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Materials Selection with Shape

FUNCTION SHAPE

SHAPES FOR TENSION,

BENDING, TORSION,
BUCKLING
MATERIAL --------------------
SHAPE FACTORS
--------------------
PERFORMANCE INDICES
WITH SHAPE

PROCESS
Common Modes of Loading
Moments of Sections: Elastic
Section A I K A = Cross-sectional area
Shape (m2) (m4) (m4)

πr 2 π π I = Second moment of area

r4 r4
4 2
I=∫ y 2 dA = ∫ y 2by dy
sec tion sec tion
2
b4 4
b 0.14b
12 where y is measured vertically
by is the section width at y
π πa3b3
πab ab 3

4 (a 2 + b 2 )
b3h  b K = Resistance to twisting of section
bh 3
1 − 0.58 
bh 3  h (≡ Polar moment J of a circular section)
12

3 2 a 4
(h > b )

a 4
3
K=
TL
θG
(J = ∫ 2πr dr )
sec tion
3

a
4 32 3 80
where T is the torque
π π L is the length of the shaft
π (ro2 − ri 2 ) (ro4 − ri 4 ) (ro4 − ri 4 )
4 2 θ is the angle of twist
≈ 2πrt ≈ πr 3t ≈ 2πr 3t G is the shear modulus
Moments of Sections: Elastic
Section A I K
Shape (m2) (m4) (m4)
4
2 3  t
4bt bt b t 1 − 
3

3  b

π  3b  4π (ab )5 / 2 t
π (a + b )t a 3t  1 + 
4  a  a2 + b2
b 3
b(ho − hi ) (ho − hi3 )
12
≈ 2bt
≈ btho2 / 2
1 3  3b  2tb 2h 2 2 3 4h 
2t (h + b ) h t 1 +  ≈ bt 1 + 
6  h  h+b 3  b 

t 3 t3 2 3 4b 
2t (h + b ) (h + 4bt 2 ) ( 8b + h ) ht 1 + 
6 3 3  h 

 π 2d 2  tλd 2
tλ 1 + 
2 
 4 λ  8
Moments of Sections: Failure
Section Z Q
Shape (m3) (m3)
π π I
r3 r3 Z = Section modulus Z=
4 2 ym
b3 where
0.21b3
6 ym is the normal distance from the neutral axis
πa 2b to the outer surface of the beam carrying the
π 2
ab 2 highest stress
4
(a < b )
b 2h 2
bh 2 Q = Factor in twisting similar to Z
3 h + 1 .8 b
6
(h > b )
T
Q=
a3 a3 τ
32 20 where
π π
(ro4 − ri 4 ) (ro4 − ri 4 ) τ is the maximum surface shear stress
4ro 2ro
≈ πr 2t ≈ 2πr 2t
Moments of Sections: Failure
Section Z Q
Shape (m3) (m3)
2
4 2  t
bt 2b t 1 − 
2

3  b

πa 2t  3b  2πt (a3b )1/ 2

1 + 
4  a  (b > a )
b
6ho
(ho3 − hi3 )

≈ btho

h 2t  3 b  2 2 4h 
1 +  2tbh bt 1 + 
3  h  3  b 

t t2 2 2 4b 
(h3 + 4bt 2 ) ( 8b + h ) ht 1 + 
3h 3 3  h 

tλd
4
 Shape Factors: Elastic
BENDING TORSION

C1EI KG
Bending stiffness of a beam SB = Torsional stiffness of a beam ST =
L3 L
where C1 is a constant depending on the where L is the length of the shaft, G is the
loading details, L is the length of the beam, shear Modulus of the material.
and E is the Young’s modulus of the material

Define structure factor as the ratio of the Define structure factor as the ratio of the
stiffness of the shaped beam to that of a torsional stiffness of the shaped shaft to that
solid circular section with the same cross- of a solid circular section with the same
sectional area thus: S I cross-sectional area thus:
φBe = = ST K
B
φTe = =
SBo Io STo K o

π A2 4πI π A2 2πK
Io = r =4
so, φ = e
Ko = r = 4
so, φT =
e

4π 2π
B
4 A2 2 A2
 Shape Factors: Failure/Strength
BENDING TORSION
The highest stress, for a given bending moment M, The highest shear stress, for a given torque T,
experienced by a beam is at the surface a experienced by a shaft is given by:
distance ym furthest from the neutral axis: T
My m M τ=
σ = = Q
I Z
The beam fails when the torque is large enough for
The beam fails when the bending moment is large τ to reach the failure shear stress of the material:
enough for σ to reach the failure stress of the
Tf = Qτ f
material: M = Zσ
f f

Define structure factor as the ratio of the failure Define structure factor as the ratio of the failure
moment of the shaped beam to that of a solid torque of the shaped shaft to that of a solid circular
circular section with the same cross-sectional area section with the same cross-sectional area thus:
thus: M Z Tf Q
φB =f f
= φTf = =
Mfo Zo Tfo Qo

π A3 / 2 4 πZ π A3 / 2 2 πQ
Zo = r = 3
so, φ =
f
Qo = r = 3
so, φT =
f

4 4 π B
A3 / 2 2 2 π A3 / 2
Shape Factors: Failure/Strength

Please Note:
The shape factors for failure/strength described in this lecture course are
those defined in the 2nd Edition of “Materials Selection In Mechanical
Design” by M.F. Ashby. These shape factors differ from those defined in
the 1st Edition of the book. The new failure/strength shape factor
definitions are the square root of the old ones.
The shape factors for the elastic case are not altered in the 2nd Edition.
Comparison of Size and Shape

Rectangular sections

I-sections

SIZE →
Shape Factors
Section Stiffness Failure/Strength
Shape φ e
B φ e
T φBf φTf

1 1 1 1

π 2 π
= 1.05 0.88 = 1.18 0.74
3 3

a 2ab
b a + b2
2
a a
(a < b )
b b

2πb  h 2 π (b / h )1/ 2
πh 2 π h
1/ 2
1 − 0.58 
3h  b   3(1 + 0.6b / h )2
3b 3 b
(h > b ) (h > b )
2π 2π
= 1.21 = 0.73 0.77 0.62
3 3 5 3

1/ 2 1/ 2
r r  2r   2r 
   
t t  t   t 
 Shape Factors cont’d
Section Stiffness Failure/Strength
Shape φ e
B φ
e
T φ f
B φTf
πb πb  2 π b π b 
4 1/ 2 1/ 2 2
t t
1 −      1 − 
6t 8t  b  3 t 2  t   b

a(1 + 3b / a ) 8(ab )5 / 2 a

1/ 2
(1 + 3b / a ) 4a1/ 2
 
t (1 + b / a )2 t (a 2 + b 2 )(a + b )2 t  (1 + b / a )3 / 2 t 1/ 2 (1 + a / b )3 / 2

πh 2 2π h
2bt (bt )1/ 2

πh(1 + 3b / h ) πb 2h 2 πt (1 + 4h / b ) 2π h
1/ 2
(1 + 3b / h ) 2π h 2π
1/ 2
t (1 + 4h / b )
   
6t (1 + b / h )2
t (h + b ) 3
3b(1 + h / b )2
3 t (1 + b / h ) (bt ) (1 + h / b )3 / 2
3/2 1/ 2 3 b (1 + b / h )3 / 2

