Mechanical Engineering Lab Hydraulics 4 Year

Alexandria University
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Hydraulics Lab ( 4th year )
Mechanical Engineering Lab

Hydraulics
4th Year
 Components of the circuit :
1 – Atmospheric Reservoir
2 – Fixed displacement Pump
3 – Pressure Gauge
4 – Gate Valve
5 – Flow meter ( Venturi )
6 – Gate Valve
Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

N1 = 2000 rpm
y (cm ) Hms (ft ) Hmd (ft) F (kgf) T=F*R (N.m) I/P (watt)
17 9 20 6.6 19.714464 4126.894464
8 5 41 6.4 19.117056 4001.837056
2 2 50 4.9 14.636496 3063.906496
0 0 52 2.7 8.065008 1688.275008
h (m) Q (lit/s) Hm (m) = Hmd - Hms O/P (watt) η
2.142 25.51311 3.3528 838.2955475 0.20313
1.008 17.50185 10.9728 1882.034186 0.470293
0.252 8.750925 14.6304 1254.689457 0.409506
0 0 15.8496 0 0
N2 = 2500 rpm
y (cm ) Hms (ft ) Hmd (ft) F (kgf) T=F*R (N.m) I/P (watt)
26 13 28 10 29.8704 6252.8704
7 4 76 8.8 26.285952 5502.525952
2.5 2 78 7 20.90928 4377.00928
0 0 82 4 11.94816 2501.14816
h (m) Q (lit/s) Hm (m) = Hmd - Hms O/P (watt) η
3.276 31.55191 4.572 1413.702242 0.226089
0.882 16.37148 21.9456 3520.963557 0.639881
0.315 9.783832 23.1648 2221.076976 0.507442
0 0 24.9936 0 0
Comment :
As pump speed increase ; the manometric head increase , input
power increase and efficiency increase.
Pelton Wheel Characteristics

Balance zero reading = 3 (Kgf)
counter balance Balance
y (cm) H (ft) masses (1b) reading (Kgf) N (rpm) Q (m3/s)
6.5 78 20 7 1060 0.015776
6.5 78 20 6.5 1040 0.015776
6.5 78 20 5.75 1020 0.015776
6.5 78 20 5.25 1000 0.015776
O/P
I/p (watt) F (Kgf) ω (rad/s) T (N.m) (watt) Ns (SI units) η (%)
3675.626 5.071848 110.9467 22.86389 2536.672 32.15889416 0.690133
3675.626 5.571848 108.8533 25.11789 2734.166 32.75735541 0.743864
3675.626 6.321848 106.76 28.49889 3042.542 33.89077312 0.827762
3675.626 6.821848 104.6667 30.75289 3218.803 34.17513296 0.875716
Comment :
Ns =( N*√o/p ) / H^1.25
η = o/p ÷ i/p
As turbine speed decrease; Torque increase; and turbine output
increase; then specific speed increase; and when input is
constant so efficiency increase with increase of specific speed.
At low specific speed we use centrifugal turbine; and at high
specific speed we use axial turbine.
Atmospheric Reservoir – 1
Fixed Displacement Pump - 2
Pressure Gauge - 3
Pressure Relief Valve - 4
Variable Throttle Valve - 5
 Describtion of the circuit :

Study the performance of a direct-acting pressure relief valve by
close the throttle valve completely then , unload the pressure
relief valve . Set the pressure relief valve approximately to 50
bar then , open the throttle valve completely . close the throttle
valve in several steps , measure and note down the system
pressure and the flow rate through the pressure relief valve .
Performance of apressure Relief Valve

Psystem Qrelief
Throttle valve (bar) (l/min)
open 0
31 0.5
33 1
34 1.5
36 2
38 2.5
41 3
44 3.5
47 4
closed 50 4.5
: Comment
As the pressure of the system increase over the set pressure of
the relief valve; the open of the relief valve increase and the
.flow rate increase that flow from it
Normal Circuits
Atmospheric Reservoir – 1
Fixed Displacement Pump – 2
Pressure Relief Valve – 3
Way NO - Lever with Spring Return-4/2 – 4
Double-Acting Cylinder with adjustable Cushion - 5
Filter – 6
Regenerative Circuit
 Describtion of the circuit :
Study the behavior of a regenerative circuit and to compare it

with that of a normal circuit by using the 4/2 DCV as a 3/2 DCV
(by plugging one of its ports) , extend the double-acting cylinder
and notice the extension speed and the pressure upstream and
downstream the cylinder . Using the 4/2 DCV normally , extend
the double-acting cylinder and notice the extension speed and
. the pressures upstream and downstream the cylinder
P upstream P downstream Extension

