in Sandbar area had a low diversity index and had
a high evenness index and a dominant value of 0.51 while in Boardwalk area had
a high index of diversity and had a low index of evenness and index of
dominance. This implied that there is no species that dominated in the area.
The index of similarity in both areas was low (0.29) as there was only one
Density
Sandbar area had a density of 0.024 indv./m2 while in Boardwalk area had
a density of 0.0947 indv./m2 . In comparing density, it was found out that there is
both areas. In the study of Cadeliña (2011) about molluscs, having 500 indv./ha.
City and Barangay San Vicente, Panabo City. In the study of Melendres (2008)
about macro-crustaceans, having 120.5 individuals per barrier net. Result of this
study is less than compared to other study. Even though a gleaner from the area
was hired to locate the burrowing macro invertebrates. This might be due to the
The salinity of water in Sandbar area was ranged from 26 to 29 ppt, while
in Boardwalk area, ranged from 25 to 27 ppt. This salinity range agreed with the
statement of Odum (1971) that the salinity range or salt content of the sea water
was 25 to 40 ppt.It is one of the important factors governing the life processes in
the sea and it also affect the ability of organisms to survived (Burton, 1996).
27°C to 30°C, while in Boardwalk area ranged from 25°C to 27°C. The
temperature of the seawater was another important factor concerning the life of
organism in the sea (Odum, 1971). It was stated by Macnae (1980) that the
1998).
The pH level of the water that was obtained in Sandbar area was 8.16,
while in Boardwalk area was 7.86. It means that in both areas, only one area was
ranged from 6 to 8.5 Duke (2006), this implied that the pH in Boardwalk area was
categorized as sandy-muddy and muddy. The term sand, clay, silt refers to the
sediments of particular grain size. Sand is the coarsest, followed by silt and clay.
Mud refers to sand and clay combined (Huber and Castro, 1992). In Sandbar
area was sandy-muddy substrate while in Boardwalk area was muddy substrate
type, where most mollusks preferred to live for them to survive. According to
rocky shores, coral reefs, mud flats and sandy beaches. Fortes (1988), stated
that sandy or muddy substrates, plays significant role in relation to the survival
and habitat for macro- crustaceans and other related organisms in fisheries,
CHAPTER IV
Summary
Panabo City was conducted to determine the species composition and diversity
of burrowing macro invertebrates in the area; determine and compare the density
stations. It was conducted during lowest low tide to assure convenience. These
the study area. In Sandbar area there were two species, namely: Anadara
granosa and Anadara antiquata while in Boardwalk area there were five species,
namely: Alpheus sp., Perisesarma sp., Anadara granosa, Scylla sp. and Thracia
convexa were found. Out of six species, there were only one common species
The salinity of water in Sandbar area was measured during lowest low tide
ranged from 26 to 29 ppt, while in Boardwalk area ranged from 25 to 27 ppt. The
26
temperature in Sandbar area ranged from 27°C to 30°C, while in Boardwalk area
ranged from 25°C to 27°C. The pH of the water that was obtained in Sandbar
area was 8.16, while in Boardwalk area was 7.86. The measured of physic-
chemical parameters, salinity, temperature, pH, and substrate type in both areas
were suitable for the survival of burrowing macro invertebrates in the area.
Conclusions
study area; two species of burrowing macro invertebrates were found in Sandbar
area and five burrowing macro invertebrates species were found in Boardwalk
of mangrove trees and the burrowing macro invertebrates in the area were
parameters were tolerable for the growth and survival of burrowing macro
invertebrates.
Recommendations
conserve the burrowing macro invertebrates since they are important to the
REFERENCES
Alongi, D.M., Tirendi, and Goldrick, A. 1996. Organic matter oxidation and
sediment chemistry in mixed terrigenous-carbonate sands of Ninglao
Reef,Western Australia.Marine Chemistry 54: 203-219.
Anker, A. and Ahyong, S.T.; Noel, P.Y and Palmer, A.R. 2006. Morphological
phylogeny of alpheid shrimps: parallel preadaptation and the origin of a
key morphological innovation, the snapping claw. Evolution, 60:2507-2528.
Ashton et al., (2003). A baseline study of the diversity and community ecology of
crab and molluscan macrofauna in the Sematan mangrove forest.
Sarawak, Malaysia.J. Trop. Ecol.19: 127- 142
Chace Jr., F.A. 1998. The caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decopoda) of the
Albatross Philippin Expedition, 1907-1910, Part 5: Family Alpheidae.
Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 466; 1-99.
Cannicci S., Burrows D., Fratini S., Smith III T. J., Offenberg J., Dahdouh
Guebas F.,2008 Faunistic impact on vegetation structure and ecosystem
function in mangrove forests: A review. Aquat Bot 89:186–200.