πh(1 + 4bt 2 / h3 ) πt (1 + 8b / h ) πt (1 + 4b / h ) π h

1/ 2
(1 + 4bt 2 / h3 )  πt 1/ 2 (1 + 8b / h) 2π
1/ 2
t (1 + 4b / h )
     
h (1 + b / h )3 / 2
6t (1 + b / h )2 (1 + b / h )3 / 2  18h  (1 + b / h)
3
6h(1 + b / h )2 3h(1 + b / h )2
3/2
2 t

πd 2 πd
2tλ (tλ )1/ 2
 Efficiency of Standard Sections

ELASTIC BENDING

4πI
Shape Factor: φB =
e

A2

Rearrange for I and take logs:

φBe
log I = 2 log A + log
4π

Plot logI against logA

φBe : parallel lines of slope 2
 Efficiency of Standard Sections

BENDING STRENGTH

4 πZ
Shape Factor: φBf =
A3 / 2

Rearrange for I and take logs:

3 φBf
log Z = log A + log
2 4 π

Plot logI against logA

φBf : parallel lines of slope 3/2
Efficiency of Standard Sections
ELASTIC TORSION TORSIONAL STRENGTH

2πK φTe 2 πQ 3 φTf

φ = 2 ;
e
log K = 2 log A + log φ = 3/2 ;
f
logQ = log A + log
2π 2 π
T T
A A 2

N.B. Open sections are good in bending, but poor in torsion

 Performance Indices with Shape
ELASTIC BENDING ELASTIC TORSION

C1EI KG
Bending stiffness of a beam: SB = Torsional stiffness of a shaft: ST =
L3 L
4πI C1EφBe A2
Shape factor: φ = 2 so, SB =
e
2πK GφTe A2
4πL3
B
A Shape factor: φ = so, ST =
e
T
A2 2πL
1/ 2 1/ 2
 4πSB  5/2  ρ
2

m =   ⋅ L ⋅  e  3/2  ρ
2

1/ 2

 EφB  m = (2πST ) ⋅ L ⋅  
1/ 2
 C1  e 
 GφT 
f1(F) · f2(G) · f3(M)
f1(F) · f2(G) · f3(M)
3
So, to minimize
(EφBe )1/ 2 G ≈ E So, to minimize (EφTe )1/ 2
mass m, maximise M1 = 8 mass m, maximise M 2 =
ρ ρ
 Performance Indices with Shape
FAILURE IN BENDING FAILURE IN TORSION

Failure when moment reaches: Mf = Zσ f Failure when torque reaches: Tf = Qτ f

4 πZ σ f φBf A3 / 2 2 πQ σ f φTf A3 / 2
Shape factor: φ = so, Mf = Shape factor: φ = so, Tf =
f f

4 π 4 π
B T
A3 / 2 A3 / 2
(τ f = σ f 2)
2/3 2/3
 ρ3/2   ρ3/2 
m = ( 4 π Mf ) ⋅ L ⋅ 
2/3

f 
(
m = 4 π Tf )2/3
⋅ L ⋅  
f 
 σ f φB   σ f φT 

f1(F) · f2(G) · f3(M) f1(F) · f2(G) · f3(M)

So, to minimize So, to minimize

(σ f φBf )2 / 3 (σ f φTf )2 / 3
mass m, maximise M3 = mass m, maximise M 4 =
ρ ρ
 Shape in Materials Selection Maps
EXAMPLE 1, Elastic bending
1000
Performance index for elastic Search Ceramics
bending including shape, Region
(φBeE )1/ 2
M1 = 100 Engineering

Young's Modulus,E (GPa)

ρ
Composites
Alloys

can be written as Φ=1

10
(E φ ) e 1/ 2 Woods
M1 = B

ρ φ e
B Φ=10
1 Engineering
A material with Young’s modulus, Polymers
E and density, ρ, with a particular
section acts as a material with an 0.1
effective Young’s modulus
Polymer
E =E φ
∗ e
B
Foams Elastomers

and density 0.01

ρ ∗ = ρ φBe 0.1 1 10 100

Density, ρ (Mg/m3)
 Shape in Materials Selection Maps
EXAMPLE 1, Failure in bending
10000
Performance index for failure in
Ceramics
bending including shape,
(φBf σ f )2 / 3 Composites
M3 = 1000
ρ Search
Region

Strength, σf (MPa)
can be written as Engineering
100
(σ f (φ ) )f 2 2/3 Alloys
M3 = B Woods
ρ (φ ) B
f 2
Φ=1
10 Engineering
A material with strength, σf and Φ=√10 Elastomers
Polymers

density, ρ, with a particular

section acts as a material with an 1
effective strength Polymer
σ f∗ = σ f (φBf )2 Foams

and density 0.1

ρ ∗ = ρ (φBf )2 0.1 1 10 100

Density, ρ (Mg/m3)
 Micro-Shape Factors
Material Micro-Shape Micro-Shaped Material, ψ

Up to now we have only

considered the role of + =
macroscopic shape on the
performance of fully dense
materials.

However, materials can have

internal shape, “Micro-Shape”
which also affects their
performance,
e.g. cellular solids, foams,
honeycombs. = +

Macro-Shape from Macro-Shape, φ Micro-Shaped Material, ψ

Micro-Shaped Material, ψφ
 Micro-Shape Factors
Consider a solid cylindrical beam expanded, at constant
mass, to a circular beam with internal shape (see right).

C1EoIo
Stiffness of the solid beam: SBo =
L3
On expanding the beam, its density falls from ρo to ρ ,
and its radius increases from ro to 1/ 2
ρ  Prismatic cells Fibres embedded
r =  o  ro in a foam matrix
 ρ
The second moment 2 2
π 4 π  ρo  4  ρo 
of area increases to I = r =   ro =   Io
4 4 ρ   ρ
If the cells, fibres or rings are  ρ Concentric cylindrical
parallel to the axis of the beam then E =  Eo shells with foam between
 ρo 
The stiffness of the
C EI C EI  ρ  S ρo
expanded beam is thus SB = 1 3 = 1 3 o  o  Shape Factor: ψ B =
e
=
L L  ρ So ρ
Mats. Selection: Multiple Constraints

Function
Objective
Tie
Constraint

Beam Minimum cost

Index
Stiffness

Minimum weight E 1/ 2
M1 =
Shaft ρ
Strength
Maximum stored
energy
Column
Fatigue
Index
Minimum
environmental impact σ f2 / 3
Mechanical
Geometry M2 =
Thermal ρ
Electrical…..
 Materials for Safe Pressure Vessels
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Function Pressure vessel =contain
pressure p
Objective Maximum safety
Constraints (a) Must yield before break
(b) Must leak before break
(c) Wall thickness small to
reduce mass and cost

Yield before break Leak before break Minimum strength

2
CK IC K  pR pR M3 = σ f
σ = , πaC ≤ C 2  IC  σ = , t≥
πaC  σf  2t 2σ f
t CK IC
aC = ⇒σ =
M1 =
K IC 2 πt / 2
σf C 2πpR K IC2
= K IC2
4 σf M2 =
σf
Materials for Safe Pressure Vessels
Search
Region

K IC K IC2
M1 = M2 =
σf σf M3 = σ f

Material M1 M3 Comment
(m1/2) (MPa)
Tough steels >0.6 300 Standard.
Tough Cu alloys >0.6 120 OFHC Cu.
M1 = 0.6 m1/2 Tough Al alloys >0.6 80 1xxx & 3xxx

Ti-alloys 0.2 700 High strength,

High strength Al 0.1 500 but low safety
alloys 0.1 500 margin. Good
GFRP/CFRP for light
M3 = 100 MPa vessels.
Multiple Constraints: Formalised
1. Express the objective as an equation.
2. Eliminate the free variables using each constraint in turn, giving a set of
performance equations (objective functions) of the form:
P1 = f1(F ) ⋅ g1(G ) ⋅ h1(M1 ) where f, g and h are expressions containing
P2 = f2 (F ) ⋅ g 2 (G ) ⋅ h2 (M2 ) the functional requirements F, geometry M
P3 = f3 (F ) ⋅ g 3 (G ) ⋅ h3 (M3 ) and materials indices M.

