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200 µm
(b) Growth and
development
20 µm
(c) Tissue renewal
Most cell division results in
genetically identical daughter cells
Sister
chromatids
Centromere 0.5 µm
Distribution of Chromosomes
During Eukaryotic Cell Division
Chromosome
arm
Chromosome duplication
(including DNA replication)
and condensation
2
Sister
chromatids
Separation of sister
chromatids into
two chromosomes
3
The Phases of the Cell Cycle
I. Interphase: no cell division occurs
1. G1 - growth 1: the cell creates organelles
and begins metabolism*
2. S - synthesis: DNA replication happens,
chromosomes are copied
3. G2 - growth 2: cell grows in preparation
for cell division
II. M - Mitotic phase / Mitosis
Control
system S
G1
M G2
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
The G1 Checkpoint - the
Restriction Point
For many cells, the G1 checkpoint
seems to be the most important
G0
G1 checkpoint
G1 G1
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
S
G
Cdk
M
Degraded
2
G
cyclin G2 Cdk
checkpoint
Cyclin is
degraded
Cyclin
MPF
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
S
G
Cdk
M
Degraded
2
G
cyclin G2 Cdk
checkpoint
Cyclin is
degraded
Cyclin
MPF
Anchorage dependence
Density-dependent inhibition
Density-dependent inhibition
20 µm 20 µm
(a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells
Figure 12.18