Fratini S., Cannicci S., Vannini M., 2000 Competition and interaction between
Neosarmatium meinerti (Crustacea: Grapsidae) and Terebralia palustris
(Mollusca: Gastropoda) in a Kenyan mangrove. Mar Biol 137:309–316.
28
Islam, M.S., S. Shakita and T. Nagai, 2000. Effects of salinity on the larval
development of the mangrovedwelling semi terrestrial sesarmid crab,
Perisesarma bidens (De Haan). Crustacean Res., 29: 152-159.
Islam, M.S., S. Shakita and M. Salim, 2002. Feeding habits of the mangrove
sesarmid crab Neosannatium indicum (Crustacea: Decapoda:
Brachyura: Sesarmidae) under laboratory conditions. Bulletin of the
Faculty of Science, Univei~'ity of the Ryukyus, 74: 81-97.
Lamprell, K & Healy, J. 1998 Bivalves of Australia Graham Brash (Pte) Ltd 32 Gul
Drive Singapore. 2262 ISBN 9971-49-223-7.
Le Vay, L. (2001). Ecology and management of mud crab (Scylla spp.). Asian
Fisheries Science 14: 101–111.
Macintosh D. J., Ashton E. C., 2002 A review of mangrove biodiversity
Conservation and management. Final Report 10/06/2002. Centre for
Tropical Ecosystems Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Unpublished Materials
Appendix 1
Number of individuals
Station 1
Species R1 R2 R3 Total
Anadara antiquata 2 5 4 11
Anadara granosa 3 2 2 7
Station 2
Species R1 R2 R3 Total
Anadara granosa 4 4 1 9
Thracia convexa 0 2 0 2
Scylla sp. 3 0 5 8
Perisesarma sp. 1 13 4 18
Alpheus sp. 6 13 15 34
32
Appendix 2
# of Density Relative
STATION 1 individuals (Individual/m2) Abundance (%)
Anadara antiquata 11 0.014666667 0.611111111 61.1111111
Anadara granosa 7 0.009333333 0.388888889 38.8888889
Total 18 0.024 0 100
Appendix 3
# of Density Relative
STATION 2 (%)
individuals (Individual/m2) Abundance
Anadara granosa 9 0.012 0.126760563 12.6760563
Thracia convexa 2 0.002666667 0.028169014 2.81690141
Scylla sp. 8 0.010666667 0.112676056 11.2676056
Perisesarma sp. 18 0.024 0.253521127 25.3521127
Alpheus sp. 34 0.045333333 0.478873239 47.8873239
Total 71 0.094666667 0 100
33
Appendix 4
Legend:
Appendix 5
# of
Station 1 individuals Pi log(Pi) Pi*Log(Pi) Dominance Evenness
Anadara antiquata 11 0.5789474 -0.237361 -0.137419 0.3351801
Anadara granosa 8 0.4210526 -0.375664 -0.158174 0.1772853
Total 19 1 -0.295594 0.5124654
No. of species 2 H' 0.295594 0.981941
34
Appendix 6
# of
STATION 2 individuals Pi log(Pi) Pi*Log(Pi) Dominance Evenness
Appendix 7
Anova:SingleFactor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 6 19 3.166666667 24.96666667
Column 2 6 71 11.83333333 157.7666667
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 225.3333333 1 225.3333333 2.466253192 0.1473882 3.285015
Within Groups 913.6666667 10 91.36666667
Total 1139 11
35
36
Plates 7. Station 1
Plates 8. Station 2
40
41
SCHEDULE
Specific Activities July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.
. Expected
Output
Consultation to the Advices and
adviser suggestions from
the adviser
Reconnaissance Additional
42
Approval of the
Defense study and
revision of the
papers
Thesis
Submission of the hardbound for
hardbound submission
Prepared By:
Charmae C. Ecarma
43
Budgetary requirements
I.PERSONNEL
SERVICES (PS)
Honoraria for the Panel Proposal Defense 1, 250
Final Defense 1, 250
Sub-Total PS 2,500
II.MAINTENANCE
AND OPERATING
EXPENSES (MOOE)
Bond paper - 3 ream @ 150 pesos 450
Ink for printer @ 500 pesos 500
Materials and Supplies Black & colored
Folders w/ slides 5 pcs @ 10 pesos 50
Pencils 5 pcs @ 10 pesos 50
Ballpen - 5 pcs @ 10 pesos 50
Hardbound -6 @ 400 pesos 2400
Defense (1,000)
III.EQUIPMENT
OUTLAY (OE)
Clearbook 300 300
Booties 1200 1200
Fins 1250 1250
sRashguard 300 300
Mask and snorkelling 1200 1200
Sub-Total OE 4,250
TOTAL 18,590