Pi = fi (F ) ⋅ g i (G ) ⋅ hi (Mi )
3. If the first constraint is the most restrictive (known as the active constraint)
then the performance is given by P1, and this is maximized by seeking
materials with the best values of M1. If the second constraint is the active
one then the performance is given by P2 and this is maximized by seeking
materials with the best values of M2; and so on.
N.B. For a given Function the Active Constraint will be material dependent.
 Multiple Constraints: A Simple Analysis
A LIGHT, STIFF, STRONG BEAM The object function is m = ALρ
1/ 2
C1EI t4  12SB  ρ
Constraint 1: Stiffness S= where I = so, m1 =   ⋅ L5 / 2 ⋅
L3 12  C1  E 1/ 2
2/3
C2Iσ f t  6F  ρ
Constraint 2: Strength Ff = where y m = so, m2 =  f  ⋅ L5 / 3 ⋅
y mL 2  C2  σ f2 / 3

If the beam is to meet both constraints then, for a given material, its weight is
determined by the larger of m1 or m2
or more generally, for i constraints ~ = max( m , m , m .....m )
m 1 2 3 i

Choose a material Material E σf ρ m1 m2 m~

~
that minimizes m (GPa) (MPa) (kgm-3) (kg) (kg) (kg)
1020 Steel 205 320 7850 8.7 16.2 16.2
6061 Al 70 120 2700 5.1 10.7 10.7
Ti 6-4 115 950 4400 6.5 4.4 6.5
 Multiple Constraints: Graphical
Construct a materials selection map based on
Performance Indices instead of materials
properties. M1 Limited
Domain
The selection map can be divided into two
A
domains in each of which one constraint is active.

log Index M2
The “Coupling Line” separates the domains and is
calculated by coupling the Objective Functions:
 f (F )g (G ) 
M1 =  1 1 1 1  ⋅ M2 = Cc ⋅ M2 B
 f2 (F2 )g 2 (G2 ) 
where CC is the “Coupling Constant”.

Materials with M2/M1>CC , e.g. A , are limited by M2 Limited

M1 and constraint 1 is active. Coupling Line Domain
M2 = CC·M1
Materials with M2/M1<CC , e.g. B , are limited by
M2 and constraint 2 is active. log Index M1
 Multiple Constraints: Graphical
A box shaped Search Region is identified with its Changing the functional requirements F or geometry
corner on the Coupling Line. G changes CC, which shifts the Coupling Line, alters
Within this Search Region the performance is the Search Area, and alters the scope of materials
maximized whilst simultaneously satisfying both selection.
constraints. C are good materials. Now A and C are selectable.

M1 Limited M1 Limited
Search Search
Domain Domain
Area Area

A A

log Index M2
log Index M2

C C

B B

Coupling Line
M2 = CC·M1

M2 Limited M2 Limited
Coupling Line Domain Domain
M2 = CC·M1

log Index M1 log Index M1

 Windings for High Field Magnets
B

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Function Magnet windings
Objective Maximize magnetic field
Constraints (a) No mechanical failure
N Turns L
Current i (b) Temperature rise <150°C
(c) Radius r and length L of
coil specified

d 2r d

Classification Pulse Field

Upper limits on field and pulse duration are Duration Strength
set by the coil material. Continuous 1s-∞ <30 T
Field too high ⇒ the coil fails mechanically Long 100 ms-1 s 30-60 T
Pulse too long ⇒ the coil overheats Standard 10 - 100 ms 40-70 T
Short 10 - 1000 µs 70-80 T
Ultra-short 0.1 - 10 µs >100 T
Windings for High Field Magnets
CONSTRAINT 1: Mechanical Failure

µ oNiλf
The field (weber/m2) is B= f (α , β )
L
where μo = the permeability of air, N = number of turns, i = current, λf = filling factor,
f(α,β) = geometric constant, α = 1+(d/r), β = L/2r

B2
Radial pressure created by the field p =
2µ o f (α , β )
pr B 2r
generates a stress in the coil σ = =
d 2µ o f (α , β )d

σ must be less than the yield stress of the coil material σy

and hence
 2µ dσ f (α , β ) 
1/ 2

Bfailure ≤  o y 
 r  So, Bfailure is maximized
by maximizing
M1 = σ y
Windings for High Field Magnets
CONSTRAINT 1: Overheating

The energy of the pulse is ≈ i Ret pulse (Re = average of the resistance over the
2

heating cycle, tpulse = length of the pulse) causes the temperature of the coil to rise by

B 2Ωet pulse
∆T = 2 2 where Ωe = electrical resistivity of the coil material
µo d Cp ρ Cp = specific heat capacity of the coil material

If the upper limit for the change in temperature

is ΔTmax and the geometric constant of the coil  µ o2d 2Cp ρ∆Tmax 
1/ 2

is included then the second limit on the field is Bheat ≤   f (α , β )

t pulse Ωe 
 

So, Bheat is maximized

by maximizing Cp ρ
M2 =
Ωe
Windings for High Field Magnets
~
In this case the field is limited by the lowest of Bfailure and Bheat: B = min( Bfailure , Bheat ) e.g.

σy ρ Cp Ωe Bfailure Bheat ~
B
Material (MPa) (Mg/m3) (J/kgK) (10-8Ωm) (wb/m2) (wb/m2) (wb/m2)
High conductivity Cu 250 8.94 385 1.7 35 113 35
Cu-15%Nb composite 780 8.90 368 2.4 62 92 62
HSLA steel 1600 7.85 450 25 89 30 30
Pulse length = 10 ms

 2µ dσ f (α , β ) 
1/ 2

Bfailure ≤ o y 
 r 
 µ o rdλf f (α , β )∆Tmax 
M1 =   ⋅ M2 = CC ⋅ M 2
2t pulse 
 µ o2d 2Cp ρ∆Tmax 
1/ 2
 
Bheat ≤   f (α , β )
t pulse Ωe 
  Thus defining the Coupling Line
 Windings for High Field Magnets
10000
Search Region:

Cp ρ
Ultra-short pulse Search Region:
short pulse
M1 = σ y M2 =
HSLA steels
Ωe
Cu-Be-Co-Ni