(bar) (bar) Time
Regenerative 59 59 2.50
circuit
Normal circuit 59 0 2.87
 Extension time :
T regenerative < T normal
 Force :
For regenerative circuit :
P * Ac = F + P ( Ac – Ar )
F = P * Ac – P ( Ac – Ar )
F = P * Ar
For normal circuit :
F = P * Ac
Ac > Ar
F regenerative < F normal
: Comment
Regenerative circuit is one of the method to increase the
.extension velocity; but with decrease in extension force
Forced Vortex
piezometer tube reading at N1 (rpm) at N2 (rpm)
11 9.8 18.4
9 8.6 15.8
7 7.8 14
5 7.2 13
3 7 12.2
1 7 11.8
2 7 12
4 7 12.4
6 7.5 13.3
8 8.2 14.9
10 9.3 17.4
12 10.6 20
: Comment
As the rotational speed increase the reading of piezometer tube
behind the wall of the tank increase; and Δh between the reading
behind the wall and the center of cylinder increase because : Δh
= ( Ω^2 * R^2 ) / 2g
Where; Ω : rotational speed
R : radius of cylinder
Secondary Losses in Bends and Fittings

Experiment No.1 Experiment No.2
Type of V1 V2 t
fitting Δh (cm) (lit.) (lit.) (Sec.) Δh (cm) V1 (lit.) V2 (lit.) t (Sec.)
MITRE 107 0 5 14.76 37 0 5 31.87
Elbow 74 0 5 14.76 24 0 5 31.87
Short bend 48 0 5 14.76 10 0 5 31.87
Enlargement -25 0 5 14.76 -11 0 5 31.87
Contraction 59 0 5 14.76 20 0 5 31.87
Q v1 v2
(m3/s) (m/s) (m/s) K Q (m3/s) v1 (m/s) v2 (m/s) K Kav
MITRE 0.00034 1.1228 1.1228 16.635 0.000157 0.520011 0.520011 26.81838 43.45339
Elbow 0.00034 1.1228 1.1228 11.505 0.000157 0.520011 0.520011 17.39571 28.90029
Short bend 0.00034 1.1228 1.1228 7.4624 0.000157 0.520011 0.520011 7.248211 14.71065
Enlargement 0.00034 1.1228 0.6287 -16.52 0.000157 0.520011 0.291149 -37.6182 -54.1397
Contraction 0.00034 1.1228 1.1372 8.9169 0.000157 0.520011 0.526672 14.10692 23.02381
:Comments
H = K (V^2 /2g) (MITRE, Elbow & Short bend )Δ

H = K (V2^2/2g) + ((V2^2-V1^2)/2g) (Contraction)Δ
H = K ((V1-V2) ^2 /2g) + ((V2^2-V1^2)/2g) (Enlargement)Δ
The MITRE makes the highest secondary losses; and the short
bend the lowest secondary losses because of the change of
direction of flow not as MITRE and elbow. And at enlargement;
the area increase so the velocity decrease and the pressure
increase. While at the contraction the area decrease and the
.velocity increase and the pressure decrease
Circuit 1

Compressor – 1
Accumulator – 2
Filter – 3
Pressure Regulator – 4
Way NC - El. Control, Push Button with Spring Return-3/2 – 5
Pilot Line – 6
Silencer – 7
Way NC – Pilot Operated-5/2 – 8
Double-Acting 2-Cushion Cylinder – 9
Circuit 2

1 – Compressor
2 – Accumulator
3 – Filter
4 – Pressure Regulator
5 – 3/2-Way NC - El. Control, Push Button with Spring Return
6 – 5/2-Way NC – Pilot Operated
7 – Silencer
8 – Variable Non Return Throttle Valve
9 – Pilot Line
10 – Mechanical Position Sensor
11 – Double-Acting 2-Cushion Cylinder
Comment :
In pneumatic power system; is more safe and higher speed than
hydraulic power system and there is not fire hazard and no dirts;
but is not very accurate as hydraulic and higher pressure till 10
bar.
Name Section Number

Marwan Mohamed Shaaban Abou Khashaba 11 519
Mostafa Shaaban Mahmoud Halwag 11 532
Ahmed Fawzi Akl Soliman 2 78
Amr Adel Abdel-aal Elsayed Halwag 7 325
Mostafa Elsayed Mohamed Elsayed 11 529
Mostafa Mahgoub Ahmed Hassan 11 539

Mechanical Engineering Lab Hydraulics 4 Year

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Alexandria University

Mechanical Engineering Lab

 Components of the circuit :

Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

Pelton Wheel Characteristics

 Components of the circuit :

 Describtion of the circuit :

Performance of apressure Relief Valve

 Components of the circuit :

 Describtion of the circuit :

Study the behavior of a regenerative circuit and to compare it

P upstream P downstream Extension

F regenerative < F normal

Secondary Losses in Bends and Fittings

H = K (V^2 /2g) (MITRE, Elbow & Short bend )Δ

 Components of the circuit :

 Components of the circuit :

Name Section Number

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