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INTRODUCTION
Liver is one of the most vital organs of the body. In the living subject, the liver is reddish
brown in colour, soft in consistency, and very friable.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE TOPIC

Today I am going to discuss on Structure and Function of liver

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DEFINITION OF LIVER:
The liver is a large, solid, gland situated in the right upper
quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It weighs about 1600 g in
males and about 1300 g in females.

Location:-
The liver occupies the whole of the right hypo-chondrium, the
greater part of the epigastrium, and extends into the left
hypochondrium. Most of the liver is covered by ribs and costal
cartilages, except in the upper part of the epigastrium where it
is in contact with the anterior abdominal wall.
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STRUCTURE:-
The liver is divided into right and left lobes by the attachment of
the falciform ligament anteriorly and superiorly;

1) The right lobe is much larger than the left lobe, and forms
five sixth of the liver. It contributes to all the five surfaces of
the liver, and presents the caudate and quadrate lobes.
 The caudate lobe is situated on the posterior surface.
 The quadrate lobe is situated on the inferior surface,
and is rectangular in shape.
2) The left lobe of the liver is much smaller than the right lobe
and forms only one-sixth of the liver. It is flattened from
above downwards.
Each liver lobe contains thousands of lobules separates from
each other by connective tissues. This lobules are generally five
or six sided structure. Individual lobule unit varies in diameter
about 0.8 – 2.0 mm across.

The individual liver cell accords hepatocytes. In individual

lobules hepatocytes are arranged around a central vein.
Hepatocytes are arranged in a row two cell thick. This two rows
of cells are known as Hepatic cellular plates. Between hepatic
cellular plates there are blood capillaries known as sinusoids. In
corners of lobules there are portal triads. Portal triads are
consists of three major tubes, braches of hepatic artery carry
oxygenated blood to the hepatocytes while branches from
portal veins carry nutrient rich blood from small intestine, the
bile duct carries bile products away from the hepatocytes to the
larger ducts and gallbladder.
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BLOOD SUPPLY:-
The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal
vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers
around 75% of the liver's blood supply, and carries venous
blood drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its
associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to
the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow.
As the blood coming from hepatic portal veins is poorly
oxygenated so the oxygen demand of liver is met by the blood
from hepatic arteries.

Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the
central vein of each lobule. The central veins drains into hepatic
veins, which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena
cava.

NERVE SUPPLY:-
The liver receives its nerve supply from the hepatic plexus
which contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic or vagal
fibres. Nerves also reach the liver through its various peritoneal
ligaments.

BILE PRODUCTION:-
Liver can be identified as an exocrine gland because it produces
about 500 ml of bile everyday. Bile secreted from liver by right
and left hepatic ducts which merged to make common bile duct
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It is the cystic duct that transports bile from common hepatic

duct to gallbladder and in gallbladder the bile is stored and
concentrated and the cystic duct again carries the concentrated
bile from gallbladder to common bile duct. The common bile
duct communicate with the pancreatic duct before it drains in
to the duodenum. It brings bile and pancreatic juice together
into the duodenum by the hepato-pancreatic sphincter or the
sphincter of oddi.

FUNCTIONS :-
Liver is involved in many biological functions inn our body
that’s why it is called chemical factory of our body.
The functions of the liver:

(1) Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

(2) Production of bile which emulsifies fats and oil in

duodenum.

(3) Excretion of drugs, toxins, poisons, cholesterol, bile

pigments and heavy metals.

(4) Protective by conjugation, destruction, phagocytosis,

antibody formation and excretion.

5) Storage of iron, fat, vitamin A and D.

(6) Deamination of excess amino acids to produce urea and

glucose.
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(7) Storage of excess glucose as glycogen thus regulating blood

sugar.
(8) Production of heat through its chemical activities.

(9) Synthesis of prothrombin.

(10) Destruction aged blood cells.

(11) Resistance of infection by producing immune factors and

removing bacteria from the blood stream.

(12) processing haemoglobin for its iron content

(13) Producing cholesterol and special proteins that helps in

carrying fats throughout the body.

(14) Producing certain plasma proteins like albumin which acts

as a transport of fatty acids and steroid hormones.

(15) Regulation of the levels of most chemicals in blood.

TIME CONTENT
SUMMERIZATION:
 Definition
 Location
 Structure
 Blood supply
 Nerve Supply
 Bile production
 Function of liver

CONCLUSION:
Liver is the organ of most importance in our body. It involves in many important functions of our body which are essential for our living.