1000 Cu-Al2O3
Index M 1 (MPa)

Cu-Nb
Search Region: Material Comment
Be-Coppers long pulse
Continuous and long
Cu-Zr pulse Best choice for low field,
High purity coppers long pulse magnets (heat
Pure Silver limited)
100 Cu-4Sn
GP coppers
Short pulse
Cu-Al2O3 composites Best choice for high field,
HC Coppers
H-C Cu-Cd alloys short pulse magnets (heat
Cu H-C Cu-Zr alloys and strength limited)
Al-S150.1 H-C Cu-Cr alloys
Drawn Cu-Nb comp’s

10 Ultra short pulse,

ultra high field Best choice for high field,
100 1000 10000 Cu-Be-Co-Ni alloys short pulse magnets
Index M 2 (10-8 Ωm3/J) HSLA steels (strength limited)
Design of Headed Anchor Bolts
JOHN G. SHIPP AND EDWARD R. HANINGER
In current practice the design of base plates is controlled
by bearing restrictions on the concrete (see Fig. 1); shear
is transmitted to the concrete largely through anchor bolts,
shear lugs or bars attached to the base plate and the tensile
anchorage steel is generally proportioned only for direct
stress. The embedment requirements for anchorage steel
are not clearly defined by most codes and are left largely to
the discretion of the design engineer. Also, there are no
provisions to prevent a brittle failure in the concrete as
opposed to a ductile failure in the anchor bolt, as provided
for with a probability-based limit states design or Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for steel.8 Larger design
forces now mandated in many areas due to the revised
seismic and wind loads require design capacities for anchor
bolts beyond any existing code values.6'11 Therefore, there
is a need for a complete design procedure for anchor bolts
that will accommodate these larger loads and incorporate
the proposed design philosophy, i.e., probability-based limit
states design (PBLSD). 8
THE HEADED BOLT AS AN ANCHORAGE
The headed bolt, as designed herein, is recommended as the
most efficient type of anchorage to use for both tension and
shear loads. Other anchorages which have been used are
L-bolts, J-bolts, rods with a bolted bearing plate and shear
lugs. L-bolts have been shown to be less effective in resisting
slip at service load levels than headed bolts.13 The authors
are not aware of any published data that addresses the
performance of J-bolts. For a threaded rod with a bolted
washer or bearing plate embedded in concrete, tests have
shown that unless the plate is properly sized it may actually
decrease the anchor capacity by causing a weakened failure
plane in the concrete.7'17 Shear lugs can fail in a brittle
mode if not properly confined, and do not lend themselves
to a shear friction analysis.7'17
The headed bolt, when properly embedded and confined,
will develop the full tensile capacity of even A490 high
John G. Shipp is Supervising Structural Engineer, Fluor Engi-
neers and Constructors, Inc., Irvine, California.
Edward R. Haninger is Senior Structural Engineer, Fluor En-
gineers and Constructors, Inc., Irvine, California.
58
ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
strength bolts.3 When the tension capacity of the bolt is
developed, a ductile failure can be ensured by the shear
friction mechanism.3
In this paper, anchor bolt design ductility is assured by
causing a failure mechanism that is controlled by yielding
of the anchor bolt steel, rather than brittle tensile failure
of concrete. This is accomplished by designing the pullout
strength of the "concrete failure cone" (Up) such that it
equals the minimum specified tensile strength (FuAt) or
u
full anchorage value" of the anchor bolt. See Figs. 2 and
10 for illustrations of the concrete failure cone concept. See
Appendix A for the derivation of L^ to satisfy this criteria.
The design approach presented herein is compatible with
the proposed AISC Specification for Nuclear Facilities,5
ACI 318-77, 2 and the proposed revisions to ACI 318-77.7
The governing design approach is that presented in ACI
349, Supplement 1979.3
DESIGN PARAMETERS
The design approach presented is generally applicable to
any of a number of bolt or concrete strengths. However, the
following representative materials are used in developing
the design values. Anchor bolt materials used are ASTM
A36, A307 (Grade B), A325, A449 and A687. Concrete
is assumed to have a minimum compressive strength (fc)
of 3,000 psi. Anchor bolts are heavy hex bolts or threaded
steel bars with one heavy hex nut placed in concrete. Bolt
threads at the embedded end of each threaded steel bar are
"staked" at two places below the heavy hex nut. All bolts
are brought to a "snug tight" condition as defined by AISC4
to ensure good contact between attachments. The concrete
is at least 14 days old prior to tightening the anchor bolts
in order to prevent bolt rotation. Anchor bolts are designed
for combined shear and tension loads; the area of steel re-
quired for tension and shear is considered additive. Criteria
will be presented such that either Working Stress Design
(WSD) or Ultimate Strength Design (USD) may be
used.
COMBINED TENSION AND SHEAR
Many authors have presented data and interaction equa-
tions to account for the combined effects of tension and shear
 Table 1A. Standard Anchor Bolt Basic Types

Bolt Edge
Spacing Distance
Type Description r m Comments

A Isolated r >rm m > mv mv > Tm/2,

mv >
mt

B Shear reinforcement r^rm rm/2 <m< rm/2 > mt

only mv

C Shear reinforcement r<rm mt < m <mv mt < rm/2

plus overlapping
failure cones

D Tension lap w/ r <rm concrete pier

reinforcement Tm/2

fiAILt/fi* JON* DUe TO SH£A* iOAP(V^)

Note: The bolt embedment depth shall be greater than or equal to Lj ,
as given in Table IB for all bolt types.
•STANDARD AMCHO* &OLT
The rationale for this basis is that the shear force (Vi)
causes a bearing failure near the concrete surface and
Fig. 1. Example of base plate loading translates the shear load on the anchor bolt into an effective
tension load by shear friction. In the absence of tension load
(see Refs. 1, 3, 12,14, 15 and 17). In this paper, the total ( 7 » , an anchor bolt is developed for "full anchorage" to
required area of anchor bolt steel to resist tension and shear resist shear. In terms of Probability-Based Limit States
loads is considered to be additive (see Appendix B, and Figs. Design (PBLSD), the anchor bolt design resistance is
1 and 9). greater than or equal to the effective combined tension (7^)
and shear (Vi) load effects as indicated below (see Appendix
G).
(Si6 HOT6 / &HOW) mrtnecrs AtFy > T
oursite of
COhtGWte
~1 where
AtFy = Nominal design resistance (capacity) equal to
the product of the bolt tensile area (.4,) and the
minimum specified steel yield strength (see
Table 2A
CVj + TF
a
0
C = Shear coefficient, equal to the inverse of the
shear friction value, as per Ref. 3, for the par-
ticular base plate mounting

Table IB. Values for Lj, rm, m v , mt

Minimum Minimum Edge Minimum Edge

Bolt Development . Bolt Distance for Distance for
tNreRs&crs Type Length Spacing Shear Tension
OUTSIP6 Of (ASTM1 Ld rm mv mt
cottcxere
A307 \2d 16d \2d 5d or 4" min.
secrioN c-c
A325 lid 24d \ld Id or 4" min.
ucre; A449 17d 24d lid Id or 4" min.
2. A* = A$ -Ar " (&**IU<9 A**A Of AHCHOR ST&t)
Note: The above values were derived per Table 2B and tabulated in Table
Fig. 2. Effective stress area for limited depth (Ae) 2A for various bolt diameters.

59

SECOND QUARTER / 1983

 Table 2A. Standard Anchor Bolt Basic Design Values

AtFy (kips) Uit ™v (in •) mt (in.) rm (in.)

Tensile Sd or Id or
Bolt Stress Fy - 36 ksi Fy = 58 ksi Fy = 81 ksi \Fy = 92 ksi Fy = 105 ksi \2d 17 d \9d 4" min. 4" min. 16d 24d 28d
Diameter Area A325
d At A36 A325 A325 A36 A325 A36 A449 A36 A325
(in.) (in-2) A307 A449 A449 A449 A687 A307 A449 A687 A307 A687 A307 A449 A687

y2 0.142 5.12 13.06 14.91 6 8% 9% 4 4 8 12 14

Ys 0.226 8.14 20.79 23.73 7% 11 12 4 4% 10 15 18
% 0.334 12.02 30.73 35.07 9 13 14% 4 5V4 12 18 21
% 0.462 16.64 42.40 48.51 10% 15 17 4% 6% 14 21 25
i 0.606 21.82 55.75 63.63 12 17 19 5 7 16 24 28
1% 0.763 27.46 61.80 80.12 13% 19 21% 5% 7% 18 27 32
l'A 0.969 34.89 78.49 101.7 15 21 y4 24 6V4 8% 20 30 35
1% 1.155 41.59 93.56 121.3 16% 24 26 67/s 9% 22 33 39
i% 1.405 50.59 113.88 147.5 18 25% 28% 7% 10% 24 36 42
1% 1.90 68.4 110.2 199.5 21 30 33% 8% 12V4 28 42 49
2 2.50 90.0 145.0 262.5 24 34 38 10 14 32 48 56
2'A 3.25 117.1 188.5 341.3 27 39 43 11V4 15% 36 54 63
2'/2 4.00 144.0 232.0 420.0 30 43 48 12% 17% 40 60 70
2% 4.93 177.5 285.9 517.7 33 47 52 13% 19V4 44 66 77
3 5.97 214.9 346.3 626.9 36 51 57 15 21 48 72 84

Notes:
1. The following formulas have been conservatively simplified by using the values in Table 2B:

(a) Ld = \2d\\ — per AGI-349 Appendix B, Sect. B.4.2

58

(b) mt per ACI-349 Appendix B, Sect. B.5.1.1

V56V77:
(c) mv - d per ACI-349 Appendix B, Sect. B.5.1.1
V7.5V77:
2. Before entering this table, the total effective design load (T) shall include the appropriate load factors, stress increase factors or probability factors, capacity
reduction factors ((f)) and shear coefficient (C).
3. All computations are based on/' c = 3000 psi.

For PBLSD or Ultimate Strength Design (USD): Tp — Tension design load effect equal to the product
of the load factor(s) and the nominal tension load.
Vi = Shear design load effect equal to the product of The load factors shall be in accordance with
the load factor(s) and the nominal shear load. applicable codes. For example, using ACI
The load factors are in accordance with appli- 318-77, 7> = 1.4D + 1.1L
cable codes. For example, using ACI 318-77, Vt 0 = Capacity reduction factor
= 1.4Z) + 1.7L = 0.90 for factored design loads under USD

Table 2B. Values Based on ACI 349-76 Provisions

/ Fu mt=d\/
Fu
,n
1 F»
Ld - \2d \i
V 58000
56 V ? ; °-V7.svrc
Fu
(ksi) Actual Use Actual Use Actual Use

58 \2d \2d 4.34J 5d 11.88J \2d

90 14.95</ 17 d S.42d Id 14.80J 17 d
105 16.15</ 17 d 5.85d Id \5.99d 17d
120 17.26J 17d 6.25d Id 17.09 d \7d
150 19.3W \9d 6.99d Id \9.\0d \9d

Note: Values listed in this table are based on/ r c = 3000 psi.

60

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 a = 1.0 for USD. Probability considerations are in- M/CC/X6 CD+J&

cluded in the load factors.

*~U"6AKS
For Working Stress Design (WSD): &* SM64*

Vi = Nominal shear load. For example,

Vt=D + L
Tf = Nominal tension load. For example, Asv = TOTAL Of- ALL L6GS

7> = D + L
0 = Capacity reduction factor, which includes a ,
safety factor, used to convert yield capacity to KM
'***tK'a&¥6'
working loads = 0.55
COV6X
a = Probability factor (PF) or reciprocal of the stress
PLAU
increase factor (l/SIF), i.e., seismic loads com-
bined with dead loads and live loads. PF = 0.75;
therefore, a = PF = 0.75. SIF = 1.33; therefore,
a = 1/SIF = 0.75.
NOT*: T/¥* K&tJto*OtV<$
MUST MT**C6PT W&
WLU*e COA/& TO &e
ef-tecT/ve.
ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN
The following section establishes limitations for the com-
bined effects of bolt spacing, embedment depth and edge FAIUTA& COht6
distance, such that the heavy hex head on a standard anchor
bolt provides "full anchorage" in concrete equal to the
tensile capacity of the bolt. Several agencies/authors have Fig. 3. Shear reinforcement
published reports representing their test data and/or rec-
ommendations to account for these variables, (see Refs. 9,
10, 13, 16 and 17). The recommendations which follow
represent a composite of the published literature, modified Type B Anchor Bolts—Anchor bolts are classified as
for compatibility with ACI 349. 3 Where plain bars are "Type B," or shear reinforcement only, when all of the
used, the equivalent anchorage may be accomplished by following apply:
threading the embedded end of the bar and using one • The closest bolt spacing (r) is greater than or equal
American Standard heavy hex nut of equal or higher tor m .
strength steel with bolt threads "staked" at two places below
the heavy hex nut. • The closest edge distance (m) is greater than or equal
to r m / 2 but less than mv. Note: rm/2 > mt
Refer to Tables 1A and IB for a summary of the various
anchor bolt classifications and criteria for which design • The bolt embedment depth is greater than or equal
procedures are herein provided. Note that anchor bolts are toLd.
defined as type A, B, C or D. These types represent various The size of Type B anchor bolts is selected as per Type
design conditions of anchor bolts such as spacing, edge A anchor bolts. In addition, shear reinforcement (Asv) is
distance and development length. provided on both sides of any critical plane of potential
failure (see Fig. 3). The total area of horizontal shear
Type A Anchor Bolts—Anchor bolts are classified as reinforcing steel (Asv) is determined as follows:
Type A, or isolated, when all the following apply:
• The closest bolt spacing (r) is greater than or equal FutAt
to the minimum spacing (r m ) as specified in Table IB, CFy cos 45
(i.e., no overlapping failure cones). where Fy is the specified minimum yield strength of the
• The closest edge distance (m) is greater than or equal reinforcing steel.
to the minimum edge distance for shear (mv) as
specified in Table IB. Note: mv > rm/2; mv > mt Type C Anchor Bolts—Anchor bolts are classified as
• The bolt embedment depth is greater than or equal Type C, or shear reinforcement plus overlapping failure
to Ld as specified in Table IB. cone considerations, when all the following apply:

The size of Type A anchor bolts is selected such that the • The closest bolt spacing (r) is less than r m .
design load (7") does not exceed the basic Nominal Design • The closest edge distance (m) is greater than or equal
Resistance (AtFy) values tabulated in Table 2A. to mt and less than mv. Note: mt < rm/2

61
SECOND QUARTER / 1983
 Table 3. Standard Anchor Bolt Tensile Capacities

Tensile FuAt (kips)

Bolt Stress
Fy = 58 ksi Fy = 90 ksi Fy = 105 ksi Fy = 120 ksi Fy = 150 ksi
Diameter Area
d 4 A36 A325 A325
(in.) (in-2) A307 A449 A449 A449 A687

% 0.142 8.24 17.06 21.3

% 0.226 13.11 27.12 33.9
% 0.334 19.37 40.08 50.1
% 0.462 26.80 55.44 69.3
1 0.606 35.15 72.72 90.9
1V8 0.763 44.25 80.12 114.5
1V4 0.969 56.20 101.7 145.4
1% 1.155 66.99 121.3 173.3
1% 1.405 81.49 147.5 210.8
1% 1.90 110.2 171.0 285.0
2 2.50 145.0 225.0 375.0
2V4 3.25 188.1 292.5 487.5
2V2 4.00 232.0 360.0 600.0
23/4 4.93 285.9 443.7 739.5
3 5.97 346.3 537.3 895.5

• The bolt embedment depth must be determined by
considering the effect of overlapping concrete tensile
stress cones (see Fig. 2). Note: Lj (required) > Ld as
tabulated in Table IB.
• Under no condition will the closest bolt edge distance
be less than mt or 4 in.
The size of Type C anchor bolts is selected as per Type
A anchor bolts. Shear reinforcement is provided as per
Type B anchor bolts. Also, the bolt embedment depth is
calculated as follows:
• First, calculate the effective concrete tensile stress area
Ae (see Fig. 2) based on r, m and an assumed em-
bedment depth greater than L^ The effective concrete
tensile stress area (Ae) is the projected area bounded
by the intersection between 45 degree lines radiating
from the edge of the bolt head and the concrete surface
at which the loads are applied, minus the area of the
bolt heads (refer to Fig. 2).
• Then, calculate the pullout strength (Up), where
4/5 y/fc is the allowable uniform concrete tensile
stress applied over the effective stress area Ae:
Up = [4PVTc\Ae > FuAt
• Note that Up must be greater than or equal to the
minimum specified tensile strength (FuAt) of the
standard anchor bolt as tabulated in Table 3. If Up is
less than FuAt, continue to increase the bolt embed-
ment depth until a solution is obtained.
• The tensile strength of the concrete failure cone in a
slab or wall is limited by the thickness of concrete and
the out-to-out dimensions of the anchors. If 45 degree
lines extending from the exterior bolt heads toward
the compression face do not intersect within the con-
crete, then the effective stress area is limited as shown
in Fig. 2.
Type D Anchor Bolts—Anchor bolts are classified as
Type D, or tension lap with reinforcement, when all the
following apply:
• The closest bolt spacing (r) is less than rm.
• The closest edge distance (m) is greater than or equal
to mt and less than rm/2.
• The required bolt embedment depth is greater than
or equal to L^
• The projected area of the overlapping concrete tensile
stress cones (Ae) are extremely limited, such that
failure mechanism is controlled by the reinforced
section rather than by the yielding of the anchor bolt
steel. Such situations commonly arise in concrete
piers.
The size of Type D anchor bolts is selected as per Type
A anchor bolts. Shear reinforcement is provided as per
Type B anchor bolts. Additional tension reinforcement is
provided as follows:
• Additional tension reinforcement is provided by
concentrically located reinforcing steel (Ast), such that
the anchor bolts are developed for "full anchorage."
Refer to Fig. 4 for the recommended tension rein-
forcement practice.
• The total area of tension reinforcement (Ast) as de-
termined by the following equation is developed on

62
ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 [BOLTS kcoL.JeAs&/i

HJS
^~ -#

~U"3AZS fiOX BOLTS

T&SStON LAP
#- # — PttRO* COL.&IW.

PLAhl

Lcl * oe/etoPM&rr
L&GMOt&ClT
Jtjh*06V6LOP*9eMr
L6N$TH OP &6AK
r
WW SfP. HOOK $QUA*t

Fig. 5. Example 1: Type A anchor bolt

Design:
\CVj + TF 1.85(15)+ 35
T = a 0.75 = 86 kips
N CRITICAL
0 0.55
fiAILU**
PUW6- Refer to Table 2A and select 1%-in. dia. A325 bolts:
AtFy = 93.6 kips > 86 kips
Use 1%-in. dia. A325 bolts; rm = 33 in. and Lj = 24 in.
VB**S (Ast)
pie* ofK COL teih/p.
Example 2: Type D (Bolts in a Confined Pier),
see Figs. 6 and 7
Fig. 4. Tension lap Design Data:
Design anchor bolts for cylindrical heater foundation.
both sides of the critical plane of potential failure: For empty + wind load combination:
Ast '= nFuAt/Fy Tp = 1 kip; V{ = 3 kips
Fy = 60 ksi; f'c = 3000 psi
where SIF=\.0; a = 1.0
n = total number of bolts in the bolt group r = 12; ra=4
Fy = minimum yield strength of reinforcing 0 = 0.55 (working stress design)
steel C = 1.85 (grouted base plate)

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES Design:

The application of the criteria presented in this paper is CVl + 7)1 1.85(3) + !
T = a = 11.9 kips
illustrated by the following three example problems. The 0 0.55
examples demonstrate Type A and D anchor bolts. An From Table 2A, for 3/4-in. dia. A307 anchor bolt:
example is also presented for a column base plate for which
special attention is given to concrete strength and anchor AtFy = 12.02 kips > 11.9 kips
bolt head placement. r = 12 in. < rm = 12 in.
Example 1: Type A (Isolated Bolt), see Fig. 5 mt < m <mVi where mt — 4 in.
Design Data: Ld = 9 in.
Tp = 35 kips) FuAt = 19,370 lbs (see Table 3)
F, = 15 kipsj DL + LL + W L
f'c = 3000 psi ^A ( (r ro en iqi uminr-e dfutAt
) - 4 ^ ^~- - 4 ( (1 )9 6) 357 )° V _ _
SIF=\.33; a = 1/SIF = 0.75
0 = 0.55 (working stress design) = 136 sq. in.
2
C = 1.85 (grouted base plate) Ae = 10 = 100 sq. in. < 136 sq. in. n.g.

63

SECOND QUARTER / 1983

 Thus, we have a Type D anchor bolt.

Ae (to OM BOLT) AR6A COST = nFuAt = 4(19.37)

st
Fy (60)
= 1.29 sq. in. < 1.60 sq. in. ( 8 - # 4 bars)
Use4-#4U-bars.
Shear reinforcement must also be provided.
Fuu^t
At 19.37
ASv
CFy cos 45° (1.85)(60)(.707)
= 0.25 sq. in. < 0.40 sq. in. ( l - # 4 U-bar)
Use: l - # 4 U-bar in each direction.

CRITICAL Example 3: (See Figs. 8 and 9)

PLAM Ofi
POTtNTIAL Design:
tLMATION "'"** Ae s Trr2 = TT(28) 2 = 2463 in.2
Fig. 6. Example 2: Type D anchor bolt Up=4pVFcAe*FuAt
= 4 (.85) 4000 (2463) = 529,630 lbs
Increase pier size to 24 in. square, (to avoid placement of FuAt = 110,200(4) = 440,600 lbs < 529,630 lbs (see Table 3)
tension reinforcement), such that:
Ae = 122 = 144 sq. in. > 136 sq. in. o.k.
Next, check the reinforced section and provide tension lap EFFECTIVE CONCRETE
STRESS AREA (Ae) FOR
reinforcement. FOUR ANCHOR BOLTS /A/
TENS/ON h
APPROXIMATE RAPH4S (r) = E8

i2Mse
COL..
- COL tetMA

u m
Ft*-Vifl
m -BARS
(SH6A* fi&tJA)

IN 01VI DUAL BOLT

-*4\t*3A*S STRESS ARBA
(T&/S/CM X6/A/*) (OVERLAPPING)
PLAN
&
t+'*WB4*S
3* (T&JSIOht Kfrtffi )

m
*3T/6S<P<t"M*K. /%"/UAX.A307A3.CTjP,
THKU BOLTS 6M3.
OtPTH (Lj)
CRITICAL
o • PLAM& OP
POT&tffAL
FAILUte
8
a-acou&Mf.-

As .' 4'*O.S5
eLGl/ATtOH

Fig. 7. Example 2: Pier for Type D anchor bolt Fig. 8. Example 3: Column base plate

64

ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Therefore, 4-l3/4-in. maximum diameter bolts may be
used.
Note: Ld = 24 in. not adequate \ifc = 3000 psi and /3 =
0.65, i.e., anchor bolt head within far face reinforce-
ment.
CVi + 7>"
AtFy >T = a
0
Tcj> = 4>AtFy = 0.55AtFy = CVl + 7)
C =1.85, a = 1.0
0 = 0.55(WSD)
T = AtFy (Table 2A)

Anchor Bolt Working Stress Loads: See Fig. 9 for plot.

A307
Bolt Dia.
(in.) 0.554*V Vi TF
v2 2.82 0 2.82
1.52 0
10 TO 30
1 12.00 0 12.00
ty (SH6AZ LO40j KtPS)
6.49 0
INTeRACTtOM CURVES
A 307 STb MCHO* BOLTS' 1V2 27.82 0 27.82
15.04 0
Fig. 9. Example 3: Interaction curves
1% 37.62 0 37.62
20.34 0

NOMENCLATURE
Ae = Effective projected stress area to which the al-
lowable uniform concrete tensile stress is ap-
plied to determine the pullout strength of con-
crete
Ast = Total area of reinforcing steel across a potential
tension failure plane(s)
Asv = Total area of reinforcing steel across a potential
L+e/t shear failure plane(s)
PLAN At = Tensile stress area of anchorage per AISC 4
C = Shear coefficient applied to standard anchors
which accounts for effects of various shear
failure surfaces
= 1.10 when steel plates are embedded with ex-
posed surface flush with concrete surface
= 1.25 when steel plates are recessed in grout with
bottom of plate in concrete surface
= 1.85 when steel plates are supported on grout
mortar with exposed surface exterior to con-
crete surface
6L6VAT/OM c = Equivalent circle for hex head
d = Nominal diameter of a bolt or plain bar
Fig. 10. Projected area of heavy hexagonal head fc = Specified compressive strength of concrete

65
SECOND QUARTER / 1983
 Fy = Minimum specified yield strength of steel or Strength Design (USD) for steel tensile
rebar as tabulated below: stress
= 0.55 for service design loads under Working
Stress Design (WSD); complies with AISC
Fy (ksi) ASTM Bolt Diameter (in.)
allowable Ft values
36 A307 All ji = Coefficient of friction
92 A325 V2 to 1, incl.
81 A325 Over 1 to IV2, incl.
a = Probability Factor (PF) or reciprocal of the
92 A449 V2to l,incl. stress increase factor (X/SIF)
81 A449 Over 1 to 1V2, incl. j8 = Concrete tensile stress reduction factor
58 A449 Over 1V2 to 3, incl. = 0.65 for concrete tensile stress when embedded
105 A687 % to 3, incl.
anchor head is within far face reinforcement
60 A615 Type S, Grade 60 Rebar = 0.85 for concrete tensile stress when embedded
40 A615 Grade 40 Rebar
anchor head is beyond the far face reinforce-
ment
Fu — Minimum specified tensile strength of steel as
tabulated below:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper was sponsored by Fluor Engineer and Con-
Fu (ksi) ASTM Bolt Diameter (in.)
structors. The contents of this paper reflect the views of the
58 A307 All writers and not necessarily the official policies of Fluor
120 A325 V2 to 1, incl.
105 A325 Over 1 to 1V2, incl.
Engineers and Constructors.
120 A449 1/2 to 1, incl.
105 A449 Over to 1 to l 1 ^, incl.
90 A449 Over 1V2 to 3, incl. REFERENCES
150 A687 % to 3, incl.
1. Adihardjo, R. and L. Soltis Combined Shear and Tension
on Grouted Base Details Engineering Journal, American
h = Thickness of a concrete slab or wall Institute ofSteel Construction, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1979.
Ld = Minimum embedded length required to fully 2. ACI Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
develop the tensile strength of an anchor bolt ACI318-77.
3. ACI Appendix B—Steel Embedments (1978C) ACI
Id = Basic development length for reinforcement
349-76 Supplement, 1979.
Idh = Development length of reinforcement with a 4. AISC Manual of Steel Construction Eighth Edition,
standard hook 1980.
m = Edge distance from the center of an anchor to 5. AISC Specification for The Design, Fabrication and
the edge of concrete Erection of Steel Safety Related Structures For Nuclear
mt = Minimum edge distance to prevent failure due Facilities—N690 AISI Proposed Specification, Jan. 1,
to lateral bursting forces at a standard anchor 1981.
bolt head 6. ANSI American National Standard—Building Code Re-
mv = Minimum edge distance to develop the full quirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and
tensile capacity of an anchor bolt in shear Other Structures ANSI A58.1-1972.
within additional reinforcement when the shear 7. Cannon, R. W.,D. A. Godfrey andF. L. Moreadith Guide
to The Design of Anchor Bolts and Other Steel Embedments
load acts toward the free edge Concrete International, July 1981.
n = Number of bolts in a bolt group 8. Edlingwood, B. ,etal A Probability Based Load Criterion
PF = Probability Factor for Structural Design Civil Engineering, ASCE, July
r = Spacing of multiple anchors 1981.
rm = Minimum spacing of multiple anchor bolts 9. Fisher, James M. Structural Details in Industrial Buildings
SIF = Stress Increase Factor Engineering Journal, American Institute of Steel Con-
T = Total effective anchor bolt design tension load struction, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1981.
due to bending and direct load 10. Hasselwander, G. B., J. O. Jirsa, J. E. Breen and K. Lo
Tp = Tension load acting on an individual anchor Strength and Behavior of Anchor Bolts Embedded Near
bolt or wedge anchor Edges of Concrete Piers Research Report 29-2F, Center
of Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin,
Up = Pullout strength of concrete equal to the tensile May 1977.
capacity of the concrete failure cone 11. ICBO Uniform Building Code—1979 Edition Interna-
V = Total shear in an anchorage tional Conference of Building Officials, 1979.
V{ = Shear load acting on an individual anchor 12. Kharod, V. J. Anchor Bolt Design for Shear and Tension
0 = Capacity reduction factor Engineering Journal, American Institute of Steel Con-
= 0.90 for factored design loads under Ultimate struction, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1980.

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ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
13. Lee, D. W. and J. E. Breen Factors Affecting Anchor Bolt Tensile stress area Ae = A\ — A2
Development Research Report 88- 1F, Project 3-5-65-88, = ir(L + C/2)2 - 7T (C/2) 2
Cooperative Highway Research Program with Texas = ir [L2 + CL + C 2 /4 - C2/4]
Highway Department and U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, = ir[L2 + CL]
Center for Highway Research, University of Texas, Austin,
Aug. 1966. Up = Ae[4j3 y/fc (assume 0 = 0.65)
14. McMackin, P., R. Slutter and J. Fisher Headed Steel = TT[L2 + CL][4(0.65)V3000]
Anchors Under Combined Loading Engineering Journal, = ir[L2 + CL]U2
American Institute of Steel Construction, Vol. 10, No. 2, = 447(L2 + CL)
1973.
15. PCI Design Handbook—Precast Prestressed Concrete Also, Up = FuAt , in pounds (see Table 3).
Second Edition, 1974. Therefore,
16. Swirsky, R. A. et al Lateral Resistance of Anchor Bolts
Installed in Concrete California Department of Transpor- 0 = 447.4L2 + 447ACL - FuAt
tation, Sacramento, U.S. Department of Commerce National 0 = L2 + CL- (FuAt/UlA)
Technical Information Service PB80-116189, May 1979.
FM
17. TV A Anchorage to Concrete Tennessee Valley Authority
Division of Engineering Design, Thermal Power Engi-
-C±yJ C2 + 4 447]
neering—Report No. CEB 75-32, Dec. 1, 1975. 1 —
L
~ 2

Vc2+
APPENDIX A.
'FuAt -
MINIMUM SPACING AND EMBEDMENT
112
c
An equivalent circle is assumed equal to the projected area
of a heavy hexagonal head (see Fig. 10).
2 See Table 4 for tabulated values. The design criteria are
Ahex = \ ^ F = 0.866^ as follows:
Acircle = 7rC 2 /4 1. Minimum spacing of bolts (r m ):
2
0.866F = TTC /4 2 ForA307: 2 X 8.0J = I6d
For A325/A449: 2 X I2.0d = 24d
ForA687: 2 X 14.0J = 2Sd

Table 4. Tabulated Values of L

Heavy
Hex
Tensile Width
Bolt Stress Across Eff.
A36, A307 A325, A449 A687
Diameter Area Flats Dia.
d F C L L L
(in.) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) *L/d (in.) *L/d (in.) *L/d

% 0.142 0.875 0.92 3.9 7.8 5.8 11.6 6.5 12.9

% 0.226
74 0.334 1.25 1.32 6.0 8.0 8.9 11.9 10.0 13.3
% 0.462
1 0.606 1.625 1.71 8.1 8.1 12.0 12.0 13.4 13.4
l'A 0.969
IV2 1.41 2.375 2.50 12.4 8.3 17.0 11.4 20.5 13.6
1% 1.90
2 2.50 3.125 3.28 16.5 8.3 22.7 11.4 27.3 13.7
2'A 3.25
2V2 4.00 3.875 4.07 20.9 8.4 28.7 11.5 34.6 13.8
2% 4.93
3 5.97 4.625 4.86 25.5 8.5 35.1 11.7 42.3 14.1

* To ensure ductile failure, use the value of L/d obtained by multiplying the largest L/d value in each column by an arbitrary factor of safety of 1.33:
For A36, A307: L/d = 1.33 (8.5) = 12
For A325, A449: L/d = 1.33 (12.0) = 16
For A687: L/d = 1.33 (14.1) = 19

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SECOND QUARTER / 1983
 2. Formula for embedment length (Ld): Expressed as an interaction equation:
CV
Ld = \2d where Fu is in ksi.
V 58000' (j)FyAt 4>FyAt a
3. Embedment length (Ld):
APPENDIX C. PROBABILITY-
ForA307: Ld = \2d
BASED LIMIT STATES DESIGN (PBLSD)
For A325/A449: Ld = \7d
1. The PBLSD design criterion is expressed in general
ForA687: Ld = \9d form as follows:
4. Values are tabulated in Table 2. Design Resistance > Effect of Design Loads
j
In equation form: 0 R > ye X! Qklk
APPENDIX B. BOLT TENSION/ k—\
SHEAR INTERACTION EQUATIONS where
The area of steel required for tension and shear is consid- 0 = resistance factor, less than 1.0, accounts for
ered additive. uncertainties in material strength
aCV R = nominal design resistance (capacity), equal
Av = = area of steel required for shear to the plastic strength of a structural
member
AT = —— = area of steel required for tension ye = analysis factor
J1 A jk = load factor, normally greater than 1.0, and
where provides for load variations
Qk = nominal design load effect
Fv = allowable shear stress
J
FA == allowable tension stress X = denotes the combined load effects from
a = Probability factor (PF) or reciprocal of the k=\
various causes
stress increase factor (i/SIF).
Note: a <1.0. 2. The PBLSD uses the concept of "limit state" design.
AV + AT = At The nominal resistance (R) is always related to a
specific "limit state." Two classes of limit states are
where At = tensile stress area of anchorage pertinent to structural design: the "ultimate limit
aCV , aTF A state" and the "serviceability or working limit state."
Fv + - =
FA— = A t Violation of the "ultimate limit state" involves loss
of all or parts of the structure mechanism. "Service-
CV TF ability limit state" involves excessive deflection, ex-
FvAt +
• FAAt a cessive vibration and gross yielding.
The shear force (V) causes a crushing/bearing failure near 3. The anchor bolt design equation expressed in
the surface and translates the shear load into an effective PBLSD form may be derived as follows:
tension load in the anchorage.
FV=FA <t>R>yei Qkjk
k=\
FvAt = FAAt = d>T
Let R = FyAt
J_ where
<j>T 4>T' a
Fy = minimum yield strength of steel
\CV+ 7>1 At = bolt tensile area
T = a
<>
/ Let ye = a
Note that AT may be solved for as follows:
aCV , aTF _ Let L ykQk = CV, + 7>
k=\
+
Fv FA ~At (the combined effect of tension and shear loads
FV=FA= 4>Fy as derived in Appendix B.)
. \CV+ TF where
4>Fy C = Shear coefficient

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ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 Vi = ylVl + y2V2 + ...ykVk where FyAt values are tabulated in Table 2A.
TF = y1T1 + y2T2 + ...ykTk
71 = Load factor for load case number 1 Note: 0 = 0.90 is a resistance factor which ac-
72 = Load factor for load case number 2 counts for uncertainties in material
By substitution: 0 FyAt > [CVl + TF]a strength (USD).
0 = 0.55 is a resistance factor which converts
\CV1 + T£] the yield capacity to working loads
FyAt>
0 a =T
(WSD)

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ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION