10 Mecánica de Materiales Beer 6ed Solucionario

CHAPTER 10
PROBLEM 10.1
Knowing that the spring at A is of constant k and that the bar AB is rigid, determine the
critical load Pcr .
SOLUTION
 Let θ be the angle change of bar AB.

F = kx = kL sin θ
ΣM B = 0: FL cos θ − Px = 0
kL2 sin θ cos θ − PL sin θ = 0
Using
sin θ ≈ θ and cosθ ≈ 1, kL2θ − PLθ = 0
(kL2 − PL)θ = 0 Pcr = kL 
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without permission.
PROBLEM 10.2
Knowing that the torsional spring at B is of constant K and that the bar AB is rigid,
determine the critical load Pcr .
SOLUTION
Let θ be the angle change of bar AB.
M = Kθ , x = L sin θ ≈ Lθ
M B = 0: M − Px = 0 Kθ − PLθ = 0
( K − PL) θ = 0 Pcr = K/L 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.3
Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected by a pin at C as shown. Knowing that
the torsional spring at B is of constant K, determine the critical load Pcr for the
system.
SOLUTION

Let θ be the angle change of each bar.
 M B = Kθ
M B = 0: Kθ − FA L = 0
Kθ
FA =
L
1 1
Bar AC. ΣM C = 0: Pcr Lθ − LFA = 0
2 2
FA K
Pcr = Pcr = 
 θ L
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.4
Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected as shown to a spring of constant k.

Knowing that the spring can act in either tension or compression, determine the
critical load Pcr for the system.
SOLUTION
Let δ be the deflection of point C.

Using free body AC and
1 3Pδ
 M C = 0 : − LRA + Pδ = 0 RA =
3 L
Using free body BC and
2 3Pδ
ΣM C = 0: LRB − Pδ = 0 RB =
3 2L
Using both free bodies together,
ΣFx = 0: RA + RB − kδ = 0
3 Pδ 3 Pδ
+ − kδ = 0
L 2L
9 P 
 2 L − k δ = 0
 
2kL
Pcr = 
9
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.5
The rigid bar AD is attached to two springs of constant k and is in

equilibrium in the position shown. Knowing that the equal and opposite
loads P and P′ remain vertical, determine the magnitude Pcr of the critical
load for the system. Each spring can act in either tension or compression.
SOLUTION
Let xB and xC be the deflections of points B and C, positive →.

Then FB = − kxB and FC = −kxC
ΣFx = 0: − FB − FC = 0 FC = − FB
xC = − xB FB and FC form a couple .

1
Let θ be the angle change. yB = − yC = a sin θ
2
δ = l sin θ
P and P′ form a couple Pδ
1 
ΣM = 0 : k  a sin θ  a cos θ − Pl sin θ = 0
 2 
ka 2 cos θ
P=
2l
ka 2
Let θ → 0. Pcr = 
2l
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.6
The rigid rod AB is attached to a hinge at A and to two springs, each of

constant k. If h = 450 mm, d = 300 mm, and m = 200 kg, determine the
range of values of k for which the equilibrium of rod AB is stable in the
position shown. Each spring can act in either tension or compression.
SOLUTION
Let θ be the angle change of bar AB.

δ 1 = h sin θ
δ 2 = d sin θ
ΣM A = 0:
(2k δ 2 )(d cos θ ) − mg δ1 = 0

(2kd 2 cos θ − mgh) sin θ = 0
mgh
k=
2d 2 cos θ
Let θ be small.
cos θ ≈ 1
For stability,
mgh
k>
2d 2
Data: m = 200 kg, g = 9.81 m/s 2 , h = 0.450 m, d = 0.300 m
(200)(9.81)(0.450)
k> = 4.905 × 103 kg/s 2 k > 4.91 kN/m 
(2)(0.300) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.7
The rigid rod AB is attached to a hinge at A and to two springs, each of

constant k = 2 kip/in., that can act in either tension or compression. Knowing
that h = 2 ft, determine the critical load.
SOLUTION
Let θ be the small rotation angle.

xD ≈ hθ
xC ≈ 3hθ
xB ≈ 4hθ
FC = kxC ≈ 3khθ
FD = kxD ≈ khθ
ΣM A = 0: hFD + 3hFC − PxB = 0
5
kh 2θ + 9kh 2θ − 4hP = 0, P = kh
2
Data: k = 2.0 kip/in. h = 2 ft = 24 in.
5
P= (2.0)(24) P = 120.0 kips 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.8
A frame consists of four L-shaped members connected by four torsional

springs, each of constant K. Knowing that equal loads P are applied at
points A and D as shown, determine the critical value Pcr of the loads
applied to the frame.
SOLUTION
Let θ be the rotation of each L-shaped member.

Angle change across each torsional spring is 2θ .
1 1
x= L sin θ ≈ Lθ
2 2
ΣM E = 0:
K (2θ ) + K (2θ ) − Px = 0
4Kθ 8K
Pcr = Pcr = 
x L
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.9
Determine the critical load of a round wooden dowel that is 48 in. long and has a diameter of (a) 0.375 in.,
(b) 0.5 in. Use E = 1.6 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
1 π
(a) c= d = 0.1875 in. I = c 4 = 970.7 × 10−6 in 4
2 4
π 2 EI π 2 (1.6 × 106 )(970.7 × 10−6 )

Pcr = = Pcr = 6.65 lb 
L2 (48)2
1 π
(b) c= d = 0.25 in. I = c 4 = 3.068 × 10−3 in 4
2 4
π 2 EI π 2 (1.6 × 106 )(3.068 × 10−3 )

Pcr = = Pcr = 21.0 lb 
L2 (48) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.10
Determine the critical load of a steel tube that is 5 m long and has a 100-mm outer
diameter and a 16-mm wall thickness. Use E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
1
co = do = 50 mm ci = co − t = 50 − 16 = 34 mm
2
π
I =
4
(c 4
o )
− ci4 = 3.859 × 106 mm 4 = 3.859 × 10−6 m 4
π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 109 )(3.859 × 10−6 )

Pcr = 2
= 2
= 305 × 103 N
L (5.0)
Pcr = 305 kN 

without permission.
PROBLEM 10.11
A compression member of 20-in. effective length consists of a solid 1-in.-

diameter aluminum rod. In order to reduce the weight of the member
by 25%, the solid rod is replaced by a hollow rod of the cross section shown.
Determine (a) the percent reduction in the critical load, (b) the value of the
critical load for the hollow rod. Use E = 10.6 × 106 psi .
SOLUTION
4
π π  do  π
Solid: AS = do2 Is =   = d o4
4 4 2  64
π 3π 2
Hollow: AH =
4
(d 2
o − di2 =) 3
4
AS =
44
do
1 2 1
di2 = do di = do = 0.5 in.
4 2
π
Solid rod: IS = (1.0) 4 = 0.049087 in 4
64
π 2 EI S π 2 (10.6 × 106 )(0.049087)

Pcr = 2
= 2
= 12.839 × 103 lb
L (20)
π 
4
π 1
Hollow rod: IH =
64
(d 4
o − di4 =) (1) 4 −  
64  2
 = 0.046019 in 4

π 2 EI H π 2 (10.6 × 106 )(0.046019)

Pcr = 2
= 2
= 12.036 × 103 lb = 12.04 kips
L (20)
PS − PH 12.839 × 103 − 12.036 × 103

(a) = = 0.0625 Percent reduction = 6.25% 
PS 12.839 × 103
(b) For the hollow rod, Pcr = 12.04 kips 


without permission.
PROBLEM 10.12
Two brass rods used as compression members, each of 3-m effective length,
have the cross sections shown. (a) Determine the wall thickness of the
hollow square rod for which the rods have the same cross-sectional area.
(b) Using E = 105 GPa , determine the critical load of each rod.
SOLUTION
π
(a) Same area:
4
(d 2
o )
− di2 = bo2 − bi2
π
bi2 = bo2 −
4
(d 2
o − di2 )
π
= 602 − (602 − 402 ) = 2.0292 mm 2
4
1
bi = 45.047 mm t = (bo − bi ) t = 7.48 mm 
2
π
(b) Circular: I =
64
(d 4
o )
− di4 = 510.51 × 103 mm 4 = 510.51 × 10−9 m 4
π 2 EI π 2 (105 × 109 )(510.51 × 10−9 )

Pcr = = = 58.8 × 103 N
L2 (3.0)2
Pcr = 58.8 kN 
Square: I =
1 4
12
( )
bo − bi4 = 736.85 × 103 mm 4 = 736.85 × 10−9 m 4
π 2 EI π 2 (105 × 109 )(736.85 × 10−9 )

Pcr = = = 84.8 × 103 N
L2 (3.0) 2
Pcr = 84.8 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.13
A column of effective length L can be made by gluing together

identical planks in either of the arrangements shown. Determine
the ratio of the critical load using the arrangement a to the critical
load using the arrangement b.
SOLUTION
Arrangement (a).
1 4
Ia = d
12
π 2 EI π 2 Ed 4
Pcr, a = =
L2e 12 L2e
3
1 d 3 1 d 
Arrangement (b). I min = I y =   (d ) + ( d )  
12  3  12 3
1  d  3 19 4
+   (d ) = d
12  3  324
π 2 EI 19π 2 Ed 4
Pcr, b = =
L2e 324 L2e
Pcr, a 1 324 27 Pcr, a

= ⋅ = = 1.421 
Pcr,b 12 19 19 Pcr,b
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.14
Determine the radius of the round strut so that the round and square
struts have the same cross-sectional area and compute the critical
load for each. Use E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
For square strut, A = 252 = 625 mm 2

1
I = (25) 4 = 32.552 × 103 mm 4 = 32.552 × 10−9 m 4
12
1 2
For round strut, πd = A
4
4A (4)(625)
d = = = 28.2 mm
π π
1
c= d = 14.10 mm c = 14.10 mm 
2
π
 I = c 4 = 31.085 × 103 mm3 = 31.085 × 10−9 m 4 
4
π 2 EI
Critical loads: Pcr =
L2
π 2 (200 × 109 )(31.085 × 10−9 )
Round strut. Pcr = = 61.4 × 103 N
(1) 2
Pcr = 61.4 kN 
π 2 (200 × 109 )(32.552 × 10−9 )

Square strut. Pcr = 2
= 64.3 × 103 N
(1)
Pcr = 64.3 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.15
A compression member of 7-m effective length is made by welding

together two L152 × 102 × 12.7 angles as shown. Using
E = 200 GPa, determine the allowable centric load for the
member if a factor of safety of 2.2 is required.
SOLUTION
Angle L152 × 102 × 12.7: A = 3060 mm 2

I x = 7.20 × 106 mm 4 I y = 2.59 × 106 mm 4
y = 50.3 mm x = 24.9 mm
Two angles: I x = (2)(7.20 × 106 ) = 14.40 × 106 mm 4
I y = 2[(2.59 × 106 ) + (3060)(24.9) 2 ] = 8.975 × 106 mm 4
I min = I y = 8.975 × 106 mm 4 = 8.975 × 10−6 m 4
π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 109 )(8.975 × 10−6 )

Pcr = = = 361.5 × 103 N = 361.5 kN
L2e (7.0) 2
Pcr 361.5
Pall = = Pall = 164.0 kN 
F .S . 2.2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.16
A column of 3-m effective length is to be made by welding together two C130 × 13

rolled-steel channels. Using E = 200 GPa, determine for each arrangement shown the
allowable centric load if a factor of safety of 2.4 is required.
SOLUTION
For channel C130 × 13: A = 1700 mm 2 b f = 48.0 mm
I x = 3.70 × 106 mm 4 I y = 0.260 × 106 mm 4 x = 12.1 mm
Arrangement (a): I x = (2)(3.70 × 106 ) = 7.40 × 106 mm 4
I y = 2[0.260 × 106 + (1700)(12.1) 2 ] = 1.0178 × 106 mm 2
I min = I y = 1.0178 × 106 mm = 1.0178 × 10−6 m 4
π 2 EI min π 2 (200 × 109 )(1.0178 × 10−6 )

Pcr = = = 223 × 103 N = 223 kN
L2e (3.0) 2
Pcr 223
Pall = = Pall = 93.0 kN 
F .S. 2.4
Arrangement (b): I x = (2)(3.70 × 106 ) mm 4 = 7.40 × 106 mm 4
I y = 2[0.260 × 106 + (1700)(48 − 12.1) 2 ] = 4.902 × 106 mm 4
I min = I y = 4.902 × 106 mm 4 = 4.902 × 10−6 m 4
π 2 EI min π 2 (200 × 109 )(4.902 × 10−6 )

Pcr = = = 1075 × 103 N = 1075 kN
L2e (3.0) 2
Pcr 1075
Pall = = Pall = 448 kN 
F .S . 2.4

without permission.
PROBLEM 10.17
A single compression member of 27-ft effective length is obtained by

connecting two C8 × 11.5 steel channels with lacing bars as shown.
Knowing that the factor of safety is 1.85, determine the allowable
centric load for the member. Use E = 29 × 106 psi and d = 4.0 in.
SOLUTION
For C8 × 11.5 rolled steel shape, A = 3.37 in 2
I x = 32.5 in 4 , I y = 1.31 in 4 , x = 0.572 in.
For the fabricated column,
I x = 2I x = (2)(32.5) = 65.0 in 4
 d  
2
I y = 2 I y + A + x  
 2  
= 2[1.31 + (3.37)(2 + 0.572) 2 ] = 47.21 in 4
I min = I y = 47.21 in 4 , Le = 27 ft = 324 in.

π 2 EI min π 2 (29 × 106 )(47.21)
Pcr = = = 128.7 × 103 lb
L2e (324) 2
3
Pcr 128.7 × 10
Pall = = = 69.6 × 103 lb Pall = 69.6 kips 
F .S . 1.85
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.18
A column of 22-ft effective length is to be made by welding two

9 × 0.5-in. plates to a W8 × 35 as shown. Determine the allowable
centric load if a factor of safety 2.3 is required. Use 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
  W8 × 35: I x = 127 in 4 I y = 42.6 in 4
b f = 8.02 in.
  and : For each plate, A = (0.5)(9.0) = 4.5 in 2
1
Ix = (0.5)(9)3 = 30.375 in 4
12
2
1  8.02 0.5 
Iy = (9)(0.5)3 + (4.5)  +  = 81.758 in
4
12  2 2 
Total: I x = 127 + (2)(30.375) = 187.75 in 4 = I min
I y = 42.6 + (2)(81.758) = 206.12 in 4
L = 22 ft = 264 in.
π 2 EI π 2 (29 × 106 )(187.75)

Pcr = = = 771.0 × 103 lb = 771 kips
L2e 264 2
Pcr 771
Pall = = Pall = 335 kips 
F .S. 2.3
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.19
Member AB consists of a single C130 × 10.4 steel channel of length

2.5 m. Knowing that the pins at A and B pass through the centroid of the
cross section of the channel, determine the factor of safety for the load
shown with respect to buckling in the plane of the figure when θ = 30° .
Use Euler’s formula with E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
 Geometry:
 Since AB = 2.5 m , triangle ABC is isosceles.
Equilibrium of connection at B.
 Fx = 0 : − FAC cos15° + FAB cos 30° = 0
Total: FAB cos 30°
FAC =
cos15°
 Fy = 0 : FAB sin 30° − FAC sin15° − 6.8 = 0

 sin15° cos 30° 
FAB  sin 30° −  = 0.26795FAB = 6.8
 cos15° 
FAB = 25.378 kN
Rolled steel shape C130 × 10.4:
I min = 0.196 × 106 mm 4 = 0.196 × 106 m 4
π 2 EI min
Critical load: Pcr =
L2AB
π 2 (200 × 109 )(0.196 × 10−6 )

Pcr = = 61.902 × 103 N = 61.902 kN
(2.5) 2
Pcr 61.902
Factor of safety: F .S . = = F .S . = 2.44 
FAB 25.378
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.20
Knowing that P = 5.2 kN, determine the factor of safety for the structure
shown. Use E = 200 GPa and consider only buckling in the plane of the
structure.
SOLUTION
Joint B: From force triangle,
FAB FBC 5.2
= =
sin 25° sin 20° sin 135°
FAB = 3.1079 kN (Comp)
FBC = 2.5152 kN (Comp)
4 4
π d π  18  3 4
Member AB: I AB =   =   = 5.153 × 10 mm
42 4 2 
= 5.153 × 10−9 m 4
π 2 EI AB π 2 (200 × 109 )(5.153 × 10−9 )

FAB ,cr = =
L2AB (1.2) 2
= 7.0636 × 103 N = 7.0636 kN
FAB ,cr 7.0636
F .S . = = = 2.27
FAB 3.1079
4 4
π d π  22 
Member BC: I BC =   =  
42 4 2 
= 11.499 × 103 mm 4 = 11.499 × 10−9 m 4

L2BC = 1.22 + 1.22 = 2.88 m 2
π 2 EI BC π 2 (200 × 109 )(11.499 × 10−9 )
FBC ,cr = =
L2BC 2.88
3
= 7.8813 × 10 N = 7.8813 kN
FBC ,cr 7.8813
F .S . = = = 3.13
FBC 2.5152
Smallest F.S. governs. F .S . = 2.27 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.21
A rigid block of mass m can be

supported in each of the four ways
shown. Each column consists of an
aluminum tube that has a 44-mm outer
diameter and a 4-mm wall thickness.
Using E = 70 GPa and a factor of safety
of 2.8, determine the allowable load for
each support condition.
SOLUTION
π
I = [(22 mm) 4 − (18 mm)4 ]
4
I = 101.54 × 103 mm 4 = 101.54 × 10−9 m 4
E = 70 GPa = 70 × 109 Pa
EI = (70 GPa)(101.54 × 10−9 m 4 ) = 7108 N ⋅ m 2
π 2 EI π 2 (7108 N ⋅ m 2 )
Pcr = =
L2e L2e
Pcr
Allowable value of P: Pall =
F .S.
π 2 (7108 N ⋅ m 2 ) 25, 055

Pall = =
2.8L2e L2e
Equilibrium.  Fy = 0: 2Pall − W = 0
W 2P (2)(25, 055) 5108

m= = all = = 2
g g 9.81L2e Le
Column length: L1 = 4 m
Effective lengths for columns.
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.21 (Continued)
Allowable capacity:
5108
Case (1): Le = L = 4 m m= m = 319 kg 
(4)2
5108
Case (2): Le = 2L = 8 m m= m = 79.8 kg 
(8) 2
5108
Case (3): Le = L = 4 m m= m = 319 kg 
(4)2
5108
Case (4): Le = 0.699 L = 2.796 m m= m = 653 kg 
(2.796) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.22
Each of the five struts shown consists of a solid

steel rod. (a) Knowing that the strut of Fig. (1) is
of a 20-mm diameter, determine the factor of
safety with respect to buckling for the loading
shown. (b) Determine the diameter of each of the
other struts for which the factor of safety is the
same as the factor of safety obtained in part a.
Use E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
1
Solid circular cross section: c= d = 10 mm
2
π π
I = c4 = (10) 4 = 7.854 × 103 mm 4 = 7.854 × 10−9 m 4
4 4
E = 200 GPa = 200 × 109 Pa
EI = (200 × 109 )(7.854 × 10−9 ) = 1570.8 N ⋅ m 2
For strut (1), Le = L = 900 mm = 0.9 m
π 2 EI π 2 (1570.8)
Pcr = 2
= = 19,140 N = 19.140 kN
L (0.9) 2
Pcr 19.140 kN
(a) F .S . = = F .S . = 2.55 
P0 7.5 kN
(b) For the same factor of safety, the struts must have the same critical load.
π 2 EI i
Pcr = where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
L2i
Ii I Ii L2
For i = 2, 3, 4, and 5 2
= 12 or = 2i
Li L1 I1 L1
di4 L2i
Since I is proportional to d 4 , =
d14 L12
di Li
or = , where Li is the effective length.
d1 L1
without permission.
Strut (1): L1 = 900 mm d1 = 20 mm
Strut (2): L2 = 2 L1 = 1800 mm
d2 1800
= d 2 = 28.3 mm 
20 900
1
Strut (3): L3 = L1 = 450 mm
2
d3 450
= d3 = 14.14 mm 
20 900
Strut (4): L4 = 0.669 L1 = 629.1 mm
d4 629.1
= d 4 = 16.72 mm 
20 900
Strut (5): L5 = L1 = 900 mm d5 = 20.0 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.23
A 1-in.-square aluminum strut is maintained in the position shown by a pin

support at A and by sets of rollers at B and C that prevent rotation of the strut in
the plane of the figure. Knowing that LAB = 3 ft, determine (a) the largest
values of LBC and LCD that can be used if the allowable load P is to be as large
as possible, (b) the magnitude of the corresponding allowable load. Consider
only buckling in the plane of the figure and use E = 10.4 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I = bh = (1)(1)3 = 0.083333 in 4
12 12
(a) Equivalent lengths:
AB: Le = 0.7 LAB = 2.1 ft = 25.2 in.
BC: Le = 0.5LBC
2.1
LBC = LBC = 4.2 ft 
0.5
CD: Le = 2 LCD
2.1
LCD = LCD = 1.05 ft 
2
Pcr π 2 EI π 2 (10.4 × 106 )(0.083333)
(b) Pall = = =
F .S . ( F .S .) L2e (3.2)(25.2) 2
= 4.21 × 103 lb
Pall = 4.21 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.24
A 1-in.-square aluminum strut is maintained in the position shown by a pin support at A

and by sets of rollers at B and C that prevent rotation of the strut in the plane of the
figure. Knowing that LAB = 3 ft, LBC = 4 ft, and LCD = 1 ft, determine the allowable
load P using a factor of safety with respect to buckling of 3.2. Consider only buckling
in the plane of the figure and use E = 10.4 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I= bh = (1)(1)3 = 0.083333 in 4
12 12
2
π EI
Pcr = 2
Le
( Pcr ) min π 2 EI
Pall = =
F .S . ( F .S .)( Le ) 2max
Portion AB: Le = 0.7 LAB = (0.7)(3) = 2.1 ft

Portion BC: Le = 0.5LBC = (0.5)(4) = 2.0 ft
Portion CD: Le = 2 Le = (2)(1) = 2.0 ft
( Le ) max = 2.1 ft = 25.2 in.
π 2 (10.4 × 106 )(0.083333)

Pall = = 4.21 × 103 lb Pall = 4.21 kips 
(3.2)(25.22 )
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.25
Column AB carries a centric load P of magnitude 15 kips. Cables BC

and BD are taut and prevent motion of point B in the xz plane. Using
Euler’s formula and a factor of safety of 2.2, and neglecting the
tension in the cables, determine the maximum allowable length L.
Use E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
W10 × 22: I x = 118 in 4

I y = 11.4 in 4
P = 15 × 103 lb
Pcr = ( F .S .) P = (2.2)(15 × 103 ) = 33 × 103 lb
Buckling in xz-plane. Le = 0.7 L
π 2 EI y π EI y
Pcr = 2
L=
(0.7 L) 0.7 Pcr
π (29 × 106 )(11.4)

L= = 449.2 in.
0.7 33 × 103
Buckling in yz-plane. Le = 2 L
π 2 EI x
Pcr =
(2 L) 2
π EI x π (29 × 106 )(118)
L= = = 505.8 in.
2 Pcr 2 33 × 103
Smaller value for L governs. L = 449.2 in. L = 37.4 ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.26
A W8 × 21 rolled-steel shape is used with the support and cable

arrangement shown in Prob. 10.25. Knowing that L = 24 ft,
determine the allowable centric load P if a factor of safety of 2.2 is
required. Use E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
A W8 × 21 is being used in place of the W10 × 22 shown in the figure.
W8 × 21: I x = 75.3 in 4 ,
I y = 9.77 in 4
L = 24 ft = 288 in.
Buckling in xz-plane. Le = 0.7 = 201.6 in.
π 2 EI y π 2 (29 × 106 )(9.77)

Pcr = = = 68.80 × 103 lb
L2e (201.6) 2
Buckling in yz-plane. Le = 2 L = 576 in.
π 2 EI x π 2 (29 × 106 )(75.3)

Pcr = = = 64.96 × 103 lb
L2e (576) 2
The smaller value governs. Pcr = 64.96 × 103 lb = 64.96 kips
Pcr 64.96
Pall = = Pall = 29.5 kips 
F .S . 2.2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.27
Column ABC has a uniform rectangular cross section with b = 12 mm

and d = 22 mm. The column is braced in the xz plane at its midpoint C
and carries a centric load P of magnitude 3.8 kN. Knowing that a factor
of safety of 3.2 is required, determine the largest allowable length L.
Use E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
Pcr = ( F .S .) P = (3.2)(3.8 × 103 ) = 12.16 × 103 N

π 2 EI EI
Pcr = Le = π
L2e Pcr
EI
Buckling in xz-plane. L = Le = π
Pcr
1 3 1
I= db = (22)(12)3 = 3.168 × 103 mm 4
12 12
= 3.168 × 10−9 m 4
(200 × 109 )(3.168 × 10−9 )

L =π = 0.717 m
12.16 × 103
Le π EI
Buckling in yz-plane. Le = 2 L L = =
2 2 Pcr
1 3 1
I= bd = (12)(22)3 = 10.648 × 103 mm 4
12 12
= 10.648 × 10−9 m 4
π (200 × 109 )(10.648 × 10−9 )
L= = 0.657 m
2 12.16 × 103
The smaller length governs. L = 0.657 m L = 657 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.28
Column ABC has a uniform rectangular cross section and is braced

in the xz plane at its midpoint C. (a) Determine the ratio b/d for
which the factor of safety is the same with respect to buckling in
the xz and yz planes. (b) Using the ratio found in part a, design the
cross section of the column so that the factor of safety will be 3.0
when P = 4.4 kN, L = 1 m, and E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
db3
Buckling in xz-plane. Le = L, I =
12
π 2 EI π 2 Edb3
( Pcr )1 = =
L2e 12 L2
( Pcr )1 π 2 Edb3
( F .S .)1 = =
P 12 PL2
bd 3
Buckling in yz-plane. Le = 2 L, I =
12
π 2 EI π 2 Ebd 3
( Pcr ) 2 = =
L2e 12(2 L) 2
( Pcr ) 2 π 2 Ebd 3
( F .S .) 2 = =
P 48PL2
π 2 Edb3 π 2 Ebd 3
(a) Equating the two factors of safety, =
12 PL2 48 PL2
1 2
b2 = d b/d = 1/2 
4
π 2 Ed 4
Then ( F .S .) =
96 PL2
96( F .S .) PL2 (96)(3.0)(4.4 × 103 )(1) 2
d4 = =
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
= 641.97 × 10−9 m 4
(b) d = 28.3 × 10−3 m d = 28.3 mm 
b = 14.15 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.29
An axial load P is applied to the 32-mm-diameter steel rod AB as shown. For

P = 37 kN and e = 1.2 mm, determine (a) the deflection at the midpoint C of
the rod, (b) the maximum stress in the rod. Use E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
4 4
π d π  32  3 4 −9 4
I =   =   = 51.47 × 10 mm = 51.47 × 10 m
42 4 2 
Le = L = 1.2 m
π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 109 ) (51.47 × 10−9 )
Pcr = 2
= 2
= 70.556 × 103 N
Le (1.2)
3
P 37 × 10
= = 0.52440
Pcr 70.556 × 103
(a) Deflection at C.
 π P  
ymax = e sec   − 1 = 1.3817e = (1.3817)(1.2)
  2 Pcr  
ymax = 1.658 mm 
(b) Maximum normal stress.
M max = P (e + ymax ) = (37 × 103 ) (1.2 + 1.658)(10−3 ) = 105.75 N ⋅ m

π π
A= d2 = (32) 2 = 804.25 mm 2 = 804.25 × 10−6 m 2 , c = 16 × 10−3 m
4 4
P Mc 37 × 103 (105.75) (16 × 10−3 )
σ max = + = + = 78.9 × 106 Pa
A I 804.25 × 10−6 51.47 × 10−9
σ max = 78.9 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.30
An axial load P = 15 kN is applied at point D that is 4 mm from the geometric

axis of the square aluminum bar BC. Using E = 70 GPa, determine (a) the
horizontal deflection of end C, (b) the maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
A = (30) 2 = 900 mm 2
= 900 × 10−6 m 2
1
I = (30) (30)3 = 67.5 × 103 mm 4
12
= 67.5 × 10−9 m 4
1
c= (30) = 15 mm = 0.015 m e = 4 × 10−3 m
2
Le = 2L = (2) (0.6) = 1.2 m
π 2EI π 2 (70 × 109 ) (67.5 × 10−9 )
Pcr = =
L2 (1.2) 2
= 32.385 × 103 N = 38.385 kN
P 15
= = 0.46318
Pcr 32.385
 π P    π  
ym = e sec  − 1 = (4 × 103 ) sec  0.46318  − 1

(a)

  2 Pcr    2  
= (4 × 10−3 ) [sec (1.06904) − 1] = 4.3166 × 10−3 m ym = 4.32 mm 
(b) M max = P(e + ym ) = (15 × 103 ) (4 × 10−3 + 4.3166 × 10−3 )

= 124.75 N ⋅ m
P Mc 15 × 103 (124.75) (0.015)

σ max = + = −6
+
A I 900 × 10 67.5 × 10−9
= 44.4 × 106 Pa σ max = 44.4 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.31
The line of action of the 75-kip axial load is parallel to the geometric axis
of the column AB and intersects the x axis at x = 0.6 in. Using
E = 29 × 106 psi, determine (a) the horizontal deflection of the midpoint C
of the column, (b) the maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
Le = L = 20 ft = 240 in. e = 0.6 in.

W8 × 35: A = 10.3 in 2 I y = 42.6 in 4
S y = 10.6 in 3 E = 29000 ksi
π 2EI y π 2 (29000) (42.6)

Pcr = = = 211.68 kips
L2 (240) 2
P 75
= = 0.35404
Pcr 211.68
 π P  
(a) ym = e sec   − 1
  2 Pcr  
 π  
= (0.6) sec  0.35404  − 1
 2  
= (0.6) [sec (0.93499) − 1]
= 0.41040 in. ym = 0.410 in. 
(b) M max = P ( ym + e) = (75) (0.6 + 0.41040) = 75.780 kip ⋅ in
P M max 75 75.780
σ max = + = + σ max = 14.43 ksi 
A Sy 10.3 10.6
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.32
An axial load P is applied to the 32-mm-square aluminum bar BC as

shown. When P = 24 kN, the horizontal deflection at end C is 4 mm.
Using E = 70 GPa, determine (a) the eccentricity e of the load, (b) the
maximum stress in the rod.
SOLUTION
1
I = (32)4 = 87.3813 × 103 mm 4
12
= 87.3813 × 10−9 m 4
A = (32) 2 = 1.024 × 103 mm 2
= 1.024 × 10−3 m 4
Le = 2L = (2) (0.65) = 1.30 m
π 2 EI π 2 (70 × 109 ) (87.3813 × 10−9 )
Pcr = =
L2e (1.30) 2
= 35.7215 × 103 N
= 35.7215 kN
P 24
= = 0.67186
Pcr 35.7215
 π P   π  
(a) ymax = e sec   − 1 = e sec  0.67186  − 1
  2 Pcr
   2  
= e [sec 1.28754 − 1] = 2.5780e
ymax 4
e= = e = 1.552 mm 
2.5780 2.5780
(b) M max = P(e + ymax ) = (24 × 103 )[1.552 × 10−3 + 4 × 10−3 ]
= 133.24 N ⋅ m
P M max c 24 × 103 (133.24) (0.016)

σ max = + = −3
+
A I 1.024 × 10 87.3813 × 10−9
= 47.8 × 106 Pa σ max = 47.8 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.33
An axial load P is applied to the 1.375-in.-diameter steel rod AB as

shown. When P = 21 kips, it is observed that the horizontal
deflection of the midpoint C is 0.03 in. Using E = 29 × 106 psi,
determine (a) the eccentricity e of the load, (b) the maximum stress in
the rod.
SOLUTION
1
c= d = 0.6875 in. A = π c 2 = 1.4849 in 2
2
π
I = c 4 = 0.175461 in 4
4
Le = L = 30 in.
π 2 EI π 2 (29 × 103 ) (0.175461)
Pcr = = = 55.800 × 103 lb
L2e (30) 2
P 21 × 103
= = 0.37634
Pcr 55.8 × 103
(a) Eccentricity of the load.
 π P  
ymax = e sec   − 1 = e [sec 0.96363 − 1] = 0.75272e
  2 Pcr  
ymax 0.03
e= = e = 0.0399 in. 
0.75272 0.75272
M max = P(e + ymax ) = (21 × 103 ) (0.0399 + 0.03) = 1.467 × 103 lb ⋅ in
P M max c 21 × 103 (1.467 × 103 ) (0.6875)

σ max = + = + = 19.89 × 103 psi
A I 1.4849 0.175461
σ max = 19.89 ksi 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.34
The axial load P is applied at a point located on the x axis at a distance

e from the geometric axis of the rolled-steel column BC. When
P = 350 kN, the horizontal deflection of the top of the column is
5 mm. Using E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the eccentricity e of the
load, (b) the maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
W250 × 58: A = 7420 mm 2 = 7420 × 10−6 m 2
I y = 18.7 × 106 mm 4 = 18.7 × 10−6 m 4

S y = 185 × 103 mm3 = 185 × 10−6 m3
Le = 2L = (2) (3.2) = 6.4 m
π 2EI π 2 (200 × 109 ) (18.7 × 10−6 )
Pcr = =
Le 2 (6.4)2
= 901.2 × 103 N = 901.2 kN
P 350
= = 0.38839
Pcr 901.2
(a) Eccentricity of the load.
 π P  
ymax = e sec   − 1 = e [sec 0.97892 − 1] = 0.79238e
 Pcr
  2  
ymax 5
e= = e = 6.31 mm 
0.79238 0.79238
M max = P(e + ymax ) = (350 × 103 ) (6.31 × 10−3 + 5 × 10−3 ) = 3.958 × 103 N ⋅ m
P M max 350 × 103 3.958 × 103

σ max = + = + = 68.6 × 106 Pa
A Sy 7420 × 10−6 185 × 10−6
σ max = 68.6 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.35
An axial load P is applied at a point D that is 0.25 in. from the geometric
axis of the square aluminum bar BC. Using E = 10.1 × 106 psi, determine
(a) the load P for which the horizontal deflection of end C is 0.50 in.,
(b) the corresponding maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I = bh = (1.75)(1.75)3 = 0.78157 in 4
12 12
1
A = (1.75)2 = 3.0625 in 2 c = (1.75) = 0.875 in.
2
L = 2.5 ft = 30 in. Le = 2L = 60 in.
π 2EI π 2 (10.1 × 103 ) (0.78157)
Pcr = = = 21.641 kips
L2e (60) 2
 π P   π P  ymax + e π P  e
ymax = e sec   − 1 , sec   = , cos   =
  2 Pc   2 Pcr  e 2
 Pcr  y max + e
2 2
P 2 e  2 0.25 
(a) =  arc cos  =  arc cos
Pcr π e + ymax  π 0.25 + 0.50 
= 0.61411 P = 0.61411 Pcr P = 13.29 kips 
(b) M max = P(e + ymax ) = (13.29) (0.25 + 0.50) = 9.9675 kip ⋅ in.
P Mc 13.29 (9.9675) (0.875)

σ max = + = + σ max = 15.50 ksi 
A I 3.0625 0.78157
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.36
An axial load P is applied at a point located on the x axis at a

distance e = 12 mm from the geometric axis of the W310 × 60
rolled-steel column BC. Assuming that L = 3.5 m and using
E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal
deflection at end C is 15 mm, (b) the corresponding maximum
stress in the column.
SOLUTION
W310 × 60 : A = 7550 mm 2 = 7550 × 10−6 m 2 I y = 18.4 × 106 mm 4 = 18.4 × 10−6 m 4

S y = 180 × 103 mm3 = 180 × 10−6 m3 L = 3.5 m
Le = 2 L = 7.0 m
Critical load:
π 2EI π 2 (200 × 109 )(18.3 × 10−6 )
Pcr = = = 741.2 × 103 N = 741.2 kN
L2e (7.0) 2
 π P   π P  ymax + e
ymax = e sec   − 1 sec   =
  2 Pcr  
2
 Pcr  e
π P  e
cos 
2  =
 Pcr  y max + e
2 2
P 2  e  2  12  
=  arc cos    =  arc cos    = 0.49957
Pcr  π  ymax + e   π  15 + 12  
(a) Load P:
P = 0.49957 Pcr = 370.3 kN P = 370 kN 
M max = P(e + ymax ) = (370.3 × 103 )(12 + 15)(10−3 ) = 9998 N ⋅ m
P Mc P M 370.3 × 103 9998

σ max = + = + = −6
+ −6
= 104.6 × 106 Pa
A I A S y 7550 × 10 180 × 10
σ max = 104.6 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.37
Solve Prob. 10.36, assuming that L is 4.5 m.
PROBLEM 10.36 An axial load P is applied at a point located on the

x axis at a distance e = 12 mm from the geometric axis of the
W310 × 60 rolled-steel column BC. Assuming that L = 3.5 m and
using E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal
deflection at end C is 15 mm, (b) the corresponding maximum stress in
the column.
SOLUTION
W310 × 60: A = 7550 mm 2 = 7550 × 10−6 m 2 I y = 18.4 × 106 mm 4 = 18.4 × 10−6 m 4

S y = 180 × 103 mm3 = 180 × 10−6 m3 L = 4.5 m Le = 2 L = 9.0 m
Critical load:
π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 109 )(18.4 × 10−6 )
Pcr = = = 448.4 × 103 N = 448.4 kN
L2e (9.0) 2
 π P   π P  ymax + e
ymax = e sec   − 1 sec   =
 2
  2 Pcr    Pcr  e
π P  e
cos 
2  =
 Pcr  ymax + e
2 2
P 2  e  2  12  
=  arc cos    =  arc cos    = 0.49957
Pcr  π  ymax + e   π  15 + 12  
(a) Load P:
P = 0.49957 Pcr = 224.01 kN P = 224 kN 
M max = P(e + ymax ) = (224.01 × 103 )(12 + 15)(10−3 ) = 6048 N ⋅ m

P Mc P M 224.01 × 103 6048
σ max = + = + = −6
+ −6
= 63.3 × 106 Pa
A I A S y 7550 × 10 180 × 10
σ max = 63.3 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.38
The line of action of an axial load P is parallel to the geometric

axis of the column AB and intersects the x axis at x = 0.8 in. Using
E = 29 × 106 psi, determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal
deflection of the midpoint C of the column is 0.5 in., (b) the
corresponding maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
Le = L = 22 ft = 264 in. e = 0.8 in.
W8 × 40: A = 11.7 in 2
I y = 49.1 in 4
S y = 12.2 in 3
E = 29000 ksi ym = 0.8 in.
π 2EI π 2 (29000)(49.1)
Pcr = = = 201.64 kips
L2e (264) 2
 π P  
ymax = e sec   − 1

  2 Pcr  
π P y +e
sec = m
2 Pcr e
π P  e 0.8
cos 
2  = = = 0.61538
 Pcr  ym + e 0.5 + 0.8
π P
= 0.90792
2 Pcr
2
P  (2)(0.90792) 
=  = 0.33409
Pcr  π 
(a) P = (0.33409)(201.64) = 67.366 P = 67.4 kips 
(b) M max = P(e + ym ) = (67.4)(0.8 + 0.5) = 87.575 kip ⋅ in
P M max 67.366 87.575
σ max = + = + σ max = 12.94 ksi 
A Sy 11.7 12.2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.39
A brass pipe having the cross section shown has an axial load P applied
5 mm from its geometric axis. Using E = 120 GPa, determine (a) the load P
for which the horizontal deflection at the midpoint C is 5 mm, (b) the
corresponding maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
1
co = do = 60 mm ci = co − t = 54 mm
2
π
I=
4
( )
co4 − ci4 = 3.5005 × 106 mm 4 = 3.5005 × 10−6 m 4
L = 2.8 m Le = 2.8 m
π 2EI π 2 (120 × 109 ) (3.5005 × 10−6 )
Pcr = =
L2e (2.8) 2
= 528.8 × 103 N = 528.8 kN
 π P   π P  ymax + e
(a) ymax = e sec   − 1 sec   =
  2 Pcr  
2
 Pcr  e
2
π P  e P 2 e 
cos 
2  = =  arc cos 
 Pcr  y max + e Pcr  π ymax + e 
2
P 2 5 
= arc cos = 0.44444 P = 0.44444 Pcr P = 235 kN 
Pcr  π 5 + 5 
(b) M max = P (e + ymax ) = (235 × 103 ) (5 + 5)(10−3 ) = 2350 N ⋅ m
( )
A = π co2 − ci2 = π (602 − 542 ) = 2.1488 × 103 mm 2 = 2.1488 × 10−3 m 2
P Mc 235 × 103 (2350) (60 × 10−3 )

σ max = + = −3
+ −6
= 149.6 × 106 Pa σ max = 149.6 MPa 
A I 2.1488 × 10 3.5005 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.40
Solve Prob. 10.39, assuming that the axial load P is applied 10 mm from the
geometric axis of the column.
PROBLEM 10.39 A brass pipe having the cross section shown has an axial
load P applied 5 mm from its geometric axis. Using E = 120 GPa,
determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal deflection at the midpoint C
is 5 mm, (b) the corresponding maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
1
co = d o = 60 mm ci = co − t = 54 mm
2
π
I =
4
( )
co4 − ci4 = 3.5005 × 106 mm 4 = 3.5005 × 10−6 m 4
L = 2.8 m Le = 2.8 m
π 2EI π 2 (120 × 109 ) (3.5005 × 10−6 )
Pcr = =
L2e (2.8) 2
= 528.8 × 103 N = 528.8 kN
 π P   π P  ymax + e
(a) ymax = e sec   − 1 sec   =
  2 Pcr  
2
 Pcr  e
2
π P  e P 2 e 
cos 
  = =  arc cos 
2 Pcr  ymax + e Pcr π ymax + e
2
P 2 10 
=  arc cos = 0.28670 P = 0.28670 Pcr P = 151.6 kN 
Pcr π 5 + 10 
(b) M max = P (e + ymax ) = (151.6 × 103 ) (10 + 5)(10−3 ) = 2274 N ⋅ m
( )
A = π co2 − ci2 = π (602 − 542 ) = 2.1488 × 103 mm 2 = 2.1488 × 10−3 m 2
P Mc 151.6 × 103 (2274) (60 × 10−3 )

σ max = + = −3
+ −6
= 109.5 × 106 Pa σ max = 109.5 MPa 
A I 2.1488 × 10 3.5005 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.41
The steel bar AB has a 83 × 83 -in. square cross section and is held by pins that are
a fixed distance apart and are located at a distance e = 0.03 in. from the geometric
axis of the bar. Knowing that at temperature T0 the pins are in contact with the
bar and that the force in the bar is zero, determine the increase in temperature for
which the bar will just make contact with point C if d = 0.01 in. Use
E = 29 × 106 psi and a coefficient of thermal expansion α = 6.5 × 10−6/ ° F.
SOLUTION
 3  3 
A =    = 0.140625 in 2
 8  8 
4
1 3
I= = 1.64795 × 10−3 in 4
12  8 
EI = (29 × 106 )(1.64795 × 10−3 ) = 47, 791 lb ⋅ in 2
π 2EI π 2 (47791)
Pcr = = = 7370 lb
L2 (8) 2
Calculate P using the secant formula.
 π P   π P d
ymax = d = e sec   − 1 sec =1+
  2 Pcr   2 Pcr e
−1 −1
π P  d −1  0.01 
= cos −1 1 +  = cos 1 +  = cos −1 (0.75) = 0.72273
2 Pcr  e  0.03 
2
P 2 
=  (0.72273)  = 0.21170 P = 0.21170 Pcr = 1560.2 lb
Pcr  π 
Thermal analysis:
(1) Simple approximation by ignoring eccentricity.
PL
Total elongation = α L(ΔT ) − =0
EA
PL 1 P 1560.2
ΔT = = = ΔT = 58.9° F 
EA α L EAα (29 × 10 )(0.140625)(6.5 × 10−6 )
6
without permission.
(2) Analysis with inclusion of eccentricity.

PL dy
Total elongation of centroidal axis = α L(ΔT ) − = 2e
EA dx x=0
dy
To calculate , differentiate Eq. (10.26)
dx
dy  pL 
= e  p tan cos px − p sin px 
dx  2 
dy pL P π P
At x = 0, = ep tan =e tan
dx x=0 2 EI 2 Pcr
P π P 
The elongation of the centroidal axis is 2e2 tan  
EI 2 Pcr
 
1560.2
= (2)(0.03) 2 tan(0.72273) = 286.8 × 10−6 in.
47, 791
PL dy
α L(ΔT ) = + 2e
EA dx x=0
P 286.8 × 10−6 286.8 × 10−6

ΔT = + = 58.9 + = 58.9 + 5.5°
EAα αL (6.5 × 10−6 )(8)
= 64.4° F
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.42
For the bar of Prob. 10.41, determine the required distance d for which the bar
will just make contact with point C when the temperature increases by 120° F.
PROBLEM 10.41 The steel bar AB has a 83 × 83 -in. square cross section and is
held by pins that are a fixed distance apart and are located at a distance
e = 0.03 in. from the geometric axis of the bar. Knowing that at temperature T0
the pins are in contact with the bar and that the force in the bar is zero, determine
the increase in temperature for which the bar will just make contact with point C
if d = 0.01 in. Use E = 29 × 106 psi and a coefficient of thermal expansion
α = 6.5 × 10−6/ ° F.
SOLUTION
 3  3 
A =    = 0.140625 in 2
 8  8 
4
1 3
I= = 1.64795 × 10−3 in 4
12  8 
EI = (29 × 106 )(1.64795 × 10−3 ) = 47, 791 lb ⋅ in 2
π 2EI π 2 (47, 791)
Pcr = = = 7370 lb
L2 (8) 2
Calculate P from thermal analysis. To obtain an approximate value, neglect the effect of eccentricity in the
thermal analysis.
PL
Total elongation = α L(ΔT ) − =0
EA
P = EAα (ΔT ) = (29 × 106 )(0.140625)(6.5 × 10−6 )(120) = 3181 lb

Calculate the deflection using the secant formula.
 π P    π 3181  
d = ymax = e sec   − 1 = (0.03) sec   − 1

  2 Pcr     2 7370  
= (0.03)[sec(1.03197) − 1] = (0.03)(0.94883) d = 0.0285 in. 

For an improved thermal analysis including eccentricity, see solution of Prob. 10.41.
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.43
An axial load P is applied to the W10 × 30 rolled-steel column BC

that is free at its top C and fixed at its base B. Knowing that the
eccentricity of the load is e = 0.5 in. and that for the grade of steel
used σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi, determine (a) the magnitude
of P of the allowable load when a factor of safety of 2.4 with respect to
permanent deformation is required, (b) the ratio of the load found in
part a to the magnitude of the allowable centric load for the column.
(Hint: Since the factor of safety must be applied to the load P, not to
the stress, use Fig 10.23 to determine PY ).
SOLUTION
W10 × 30: A = 8.84 in 2 ry = 1.37 in.

bf 5.810
c= = = 2.905 in. I y = 16.7 in 4
2 2
L = 7.5 ft = 90 in. Le = 2 L = 180 in.
Le 180
= = 131.39 e = 0.5 in.
r 1.37
ec (0.5)(2.905)
= = 0.7739
r2 (1.37) 2
P
Using Fig. 10.23, = 10.47 ksi
A
P = (10.47)(8.84) = 92.6 kips
(a) Allowable load.
92.6
Using factor of safety, Pall = Pall = 38.6 kips 
2.4
Critical load.
π 2 EI π 2 (29000)(16.7)
Pcr = = = 147.5 kips
L2e (180) 2
147.5
Using factor of safety, Pall = = 61.5 kips
2.4
38.6
(b) Ratio: ratio = ratio = 0.628 
61.5
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.44
Solve Prob. 10.43, assuming that the length of the column is reduced to
5.0 ft.
PROBLEM 10.43 An axial load P is applied to the W10 × 30 rolled-

steel column BC that is free at its top C and fixed at its base B.
Knowing that the eccentricity of the load is e = 0.5 in. and that for the
grade of steel used σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi, determine (a)
the magnitude of P of the allowable load when a factor of safety of 2.4
with respect to permanent deformation is required, (b) the ratio of the
load found in part a to the magnitude of the allowable centric load for
the column. (Hint: Since the factor of safety must be applied to the load
P, not to the stress, use Fig 10.23 to determine PY ).
SOLUTION
W10 × 30: A = 8.84 in 2 I y = 16.7 in 4
bf 5.810
ry = 1.37 in. c= = = 2.905 in.
2 2
L = 5.0 ft = 60 in. Le = 2 L = 120 in.
Le 120
= = 87.6
r 1.37
ec (0.5)(2.905)
= = 0.7739
r2 (1.37) 2
P
Using Fig. 10.23, = 14.90 ksi P = (14.90)(8.84) = 131.7 kips
A
(a) Allowable load.
131.7
Using factor of safety, Pall = Pall = 54.9 kips 
2.4
Critical load.
π 2 EI π 2 (29, 000)(16.7)
Pcr = = = 332 kips
L2e (120)2
332
Using factor of safety, Pall = = 138.3 kips
2.4
54.9
(b) Ratio: ratio = ratio = 0.397 
138.3
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.45
A 3.5-m-long steel tube having the cross section and properties

shown is used as a column. For the grade of steel used
σ Y = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Knowing that a factor of
safety of 2.6 with respect to permanent deformation is required,
determine the allowable load P when the eccentricity e is (a) 15
mm, (b) 7.5 mm. (See hint of Prob. 10.43).
SOLUTION
A = 3400 × 10−6 m 2 r = 48.3 × 10−3 m
Le 3.5
Le = 3.5 m = = 72.46
r 48.3 × 10−3
127
c= = 63.5 mm
2
ec (15)(63.5)
(a) e = 15 mm. = = 0.40829
r2 (48.3) 2
Using Fig. 10.23 with Le /r = 72.46 and ec /r 2 = 0.40829,
P /A = 144.75 MPa = 144.75 × 106 Pa
P = (144.75 × 106 )(3400 × 10−6 ) = 492 × 103 N
492 × 103
Using factor of safety, Pall = = 189 × 103 N Pall = 189 kN 
2.6
ec (7.5)(63.5)
(b) e = 7.5 mm. = = 0.20415
r2 (48.3) 2
Using Fig. 10.23 with Le /r = 72.46 and ec /r 2 = 0.20415,
P / A = 175.2 MPa = 175.2 × 106 Pa
P = (175.2 × 106 )(3400 × 10−6 ) = 596 × 103 N
596 × 103
2.6
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.46
Solve Prob. 10.45, assuming that the length of the steel tube is
increased to 5 m.
PROBLEM 10.45 A 3.5-m-long steel tube having the cross

section and properties shown is used as a column. For the
grade of steel used, σ Y = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa. .
Knowing that a factor of safety of 2.6 with respect to
permanent deformation is required, determine the allowable
load P when the eccentricity e is (a) 15 mm, (b) 7.5 mm. (See
hint of Prob. 10.43).
SOLUTION
A = 3400 × 10−6 m 2 r = 48.3 × 10−3 m
Le 5
Le = 5 m = = 103.52
r 48.3 × 10−3
127
c= = 63.5 mm
2
ec (15)(63.5)
(a) e = 15 mm. = = 0.40829
r2 (48.3) 2
Le ec P
Using Fig. 10.23 with = 103.52 and 2 = 0.40829 gives = 112.75 MPa = 112.75 × 10−6 Pa
r r A
P = (112.75 × 106 )(3400 × 10−6 ) = 383 × 103 N
383 × 103
2.6
ec (7.5)(63.5)
(b) e = 7.5 mm. = = 0.20415
r2 (48.3) 2
P
Using Fig. 10.23 gives = 133.2 MPa = 133.2 × 106 Pa.
A
P = (133.2 × 106 )(3400 × 10−6 ) = 453 × 103 N
453 × 103
2.6
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.47
A 250-kN axial load P is applied to the W200 × 35.9 rolled-

steel column BC which is free at its top C and fixed at its base B.
Knowing that the eccentricity of the load is e = 6 mm ,
determine the largest permissible length L if the allowable stress
in the column is 80 MPa. Use E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
W200 × 35.9: A = 4570 mm 2 = 4570 × 10−6 m 2

bf
b f = 165 mm, c = = 82.5 mm
2
I y = 7.62 × 106 mm 4 = 7.62 × 10−6 m 4 ry = 40.9 mm
σ max = 80 × 106 Pa P = 250 × 103 N
P ec π P  Aσ max ec π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec    − 1 = 2 sec  
A  r 2 Pcr P r 2 Pcr
    
π P  ry2  Aσ max  (40.9)2  (4570 × 10−6 )(80 × 106 ) 

sec 
  =  − 1  =  3
− 1 = 1.56264
2 Pcr  ec  P  (6)(82.5)  250 × 10 
π P  π P
cos 
2  = 0.63994 = 0.87637
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
=  (0.87637)  = 0.31127
Pcr π 
P π 2 EI
Pcr = =
0.31127 L2e
0.31127π 2 EI 0.31127π 2 (200 × 109 )(7.62 × 10−6 )

L2e = = = 18.728 m 2
P 250 × 103
Le = 4.33 m = 2L L = 2.16 m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.48
A 100-kN axial load P is applied to the W150 × 18 rolled-steel

column BC that is free at its top C and fixed at its base B.
Knowing that the eccentricity of the load is e = 6mm, determine
the largest permissible length L if the allowable stress in the
column is 80 MPa. Use E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
W150 × 18 : A = 2290 mm 2 = 2290 × 10−6 m 2

bf
b f = 102 mm c= = 51 mm
2
I y = 1.24 × 106 mm 4 = 10−6 m 4 ry = 23.3 mm
σ max = 80 × 106 Pa P = 100 × 103 N
P  ec π P  Aσ max ec π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec    − 1 = 2 sec  
A  ry 2 Pcr P 2 Pcr
   ry  
π P  ry2  Aσ max  (23.3) 2  (2290 × 10−6 )(80 × 106 ) 

sec 
2  =  − 1 =  − 1 = 1.47609
 Pcr  ec  P  (6)(51)  100 × 103 
π P  π P
cos 
2  = 0.67746 = 0.82649
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
= (0.82649)  = 0.27684
Pcr  π 
P π 2 EI
Pcr = = 2
0.27684 Le
0.27684π 2 EI 0.27684π 2 (200 × 109 )(1.29 × 10−6 )

L2e = = = 6.7762 m 2
P 100 × 103
Le = 2.6031 m = 2 L L = 1.302 m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.49
Axial loads of magnitude P = 20 kips are applied parallel to the

geometric axis of the W 8 × 15 rolled-steel column AB and
intersect the x axis at a distance e from the geometric axis.
Knowing that σ all = 12 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi , determine the
largest permissible length L when (a) e = 0.25 in., (b) e = 0.5 in.
SOLUTION
Data: P = 20 kips E = 29 × 103 ksi

bf
W8 × 15 : A = 4.44 in 2 , c= = 2.005 in.
2
I y = 3.41 in 4 , ry = 0.876 in.
σ all = σ max = 12 ksi
P ec π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec   
A  
r 2 Pcr  
Aσ max ec π P 
− 1 = 2 sec  
P r 2 Pcr
 
π P  r 2  Aσ max 
sec 
2  =  P − 1
 Pcr  ec  
π P  (0.876) 2  (4.44)(12) 
(a) e = 0.25 in. sec   =  − 1 = 2.5475
2 Pcr
  (0.25)(2.005)  20 
π P  π P
cos 
2  = 0.39755 = 1.16739
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
=  (1.16739)  = 0.55233
Pcr  π 
P π 2 EI
Pcr = = 2
0.55233 Le
without permission.
0.55233π 2 EI 0.55233π 2 (29 × 103 )(3.41)

L2e = = = 26.954 × 103 in 2
P 20
Le = 164.2 in. L = Le = 164.2 in. L = 13.68 ft 
π P  (0.876) 2  (4.44)(12) 
(b) e = 0.5 in. sec   =  − 1 = 1.2737
2 Pcr
  (0.5)(2.005)  20 
π P  π P
cos 
2  = 0.78510 = 0.66794
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
=  (0.66794)  = 0.18082
Pcr  π 
P π 2 EI
Pcr = = 2
0.18082 Le
0.18082 π 2 EI 0.18082π 2 (29 × 103 )(3.41)

L2e = = = 8.824 × 103 in 2
P 20
Le = 93.936 in. L = Le = 93.936 in. L = 7.83 ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.50
Axial loads of magnitude P = 135 kips are applied parallel to

the geometric axis of the W10 × 54 rolled-steel column AB and
intersect the x axis at a distance e from the geometric axis.
Knowing that σ all = 12 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi, determine the
largest permissible length L when (a) e = 0.25 in. , (b) e = 0.5 in.
SOLUTION
Data: P = 135 kips E = 29 × 103 ksi
bf
W10 × 54: A = 15.8 in 2 , c= = 5.00 in.
2
I y = 103 in 4 ry = 2.56 in.
σ all = σ max = 12 ksi
P  ec π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
Aσ max ec π P 
− 1 = 2 sec  
P r 2 Pcr
 
π P  r 2  Aσ max 
sec 
2  =  − 1
 Pcr  ec  P 
π P  (2.56) 2  (15.8)(12) 
(a) e = 0.25 in. sec   =  − 1 = 2.1205
2 Pcr
  (0.25)(5.00)  135 
π P  π P
cos 
2  = 0.4716 = 1.0797
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
= (1.0737)  = 0.47246
Pcr  π 
P π 2 EI
Pcr = = 2
0.47246 Le
without permission.
0.47246 π 2 EI 0.47246π 2 (29 × 103 )(103)

L2e = = = 103.172 × 103 in 2
P 135
Le = 321.2 in. L = Le = 321.2 in. L = 26.8 ft 
π P  (2.56) 2  (15.8)(12) 
(b) e = 0.5 in. sec   =  − 1 = 1.06023
2 Pcr
  (0.5)(5.00)  135 
π P  π P
cos 
2  = 0.94319 = 0.33868
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
=  (0.33868)  = 0.046488
Pcr  π 
P π 2 EI
Pcr = =
0.046488 L2e
0.046488 π 2 EI 0.046488π 2 (29 × 103 )(103)

L2e = = = 10.152 × 103 in 2
P 135
Le = 100.8 in. L = Le = 100.8 in. L = 8.40 ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.51
A 12-kip axial load is applied with an eccentricity e = 0.375 in. to the

circular steel rod BC that is free at its top C and fixed at its base B.
Knowing that the stock of rods available for use have diameters in
increments of 18 in. from 1.5 in. to 3.0 in., determine the lightest rod
that can be used if σ all = 15 ksi. Use E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
E = 29 × 106 psi = 29000 ksi d = diameter (in.)

4
π π d πd4
A= d2 I=   =
4 42 64
1
c= d e = 0.375 in.
2
L = 4.0 ft = 48 in.
Le = 2 L = 96 in.
π 2 EI π 2 (29000)π d 4
Pcr = = = 1.52449d 4 kips
L2e (64)(96) 2
I πd4 4 d2
r2 = = ⋅ = P = 12 kips
A 64 π d 2 16
ec (0.375) ( 2 d ) 3
1
= =
r2 1 d2
16
d
P  ec π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
d (in.) A (in 2 ) Pcr (kips) ec/r 2 σ max (ksi)

2.25 3.976 39.07 1.3333 9.26
2.0 3.1416 24.39 1.5 16.49
2.125 3.546 31.09 1.4118 11.90 ←
σ max = 11.90 ksi < 15 ksi Use d = 2.125 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.52
Solve Prob. 10.51, assuming that the 12-kip axial load will be
applied to the rod with an eccentricity e = 12 d .
PROBLEM 10.51 A 12-kip axial load is applied with an

eccentricity e = 0.375 in. to the circular steel rod BC that is free
at its top C and fixed at its base B. Knowing that the stock of rods
available for use have diameters in increments of 18 in. from
1.5 in. to 3.0 in., determine the lightest rod that can be used
if σ all = 15 ksi. Use E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
E = 29 × 106 psi = 29000 ksi d = diameter (in.)

2
π π d π
A= d2 I=   = d4
4 42 64
1 1
c= d e= d
2 2
L = 4 ft = 48 in.
Le = 2 L = 96 in.
π 2 EI π 2 (29000)(π d 4 )
Pcr = = = 1.52449d 4
L2e (64)(96) 2
I πd4 4 1
r2 = = ⋅ 2
= d2 P = 12 kips
A 64 π d 16
ec ( 2 )( 2 )
1d 1d
= = 4.0
r2 1 d2
16
P  ec π P  P  π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec    = 1 + 4.0 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
   A  2 Pcr  
d (in.) A (in 2 ) Pcr (kips) σ max (ksi)

2.25 3.976 39.07 21.75
3.0 7.068 123.48 9.39
2.5 4.909 59.55 15.28
2.625 5.412 72.38 13.27
σ max = 13.27 ksi < 15 ksi Use d = 2.625 in. 


without permission.
PROBLEM 10.53
An axial load of magnitude P = 220 kN is applied at a point located

on the x axis at a distance e = 6 mm from the geometric axis of the
wide-flange column BC. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, choose the
lightest W200 shape that can be used if σ all = 120 MPa.
SOLUTION
P = 220 × 103 N L = 1.8 m Le = 2 L = 3.6 m

2 2 9
π EI y π (200 × 10 ) I y
Pcr = = = 152.3 × 109 I y N
L2e 3.62
bf ec eb f
e = 6 mm c= =
2 r 2 2ry2
P  ec π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
ec
Shape A(10−6 m 2 ) b f (mm) I y (10−6 m 4 ) ry (mm) Pcr (kN) σ max (MPa)
r2
W200 × 41.7 5320 166 9.03 41.1 137.5 0.2948 56.4
W200 × 26.6 3390 133 3.32 31.2 505.7 0.4099 117.1 ←
W200 × 22.5 2860 102 1.42 22.3 216.3
σ max = 117.1 MPa < 120 MPa Use W200 × 26.6. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.54
Solve Prob. 10.53, assuming that the magnitude of the axial load is
P = 345 kN.
An axial load of magnitude P = 220 kN is applied at a point located

on the x axis at a distance e = 6 mm from the geometric axis of the
wide-flange column BC. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, choose the
lightest W200 shape that can be used if σ all = 120 MPa.
SOLUTION
P = 345 × 103 N L = 1.8 m Le = 2 L = 3.6 m

2 2 9
π EI y π (200 × 10 ) I y
Pcr = = = 152.3 × 109 I y N
L2e (3.6) 2
bf ec eb f
e = 6 mm c= = 2
2 r2 2ry
P ec π P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
ec
Shape A(10−6 m 2 ) b f (mm) I y (10−6 m 4 ) ry (mm) Pcr (kN) σ max (MPa)
r2
W200 × 41.7 5320 166 9.03 41.1 1375 0.2948 91.9
W200 × 26.6 3390 133 3.32 31.2 505.7 0.4099 256
W200 × 35.9 4570 165 7.62 40.9 1161 0.2959 109.6 ←
W200 × 31.3 3970 134 4.07 32.0 619.3 0.3926 174.7
σ max = 109.6 MPa < 120 MPa Use W200 × 35.9. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.55
Axial loads of magnitude P = 175 kN are applied parallel to the geometric

axis of a W250 × 44.8 rolled-steel column AB and intersect the axis at a
distance e = 12 mm from its geometric axis. Knowing that σ Y = 250 MPa
and E = 200 GPa, determine the factor of safety with respect to yield.
(Hint: Since the factor of safety must be applied to the load P, not to the
stresses, use Fig. 10.23 to determine PY .)
SOLUTION
For W250 × 44.8, A = 5700 mm 2 ry = 34.8 mm

Le = 3800 mm L e /r = 108.26
bf 148
c= = = 74 mm e = 12 mm
2 2
ec (12)(74)
2
= = 0.73325
r (34.8)2
ec
Using Fig 10.23 with Le /r = 108.26 and = 0.73325,
r2
PY /A = 93 MPa = 93 × 106 N/m 2
PY = APY /A = (5700 × 10−6 )(93 × 106 ) = 530 × 103 N = 530 kN

P 530
F .S . = Y = F .S . = 3.02 
P 175
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.56
Solve Prob. 10.55, assuming that e = 0.16 mm and P = 155 kN.
PROBLEM 10.55 Axial loads of magnitude P = 175 kN are applied

parallel to the geometric axis of a W250 × 44.8 rolled-steel column AB and
intersect the axis at a distance e = 12 mm from its geometric axis. Knowing
that σ Y = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa, , determine the factor of safety with
respect to yield. (Hint: Since the factor of safety must be applied to the
load P, not to the stresses, use Fig. 10.23 to determine PY .)
SOLUTION
For W250 × 44.8, A = 5700 mm 2 ry = 34.8 mm

Le = 3800 mm L e /r = 108.26
bf 148
c= = = 74 mm e = 16 mm
2 2
ec (16)(74)
2
= = 0.97767
r (34.8)2
ec
Using Fig 10.23 with Le /r = 108.26 and = 0.97767,
r2
PY /A = 84 MPa = 84 × 106 N/m 2
PY = A( PY /A) = (5700 × 10−6 )(84 × 106 ) = 479 × 103 N = 479 kN
PY 479
F .S . = = F .S . = 3.09 
P 155
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.57
Using allowable stress design determine the allowable centric load for a column of 6-m effective length that is
made from the following rolled-steel shape: (a) W200 × 35.9 , (b) W200 × 86. Use σ Y = 250 MPa and
E = 200 GPa. .
SOLUTION
Steel: σ Y = 250 MPa E = 200 × 103 MPa
E
Transition L/r : 4.71 = 133.22
σY
(a) W200 × 35.9: A = 4570 × 10−6 m 2 ry = 40.9 × 10−3 m
Le 6
= = 146.70 > 133.22
ry 40.9 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 103 )
σe = 2
= = 91.72 MPa
( Le /ry ) (146.70)2
σ cr (0.877)(91.72)
σ all = = = 48.17 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (48.17 × 106 )(4570 × 10−6 ) Pall = 220 kN 
(b) W200 × 86: A = 11, 000 × 10−6 m 2 ry = 53.3 × 10−3 m
Le 6
= = 112.57 < 133.22
ry 53.3 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 103 )
σe = = = 155.77 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (112.57) 2
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.658250/155.77 ](250) = 76.47 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (76.47 × 106 )(11,000 × 10−6 ) Pall = 841 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.58
A W8 × 31 rolled-steel shape is used for a column of 21-ft effective length. Using allowable stress design,
determine the allowable centric load if the yield strength of the grade of steel used is (a) σ Y = 36 ksi,
(b) σ Y = 50 ksi. Use E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
Steel: E = 29000 ksi W8 × 31: A = 9.12 in 2 rmin = 2.02 in.

Le = 21 ft = 252 in. Le /r = 124.75
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 18.391 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (124.75) 2
E
(a) σ Y = 36 ksi. Transition ( L/r ): 4.71 = 133.68 > 124.75
σY
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.65836 /18.391](36) = 9.501 ksi
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (9.501)(9.12) Pall = 86.6 kips 
E
(b) σ Y = 50 ksi. Transition ( L / r ) : 4.71 = 113.43 < 124.75
σY
σ cr (0.877)(18.391)
σ all = = = 9.658 ksi
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (9.658)(9.12) Pall = 88.1 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.59
A steel pipe having the cross section shown is used as a column. Using the
allowable stress design, determine the allowable centric load if the effective
length of the column is (a) 18 ft, (b) 26 ft. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and
E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
do
co = = 3.0 in. ci = co − t = 2.72 in.
2
( )
A = π co2 − ci2 = 5.0316 in 2
π
I =
4
(c 4
o )
− ci4 = 20.627 in 4 r =
I
A
= 2.0247 in.
F 29000
Steel: E = 29000 ksi 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
σY 36
(a) Le = 18 ft = 216 in.
216
Le /r = = 106.68 < 133.68
2.0247
π 2F π 2 (29000)
σe = 2
= = 25.1496 ksi
( Le/r ) (106.68) 2
σ cr = [0.658σ Y /σ e ]σ Y = [0.65836 / 25.1496 ](36) = 19.77 ksi

19.77
σ all = = 11.84 ksi
1.67
Pall = (11.84)(5.0316) ⋅ 59.6 kips 
(b) Le = 26 ft = 312 in.
Le /r = 154.09 > 133.68
π 2 (29000)
σe = = 12.054 ksi
(154.09) 2
0.877σ e 0.877(12.054)
σ all = = = 6.33 ksi
1.67 1.67
Pall = (6.33)(5.0316) = 31.9 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.60
A column is made from half of a W360 × 216 rolled-steel shape, with

the geometric properties as shown. Using allowable stress design,
determine the allowable centric load if the effective length of the
column is (a) 4.0 m, (b) 6.5 m. Use σ Y = 345 MPa and
E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
I min 26.0 × 106

r = = = 43.485 mm
A 13.75 × 103
= 43.485 × 10−3 m
A = 13.75 × 10−3 m 2
E 200 × 109
Transition L/r: 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.4
σY 345 × 106
Le 4.0
(a) Le = 4.0 m. = = 91.987 < 113.4
r 43.485 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 233.28 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (91.987) 2
1 1
σ all = σ cr = [0.658345 / 233.28 ](345) = 111.2 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (111.2 × 106 )(13.75 × 10−3 ) Pall = 1530 kN 
Le 6.5
(b) Le = 6.5m. = = 149.48 > 113.4
r 43.485 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 88.3 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (149.48)2
1 1
σ all = σ cr = [(0.877)(88.3)] = 46.39 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (46.39 × 106 )(13.75 × 10−3 ) Pall = 638 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.61
A compression member has the cross section shown and an effective

length of 5 ft. Knowing that the aluminum alloy used is 2014-T6,
determine the allowable centric load.
SOLUTION
bo = 4.0 in. bi = bo − 2t = 3.25 in.

A = (4.0) 2 − (3.25) 2 = 5.4375 in 2
1
I = [(4.0) 4 − (3.25) 4 ] = 12.036 in 4
12
I 12.036
r = = = 1.488 in. Le = 5 ft = 60 in.
A 5.4375
L 60
= = 40.33 < 55 for 2014-T6 aluminum alloy.
r 1.488
σ all = 30.9 − 0.229( L / r ) = 30.9 − (0.229)(40.33) = 21.66 ksi
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.62
Using the aluminum alloy 2014-T6, determine the largest allowable length of
the aluminum bar AB for a centric load P of magnitude (a) 150 kN,
(b) 90 kN, (c) 25 kN.
SOLUTION
Cross section: A = bh = (50 mm)(20 mm) = 1000 mm 2 = 1 × 10−3 m 2

1 3 1
I min = bh = (50 mm)(20 mm) 2 = 33.333 × 103 mm 4
12 12
r = I min /A = (33.333 × 103 )/(1 × 103 ) = 5.7735 mm
2014-T6 aluminum alloy:

P 150 × 103
(a) P = 150 kN: σ all = = = 150 × 106 Pa = 150 MPa
A 1 × 10−3
L  L
Assume < 55. σ all =  213 − 1.577  MPa = 150 MPa
r  r 
L 213 − 150
= = 39.95 < 55 (Assumption is verified.)
r 1.577
L = 39.95 r = (39.95)(5.7735) L = 231 mm 
P 90 × 103
(b) P = 90 kN: σ all = = = 90 × 106 Pa = 90 MPa
A 1 × 10−3
L  L
Assume < 55. σ all =  213 − 1.577  MPa = 90 MPa
r  r 
L 213 − 90
= = 78.00 > 55 (Assumption is wrong.)
r 1.577
382 × 103
σ all = MPa = 90 MPa
( L /r ) 2
L 382 × 103
= = 65.149
r 90
without permission.
L = 65.149 r = (65.149)(5.7735) L = 376 mm 
P 25 × 103
(c) P = 25 kN: σ all = = = 25 × 106 Pa = 25 MPa
A 1 × 10−3
382 × 103
For L /r > 55 , σ all = MPa
( L /r ) 2
382 × 103
L /r = = 123.61
25
L = 123.61 r = (123.61)(5.7735) L = 714 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.63
A sawn lumber column with a 7.5 × 5.5-in. cross section has an 18-ft effective length. Knowing that for the
grade of wood used the adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain is σ C = 1200 psi and
that the adjusted modulus is E = 470 × 103 psi, determine the maximum allowable centric load for the column.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c = 0.8 σ C = 1200 psi E = 470 × 103 psi

A = (7.5)(5.5) = 41.25 in 2 d = 5.5 in. L = 18ft = 216 in.
L /d = 216 / 5.5 = 39.273
0.822 E (0.822)(470 × 103 )

σ CE = = = 250.49 psi
( L/d )2 (39.273) 2
σ CE /σ C = 0.20874
1 + σ CE /σ C 1.20874
u= = = 0.75546
2c (2)(0.8)
σ /σ
v = CE C = 0.26093
c
CP = u − u 2 − v = 0.19887
σ all = CPσ C = (0.19877)(1200) = 238.6 psi
Pall = σ all A = (238.6)(41.25) = 9.84 × 103 lb Pall = 9.84 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.64
A column having a 3.5-m effective length is made of sawn lumber with a 114 × 140-mm cross section.
Knowing that for the grade of wood used the adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain is
σ C = 7.6 MPa and the adjusted modulus is E = 2.8 GPa, determine the maximum allowable centric load for
the column.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c = 0.8 σ C = 7.6 MPa E = 2800 MPa
A = (114)(140) = 15960 mm 2
= 15960 × 10−6 m 2
d = 114 mm = 114 × 10−3 m
L/d = 3.5 /114 × 10−3 = 30.70

0.822 E (0.822)(2800)
σ CE = = = 2.442 MPa
( L/ d ) 2 (30.70) 2
σ CE
= 0.32132
σC
1 + σ CE /σ C 1 + 0.32132
u= = = 0.82583
2c (2)(0.8)
σ /σ
v = CE C = 0.40165
c
CP = u − u 2 − v = 0.29635
σ all = CPσ C = (0.29635)(7.6) = 2.252 MPa
Pall = σ all A = (2.252 × 106 )(15960 × 10−6 ) Pall = 35.9 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.65
A compression member of 8.2-ft effective length is obtained by bolting together

two L5 × 3 × 12 -in. steel angles as shown. Using allowable stress design, determine the
allowable centric load for the column. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
1
For one 5 × 3 × -in. steel angle, Appendix C gives
2
A = 3.75 in 2
I x = 9.43 in 4 , rx = 1.58 in, y = 1.74 in.
I y = 2.55 in 4 , ry = 0.824 in., x = 0.746 in.
For the column made using the two angles as shown,

A = (2)(3.75) = 7.50 in 2 , I min = (2)(2.55) = 5.10 in 4
L 98.4
r = 0.824 in. L = 8.2 ft = 98.4 in. = = 119.42
r 0.824
Steel: E = 29000 ksi, σ Y = 36 ksi
L E 29000
Transition: = 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
r σY 36
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 20.070 ksi
( L / r )2 (119.42) 2
σY / σ e
σ cr = [0.658 ]σ Y = [0.658(36 / 20.070) ](36) = 16.992 ksi
σ cr 16.992
σ all = = = 10.175 ksi
1.67 1.67
Allowable centric load: Pall = σ all A
Pall = (10.175)(7.50) Pall = 76.3 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.66
A compression member of 9-m effective length is obtained by welding two 10-mm-thick steel
plates to a W250 × 80 rolled-steel shape as shown. Knowing that σ Y = 345 MPa and
E = 200 GPa and using allowable stress design, determine the allowable centric load for the
compression member.
SOLUTION
For W250 × 80, A = 10, 200 mm 2 , d = 257 mm, b f = 254 mm

I x = 126 × 106 mm 4 , I y = 42.9 × 106 mm 4
For one plate, A = (254)(10) = 2540 mm 2

2
1  257 10 
Ix = (254)(10)3 + (2540)  +  = 45.290 × 106 mm 4
12  2 2
1
Iy = (10)(254)3 = 13.656 × 106 mm 4
12
For column, A = 10, 200 + (2)(2540) = 15280 mm 2 = 15.28 × 10−3 m 2

I x = 126 × 106 + (2)(45.2900 × 106 ) = 216.55 × 106 mm 4
I y = 42.9 × 106 + (2)(13.656 × 106 ) = 70.212 × 106 mm 4 = I min
I min 70.212 × 106

r = = = 67.787 mm = 67.787 × 10−3 m
A 15280
Le 9
= = 132.768
r 67.787 × 10−3
E 200 × 109
Steel: Transition L/r : 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.40 < 132.768
σY 345 × 106
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 111.98 MPa
( L/ r ) 2 (132.768) 2
σ cr 0.877σ e
σ all = = = 58.805 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (58.805 × 106 )(15.28 × 10−3 ) Pall = 899 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.67
A compression member of 9-m effective length is obtained by welding two 10-mm-thick

steel plates to a W250 × 80 rolled-steel shape as shown. Knowing that σ Y = 345 MPa and
E = 200 GPa and using allowable stress design, determine the allowable centric load for the
compression member.
SOLUTION
For W250 × 80, A = 10200 mm 2 , d = 257 mm, b f = 254 mm

I x = 126 × 106 mm 4 , I y = 42.9 × 106 mm 4
For one plate, A = (257)(10) = 2570 mm 4

1
Ix = (10)(257)3 = 14.145 × 106 mm 4
12
2
1  254 10 
Iy = (257)(10)3 + (2570)  +  = 44.801 × 106 mm 4
12  2 2
For column, A = 10200 + (2)(2570) = 15.34 × 103 mm 2 = 15.34 × 10−3 m 2

I x = 126 × 106 + (2)(14.145 × 106 ) = 154.29 × 106 mm 4
I y = 42.9 × 106 + (2)(44.801 × 106 ) = 132.50 × 106 mm 4 = I min
I min 132.50 × 106

r = = 3
= 92.938 mm = 92.938 × 10−3 m
A 15.34 × 10
Le 9
= = 96.838
r 92.938 × 10−3
E 200 × 109
Steel: Transition L/r : 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.40 > 96.838
σY 345 × 106
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 210.49 MPa
( L/ r ) 2 (96.838) 2
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.658345 / 210.49 ](345) = 104.03 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (104.03 × 106 )(15.34 × 10−3 ) Pall = 1596 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.68
A column of 18-ft effective length is obtained by connecting four
L3 × 3 × 83 -in. steel angles with lacing bars as shown. Using
allowable stress design, determine the allowable centric load for
the column. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
For one 3 × 3 × 3
8
angle, A = 2.11 in 2 , I = 1.75 in 4 , x = 0.884 in.
For the fabricated column cross section,
A = (4)(2.11) = 8.44 in 2
 8  
2
I = 4 1.75 + (2.11)  − 0.844   = 88.948 in 4
 2  
r = I /A = 88.948 / 8.44 = 3.246 in.
Le 216
Le = 18ft = 216 in. = = 66.54
r 3.246
Steel: E = 29000 ksi, σ Y = 36 ksi
L E 29000
Transition : 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
r σY 36
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = 2
= = 64.65 ksi
( Le / r ) (66.54) 2
σ cr = [0.658σ Y / σ e ]σ Y = [0.658(36 / 64.65) ](36) = 28.52 ksi
σ cr 28.52
σ all = = = 17.075 ksi
1.67 1.67
Allowable load: Pall = Aσ all = (8.44)(17.075)
Pall = 144.1 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.69
An aluminum structural tube is reinforced by bolting two plates to it

as shown for use as a column of 1.7-m effective length. Knowing
that all material is aluminum alloy 2014-T6, determine the
maximum allowable centric load.
SOLUTION
bo = 6 + 8 + 34 + 8 + 6 = 62 mm
bi = 34 mm
ho = 8 + 54 + 8 = 70 mm
hi = 54 mm
A = boho − bi hi = (62)(70) − (34)(54)

= 2.504 × 103 mm 2 = 2.504 × 10−3 m 2
1  3 1
Ix =  bo ho − bi hi3  = [(62)(70)3 − (34)(54)3 ]
12 12
= 1.32602 × 106 mm 4
1  3 1
Iy = hobo − hibi3  = [(70)(62)3 − (54)(34)3 ] = 1.21337 × 106 mm 4 = I min
12  12
I min 1.21337 × 106
r = = = 22.013 mm = 22.013 × 10−3 m L = 1.7 m
A 2.504 × 103
L 1.7
= = 77.23 > 55 aluminum alloy 2014-T6)
r 22.013 × 10−3
382 × 103 382 × 103
σ all = = = 64.05 MPa
( L/ r ) 2 77.232
 Pall = σ all A = (64.05 × 106 )(2.504 × 10−3 ) = 160.4 × 103 N  Pall = 160.4 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.70
A rectangular column with a 4.4-m effective length is made of glued

laminated wood. Knowing that for the grade of wood used the adjusted
allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain is σ C = 8.3 MPa and
the adjusted modulus is E = 4.6 GPa, determine the maximum
allowable centric load for the column.
SOLUTION
Glued laminated column: c = 0.9 E = 4600 MPa

A = (216)(140) = 30240 mm 2
= 30240 × 10−6 m 2
d = 140 mm = 140 × 10−3 m
L = 4.4 m
L 4.4
= = 31.429
d 140 × 10−3
0.822 E (0.822)(4600)
σ CE = = = 3.8281 MPa
( L/d )2 (31.429) 2
σ CE 3.8281
= = 0.46121
σC 8.3
1 + σ CE /σ C 1.46121
u= = = 0.81178
2c (2)(0.9)
σ /σ
v = CE C = 0.51246
c
C p = u − u 2 − v = 0.42908
σ all = C pσ C = (0.42908)(8.3) = 3.5614 MPa
Pall = σ all A = (3.5614 × 106 )(30240 × 10−6 ) Pall = 107.7 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.71
For a rod made of the aluminum alloy 2014-T6, select the smallest square cross section that
may be used if the rod is to carry a 55-kip centric load.
SOLUTION
1 4
Square cross section: A = d 2, I = d , L = 20 in.
12
I d L 20 12 69.282
r = = =
A 12 r d d
L
2014-T6 aluminum alloy: Assume < 55.
r
L 15.866
σ all = 30.9 − 0.229 ksi = 30.9 − ksi
r d
Pall = σ all A = 30.9 d 2 − 15.866 d kips
But P = 55 kips: 30.9 d 2 − 15.866 d = 55
d 2 − 0.51346 d − 1.7799 = 0
0.51346 ± (0.51346) 2 − (4)(−1.7799)

d =
2
= 0.25673 ± 1.35861 d = 1.6153 in.
L 69.282
= = 43.89 < 55 as required.
d 1.6153
d = 1.615 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.72
An aluminum tube of 90-mm outer diameter is to carry a centric load of

120 kN. Knowing that the stock of tubes available for use are made of alloy
2014-T6 and with wall thicknesses in increments of 3 mm from 6 mm to
15 mm, determine the lightest tube that can be used.
SOLUTION
L = 2250 mm, P = 120 × 103 N ro = 45 mm

π
ri = ro − t (
A = π ro2 − ri2 ) I =
4
(r o
4
− ri4 )
r = I/A
For 2014-T6 aluminum alloy,
σ all = 213 − 1.577 (L /r ) MPa if L/r < 55
382 × 103
σ all = MPa if L/r > 55
( L /r ) 2
Pall = σ all A
Calculate Pall for each thickness.
T ri A I R L/r σ all Pall

mm mm mm2 106 mm 4 mm MPa kN
6 39 1583 1.404 29.78 75.56 66.91 105.9
→ 9 36 2290 1.901 28.82 78.08 62.66 143.5 ←
12 33 2941 2.289 27.90 80.65 58.73 172.7
15 30 3534 2.584 27.04 83.20 55.18 195.0
Since Pall must be greater than 120 kN, use t = 9 mm. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.73
A 72-kN centric load must be supported by an aluminum column as shown. Using the
aluminum alloy 6061-T6, determine the minimum dimension b that can be used.
SOLUTION
Rectangular cross section 2b × b : A = 2b 2
(2b)b3 b4 I min b
I min = = , r = = , L = 0.45m
12 6 A 12
L 0.45 12 1.5588
= =
b b b
L
6061-T6 aluminum alloy: Assume < 66
r
 L  (0.874)(1.5588)  6
σ all = 140 − 0.874  MPa = 140 −  (10 ) Pa
 r  b 
1.3624 × 106
= 140 × 106 − Pa
b
Pall = σ all A = 280 × 106 b 2 − 2.7248 × 106 b N
But P = 72 kN = 72 × 103 N
280 × 106 b 2 − 2.7248 × 106 b = 72 × 103

b 2 − 0.0097314 b − 0.00025714 = 0
0.0097314 (0.0097314) 2 − (4)(−0.00025714)

b= ±
2 2
= 0.0048658 ± 0.0167575 b = 0.02162 m
L 1.5588
= = 72.09 > 66 (Assumption is false.)
b 0.02162
without permission.
354 × 103 354 × 103 2

Use σ all = MPa = b MPa
( L / r )2 (1.5588) 2
= 145.688 × 103 MPa = 145.688 × 109 Pa
Pall = σ all A = (145.688 × 109 )(2b 2 ) = 291.375 × 109 b 4 N
But P = 72 × 103 N
291.375 × 109 b 4 = 72 × 103 b = 0.0223 m
L 1.5588
= = 69.9 > 66 b = 22.3 mm 
r 0.0223
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.74
The glued laminated column shown is free at its top A and fixed at its base B.
Using wood that has an adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the
grain σ C = 9.2 MPa and an adjusted modulus of elasticity E = 5.7 GPa, determine
the smallest cross section that can support a centric load of 62 kN.
SOLUTION
Glued laminated column: c = 0.9 E = 5700 MPa
Le = 2 L = (2)(2) = 4 m = 4000 mm
σ C = 9.2 MPa
A = d2 Pall = 62000 N
Le /d = 4000/d with d in mm.
σ all = σ C CP
Assume CP . σ all = 9.2 CP (MPa)
Pall 62000 249

d= = =
σ all σ all σ all
0.822 E (0.822)(5700) 4685

σ CE = = = (MPa)
( L/ d ) 2 ( L/ d ) 2 ( L/d )2
2
1 + σ CE /σ C  1 + σ CE /σ C  σ CE /σ C
Checking: CP = −   −
2c  2c  c
without permission.
Calculations are carried out in the following table:
CP (assumed) σ all (MPa) d(mm) L/d σ CE (MPa) σ CE /σ C CP (calc.) ΔCP
0.5 4.6 116.1 34.45 3.948 0.4291 0.4021 −0.0979

0.4 3.68 129.8 30.82 4.932 0.5361 0.4892 +0.0892
0.448 4.122 121.7 32.87 4.336 0.4713 0.4373 −0.0107
0.443 4.076 123.3 32.44 4.452 0.4839 0.4476 +0.0046
.0046
Using interpolation, CP = 0.443 + (0.005) = 0.4445
.0153
σ all = (0.4445)(9.2) = 4.0894 MPa
249
d= = 123.1 mm d = 123.1 mm 
4.0894
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.75
An 18-kip centric load is applied to a rectangular sawn lumber column of 22-ft effective
length. Using sawn lumber for which the adjusted allowable stress for compression
parallel to the grain is σ C = 1050 psi and the adjusted modulus is E = 440 × 103 psi,
determine the smallest cross section that can be used. Use b = 2d .
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c = 0.8 L = 22 ft = 264 in.
σ CE (0.822) E
=
σ C σ C ( L/d )2
(0.822)(440 × 103 )d 2
=
(1050)(264) 2
= 4.9423 × 10−3 d 2
d
Let x=
6 in.
where 6 in. is a reference value for d.
σ CE
= 0.17792 x 2
σC
1 + σ CE /σ C 1 + 0.17792 x 2
u= =
2c 1.6
σ CE /σ C
v= = 0.2224 x 2
c
2
1 + 0.17792 x 2
2  1 + 0.17792 x 2  2
CP = u − u − v = −   − 0.2224 x
1.6  1.6 
Pall = σ all A = (CPσ C )(bd ) = CPσ C (2d 2 )

= CP (1050)(72 x 2 ) = 75600 CP x 2
without permission.
Determine Pall for various values of x.
x u v CP Pall (lb)
1.0 0.73620 0.22240 0.17087 12920
1.2 0.78513 0.32026 0.24092 26227
1.1 0.75955 0.26910 0.20473 18729
1.09 0.75712 0.26423 0.20124 18075
1.089 0.75687 0.26374 0.20089 18011
Pall = 18 kips
= 18000 lb
For Pall = 18000 lb x = 1.089
d = (1.089)(6 in.) d = 6.53 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.76
A glue laminated column of 3-m effective length is to be made

from boards of 24 × 100-mm cross section. Knowing that for the
grade of wood used, E = 11 GPa and the adjusted allowable
stress for compression parallel to the grain is σ C = 9 MPa,
determine the number of boards that must be used to support the
centric load shown when (a) P = 34 kN, (b) P = 17 kN.
SOLUTION
One board: A1 = (100)(24) = 2400 mm 2 = 2.4 × 10−3 m 2
n boards: A = (2.4 × 10−3 )n
1 to 4 boards: d = 24n mm = 24 × 10−3 n m
L 3 3 125
= = =
d 24 × 10−3 24 × 10−3 n
L
Since < 50, n≥3
d
5 or more boards: d = 100 mm = 0.1 m
L 3
= = 30
d 0.1
Since n ≥ 3 , the column is laminated.
c = 0.9 K CE = 0.418
For 3 or 4 boards,
K CE E (0.418)(11 × 109 ) n 2
σ CE = =
( L / d )2 (125) 2
= 294.272 × 103 n 2 Pa
294.272 × 103 n 2
σ CE / σ C = = 32.697 × 10−3 n2
9 × 106
(0.418)(11 × 109 )
For 5 or more boards, σ CE = 2
= 5.1089 × 106 Pa
(30)
5.1089 × 106
σ CE / σ C = = 0.56765
9 × 106
without permission.
1 + σ CE / σ C σ CE / σ C
Let u = and v= .
2c c
Then CP = u − u 2 − v σ all = σ C CP = 9 × 106 CP
n u v CP σ all (MPa) A(m 2 ) Pall (kN)
3 0.71904 0.36330 0.32697 2.9477 7.2 × 10−3 21.19

−3
4 0.84619 0.58128 0.47910 4.3119 9.6 × 10 41.39
n≥5 0.87092 0.63072 0.51345 4.6210 2.4 × 10−3 n 11.09 n
(a) P = 34 kN: Use 4 boards. 
(b) P = 17 kN: Use 3 boards. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.77
A column of 4.5-m effective length must carry a centric load of 900 kN. Knowing that σ Y = 345 MPa and
E = 200 GPa, use allowable stress design to select the wide-flange shape of 250-mm nominal depth that
should be used.
SOLUTION
L E 200 × 109
Transition : 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.40
r σY 345 × 106
σY A 1.67 P (1.67)(900 × 103 )

P< A> = = 4357 × 10−6 m 2 = 4357 mm 2
1.67 σY 345 × 106
σ cr A 0.877π 2 EI min
P< =
1.67 1.67 L2e
1.67 PL2e (1.67)(900 × 103 )(4.5) 2
I min > 2
= = 17.58 × 10−6 m 4 = 17.58 × 106 mm 4
0.877π E 0.877π 2 (200 × 109 )
Try W250 × 58. A = 7420 mm 2 , ry = 50.3 mm
Le 4.5
= = 89.46 < 113.40
r 50.3 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 246.64 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (89.46)2
σ cr = (0.658σ Y /σ e )σ Y = [0.658345/246.64 ](345) = 192.11 MPa
σ cr A (192.11 × 106 )(7420 × 10−6 )
Pall = = = 854 kN < 900 kN
1.67 1.67
(not acceptable)
Try W250 × 67. A = 8580 mm 2 , ry = 51.1 mm
Le 4.5
= = 88.063 < 113.40
r 51.1 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 254.53 MPa
( Le /r )2 (88.063) 2
σ cr = (0.658σ Y /σ e )σ Y = [0.658345 / 254.53 ](345) = 195.63 MPa
σ cr A (195.63 × 106 )(8580 × 10−6 )
Pall = = = 1005 kN > 900 kN
1.67 1.67
(acceptable)
Use W250 × 67. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.78
A column of 4.6-m effective length must carry a centric load of 525 kN. Knowing that σ Y = 345 MPa and
E = 200 GPa, use allowable stress design to select the wide-flange shape of 200-mm nominal depth that
should be used.
SOLUTION
L E 200 × 109
Transition : 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.40
r σY 345 × 106
σY A 1.67 P (1.67)(525 × 103 )

P< A> = = 2.541 × 10−3 m 2 = 2541 mm 2
1.67 σY 345 × 106
0.877π 2 EI min
P<
1.67 L2e
1.67 PL2e (1.67)(525 × 103 )(4.6)2
I min > 2
= = 10.72 × 106 m 4 = 10.72 × 10−6 mm 4
0.877π E 0.877π 2 (200 × 109 )
Try W200 × 46.1. A = 5880 mm 2 , I min = 15.4 × 106 mm 4 , r = 51.3 mm
Le 4.6
= = 89.67 < 113.40
r 51.1 × 10−3
π 2E
σe = = 245.50 MPa
( Le /r )2
σ cr = (0.658σ Y /σ e )σ Y = [0.658345 / 245.50 ](345) = 191.589 MPa
σ cr A (191.589 × 106 )(5880 × 10−6 )
Pall = = = 675 kN > 525 kN
1.67 1.67
All lighter sections fail the minimum moment of inertia criterion. Use W200 × 46.1. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.79
A column of 22.5-ft effective length must carry a centric load of 288 kips. Using allowable stress design, select
the wide flange shape of 14-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use σ Y = 50 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
Preliminary calculations.
σY A 1.67 P (1.67)(288)
P< A> = = 9.62 in 2
1.67 σY 50
Le = 22.5 ft = 270 in. E = 29000 ksi
0.877π 2 EI min 1.67 PL2e (1.67)(288)(270) 2

P< I min > = = 139.7 in 4
1.67 L2 0.877π 2 E 0.877π 2 (29000)
Le E 29000
Transition : 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.43
r σY 50
Try W14 × 82. A = 24.0 in 2 , I min = 148 in 4 , r = 2.48 in.
Le 270
= = 108.87 < 113.43
r 2.48
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 24.148 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (108.87) 2
σ cr = (0.658σ Y /σ e )σ Y = [0.65850/24.148 ](50) = 21.018 ksi
σ cr A (21.018)(24.1)
Pall = = = 302 kips > 288 kips
1.67 1.67
Use W14 × 82. 
All lighter 14-in. wide flange shapes fail the minimum moment of inertia criterion.
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.80
A square steel tube having the cross section shown is used as a column of 26-ft
effective length to carry a centric load of 65 kips. Knowing that the tubes available
for use are made with wall thicknesses ranging from 14 in. to 34 in. in increments of
1
16
in., use allowable stress design to determine the lightest tube that can be used.
Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
bo = 6 in. bi = bo − 2t A = bo2 − bi2

1 4
I= (bo − bi4 )
12
Le = 26 ft = 312 in. P = 65 kips
σ Y = 36 ksi E = 29 × 106 psi = 29 × 103 ksi
Transition Le /r :
E 29000
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
σY 36
1
Try t = in. = 0.5 in. bi = 5.0 in. A = 62 − 5.02 = 11 in 2
2
1
I= [(6)4 − (5.0)4 ] = 55.9167 in 4
12
I
r= = 2.2546 in.
A
Le 312
= = 138.382 > 133.68
r 2.2546
0.877π 2 E (0.877)π 2 (29000)
σ cr = = = 13.108 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (138.382) 2
σ cr A (13.108)(11)
Pall = = = 86.34 kips
1.67 1.67
Pall is approximately proportional to t.
t 65
= t ≈ 0.3765 in.
0.5 86.34
without permission.
3
Try t = in. = 0.375 in. bi = 5.25 in. A = 8.4375 in 2
8
1
I= [(6)4 − (5.25)4 ] = 44.6924 in 4
12
I
r= = 2.3015 in.
A
Le 312
= = 135.564 > 133.68
r 2.3015
0.877π 2 E
σ cr = = 13.659 ksi
( Le /r )2
σ cr A (13.659) (8.4375)
Pall = = = 69.0 kips > 65 kips Use t = 3/8 in. 
1.67 1.67
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.81
Solve Prob. 10.80, assuming that the effective length of the column is decreased to
20 ft.
PROBLEM 10.80 A square structural tube having the cross section shown is used as a
column of 26-ft effective length to carry a centric load of 65 kips. Knowing that the
1 3
tubes available for use are made with wall thicknesses ranging from 4
in. to 4
in. in
1
increments of 16
in., use allowable stress design to determine the lightest tube that can
be used. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
bo = 6 in. bi = bo − 2t A = bo2 − bi2
I =
1 4
12
(
bo − bi4 )
Le = 20 ft = 240 in. P = 65 kips
σ Y = 36 ksi E = 29 × 106 psi = 29 × 103 ksi
L E
Steel: Transition : 4.71 = 133.68
r σY
1
Try t = in. = 0.5 in. bi = 5.0 in. A = 62 − 5.02 = 11 in 2
2
1
I = [(6)4 − (5.0) 4 ] = 55.9167 in 4
12
I
r = = 2.2546 in.
A
Le 240
= = 106.449 < 133.68
r 2.2546
π 2E π 2 (29 × 103 )
σe = = = 25.262 ksi
( Le / r ) 2 (106.442)2
(
σ cr = 0.658
σY / σe
)σ Y = [0.65836/25.262 ](36) = 19.827 ksi
σ cr A (19.827)(11)
Pall = = = 130.60 kips
1.67 1.67
Pall is approximately proportional to t.
t 65
≈ t ≈ 0.249 in.
0.5 130.6
without permission.
1
Try t = in. = 0.25 in. bi = 5.5 in. A = 5.75 in 2
4
1 I
I = [(6)4 − (5.5)4 ] = 31.745 in 4 r = = 2.3496 in.
12 A
Le 240
= = 102.143 < 133.68
r 2.3496
π 2 (29 × 103 )
σe = = 27.433 ksi
(102.143)2
σ cr = [0.65836/27.433 ](36) = 20.786 ksi
(20.786)(5.75)
Pall = = 71.5 kips > 65 kips
1.67
Use t = 1/ 4 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.82
A centric load P must be supported by the steel bar AB. Using allowable stress design,
determine the smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be used when
(a) P = 108 kN, (b) P = 166 kN. Use σ Y = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
Le E 200 × 109
Transition : 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.22
r σY 250 × 106
1 1
Le = L = 1.4 m A = (3d )(d ) = 3d 2 I = (3d )(d )3 = d 4
12 4
I d
r = = = 0.288675d
A 12
Le
(a) P = 108 × 103 N. Assume > 133.22
r
0.877π 2 EI (1.67) Pall L2e 1

Pall = I = 2
= d4
1.67 0.877π E 4
(4)(1.67) PL2e (4)(1.67)(108 × 103 )(1.4)2
d4 = = = 816 × 10−9 m 4
0.877π 2 E (0.877π 2 )(200 × 109 )
d = 30.063 × 10−3 m r = 8.678 × 10−3 m
Le 1.4
= = 161.32 > 133.22 d = 30.1 mm 
r 8.678 × 10−3
without permission.
Le
(b) P = 166 × 103 N. Assume > 133.22
r
(4)(1.67)(166 × 103 )(1.4)2

d4 = = 1.25548 × 10−9 m 4
(0.877π 2 )(200 × 109 )
d = 33.474 × 10−3 m r = 9.663 × 10−3 m
Le 1.4
= = 144.88 > 133.22 d = 33.5 mm 
r 9.633 × 10−3
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.83
Two 3 12 × 2 12 -in. angles are bolted together as shown for use as a column of 6-ft
effective length to carry a centric load of 54 kips. Knowing that the angles
available have thickness of 14 , 83 , and 12 in., use allowable stress design to
determine the lightest angles that can be used. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and
E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
E = 29000 ksi Le = 6 ft = 72 in.
L E
Transition : 4.71 = 133.68
r σY
1 1 3
Try L3 × 2 × in. A = (2)(2.11) = 4.22 in 2
2 2 8
I x = (2)(2.56) = 5.12 in 4
I y = 2[1.09 + (2.11)(0.655) 2 ] = 3.990 in 4 = I min
I min 3.990
r = = = 0.9724 in.
A 4.22
Le 72
= = 74.042 < 133.68
r 0.9724
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = 2
= = 52.21 ksi
( Le / r ) (74.042) 2
σ cr = (0.658σ Y / σ e )σ Y = [0.65836/52.21](36) = 26.98 ksi
σ cr A (26.98)(4.22)
Pall = = = 68.2 kips > 54 kips (allowed)
1.67 1.67
1 1 1
Try L3 × 2 × in. A = (2)(1.44) = 2.88 in 2
2 2 4
I x = (2)(1.81) = 3.62 in 4
I y = (2)[0.775 + (1.44)(0.607) 2 ] = 2.611 in 4 = I min
I min 2.611
r = = = 0.9522 in.
A 2.88
without permission.
Le 72
= = 75.616 < 133.68
r 0.9522
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 50.058 ksi
( Le / r )2 (71.616)2
σ cr = [0.65836/50.058 ](36) = 26.64 ksi
σ cr A (26.64)(2.88)
Pall = = = 45.9 kips < 54 kips (not allowed)
1.67 1.67
1 1 3
Use L3 × 2 × in. 
2 2 8
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.84
Two 89 × 64-mm angles are bolted together as shown for use as a column of
2.4-m effective length to carry a centric load of 180 kN. Knowing that the angles
available have thickness of 6.4 mm, 9.5 mm, and 12.7 mm, use allowable stress
design to determine the lightest angles that can be used. Use σ Y = 250 MPa and
E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
L E
Transition : 4.71
r σY
200 × 109
4.71 = 133.22
250 × 106
Try L 89 × 64 × 9.5. A = (2)(1360) = 2720 mm 2 = 2720 × 10−6 mm
r = 18.2 mm = 18.2 × 10−3 m (ry in Appendix C )

Le /r = 2.4/18.2 × 10−3 = 131.9 < 133.22
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 113.51 MPa
( Le /r )2 (131.9) 2
σ cr = (0.658σ Y / σ e )σ Y = [0.658250 /113.51](250) = 99.45 MPa
σ cr A (99.45 × 106 )(2720 × 10−6 )
Pall = = = 162.0 kN < 180 kN
1.67 1.67
Do not use.
Try L 89 × 64 × 12.7. A = (2)(1770) = 3540 mm 2 = 3540 × 10−6 m 2
rx = 17.8 mm = 17.8 × 10−3 m

Le /r = 2.4 /17.8 × 10−3 = 134.83 > 133.22
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 108.58 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (134.83)2
σ cr = 0.877σ e = (0.877)(108.58) = 95.224 MPa
σ cr A (95.224 × 106 )(3540 × 10−6 )
Pall = = = 202 kN > 180 kN
1.67 1.67
Use L 89 × 64 × 12.7. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.85*
A column with a 5.8-m effective length supports a centric load, with a ratio of dead to live load equal to 1.35.
The dead load factor is γ D = 1.2, the live load factor γ L = 1.6, and the resistance factor ϕ = 0.90. Use load
and resistance factor design to determine the allowable centric dead and live loads if the column is made of
the following rolled steel shapes: (a) W250 × 67, (b) W360 × 101. Use σ Y = 345 MPa and E = 200 GPa.
SOLUTION
Transition L/r :
E 200 × 109
4.71 = 4.71 = 113.40
σY 345 × 106
(a) W250 × 67. A = 8580 mm 2 = 8580 × 10−6 m 2 ,

ry = 51.1 mm = 51.1 × 10−3 m
5.8
Le /ry = = 113.725 > 113.40
51.1 × 10−3
0.877π 2 E 0.877π 2 (200 × 109 )
σ cr = 2
= = 133.85 MPa
( Le /ry ) (113.725) 2
PU = Aσ cr = [8580 × 10−6 )(133.85 × 106 ) = 1.1484 × 106 N
PD PD
γ D PD + γ L PL = ϕ PU = 1.35 PL =
PL 1.35
PD
1.2 PD + 1.6 = (0.9)(1.1484 × 106 ) PD = 433 kN 
1.35
PL = 321 kN 
(b) W360 × 101. A = 12900 mm 2 = 12900 × 10−6 m 2

ry = 62.5 mm = 62.5 × 10−3 m
5.8
Le /ry = = 92.652 < 113.40
62.5 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 229.94 MPa
( Le /ry ) 2 (92.652) 2
σ cr = [0.658σ Y /σ e ]σ y = [0.658345/229.94 ](345) = 184.12 MPa
PU = Aσ cr = (12900 × 10−6 )(184.12 × 106 ) = 2.3751 × 106 N
γ D PD + γ L PL = ϕ PU
PD
1.2 PD + 1.6 = (0.90) (2.3751 × 106 ) PD = 896 kN 
1.35
 PL = 664 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.86*
A rectangular steel tube having the cross section shown is used as a column
of 14.5-ft effective length. Knowing that σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.,
use load and resistance factor design to determine the largest centric live
load that can be applied if the centric dead load is 54 kips. Use a dead load
factor γ D = 1.2, a live load factor γ L = 1.6, and the resistance factor
ϕ = 0.90.
SOLUTION
Le = 14.5 ft = 174 in.

 5 3
bo = 7 in. bi = 7 − (2)   = 6 in.
16
  8
 5 3
ho = 5 in. hi = 5 − (2)   = 4 in.
16
  8
 3  3 
A = (7)(5) −  6  4  = 7.109375 in 2
 8  8 
1   3  3  
3
I = (7)(5)3 −  6  4   = 28.42967 in 4
12   8  8  
I
r = = 1.99972 in.
A
Transition L/r:
E 29000
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
σY 36
Le 174
= = 87.012 < 133.68
r 1.99972
π 2E
σe = = 37.804 ksi
( Le /r ) 2
σ cr = [0.658σ Y /σ e ]σ Y = [0.65836/37.804 ](36) = 24.166 ksi
PU = Aσ cr = (7.109375)(24.166) = 171.804 kips
(1.2) (54) + (1.6) PL = (0.90) (17.804) PL = 56.1 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.87
A steel column of 5.5-m effective length must carry a centric dead load of 310 kN and a centric live load of
375 kN. Knowing that σ Y = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa, use load and resistance factor design to select the
wide flange shape of 310-mm nominal depth that should be used. The dead load factor is γ D = 1.2, the live
load factor is γ L = 1.6, and the resistance factor is ϕ = 0.90.
SOLUTION
L E 200 × 109
Transition : 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.22
r σY 250 × 106
Design criterion: γ D PD + γ L PL ≤ ϕ PU
γ D PD + γ L PL (1.2)(310) + (1.6)(375)
Required minimum PU : PU = = = 1080 kN
ϕ 0.90
Preliminary calculations:
PU 1080 × 103
PU < σ Y A A> = = 4.32 × 10−3 m 2 = 4320 mm 2
σY 250 × 106
2
0.877π EI y
PU <
L2e
PU L2e (1080 × 103 )(5.5)2
Iy > = = 18.87 × 10−6 m 4 = 18.87 × 106 mm 4
0.877π 2 E 0.877π 2 (200 × 109 )
Try W310 × 74. A = 9420 mm 2 I y = 23.4 × 106 mm 4 ry = 49.8 mm
Le 5.5
= = 110.44 < 133.22
ry 49.8 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 161.83 MPa
( Le /ry ) 2 (110.44) 2
σ cr = [0.658σ Y / σ e ]σ Y = [0.658250 /161.83 ](250) = 130.96 MPa
PU = Aσ cr = (9420 × 10−6 m 2 )(130.96 × 106 Pa) = 1234 kN > 1080 kN
(Acceptable)
The next lighter shape, W310 × 60, with I y = 18.3 × 106 mm 4 fails the moment of inertia criterion given
above.
Use W310 × 74. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.88*
The steel tube having the cross section shown is used as a column of 15-ft effective
length to carry a centric dead load of 51 kips and a centric live load of 58 kips.
Knowing that the tubes available for use are made with wall thicknesses in increments
of 161 in. from 163 in. to 83 in., use load and resistance factor design to determine the
lightest tube that can be used. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi. The dead load
factor is γ D = 1.2, the live load factor is γ L = 1.6, and the resistance factor is
ϕ = 0.90.
SOLUTION
Transition L/r :
E 29000
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
σY 36
Le = 15 ft = 180 in.
Required:
γ D PD + γ L PL (1.2)(51) + (1.6)(58)
PU = =
ϕ 0.90
= 171.11 kips
Try
1
t = in. = 0.25 in. bo = 6.0 in. bi = bo − 2t = 5.5 in.
4
A = bo2 − bi2 = (6)2 − (5.5)2 = 5.75 in 2
1 4 1
I = (bo − bi4 ) = [(6) 4 − (5.5) 4 ] = 31.74 in 4
12 12
I 31.74
r = = = 2.3496 in.
A 5.75
Le 180
= = 76.61 < 133.68
r 2.3496
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 48.767 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (76.61) 2
σ cr = [0.658σ Y /σ e ]σ Y = [0.65836 / 48.767 ](36) = 26.431 ksi
PU = Aσ cr = (5.75)(26.431) = 151.98 kips
< 171.11 kips
Thickness is too small.
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.88* (Continued)
Since PU is approximately proportional to thickness, the required thickness is approximately
treg PU (reg) 171.11

= = treg = 0.2815 in.
0.25 151.98 151.98
Try
5
t = in. = 0.3125 in. bi = 5.375 in.
16
A = 7.1094 in 2
I = 38.44 in 4 r = 2.3254 in.
Le
= 77.41 < 133.68
r
π 2 (29000)
σe = = 47.764 ksi
(77.41)2
σ cr = [0.65836/47.764 ](36) = 26.26 ksi
PU = (7.1094) (26.26) = 186.69 kips
5
> 171.11 kips Use t = in. 
16
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.89
An eccentric load is applied at a point 22 mm from the geometric axis of a

60-mm-diameter rod made of a steel for which σ Y = 250 MPa and
E = 200 GPa. Using the allowable-stress method, determine the allowable
load P.
SOLUTION
1
For the solid circular cross section, c= d = 30 mm = 0.030 m
2
A = π c 2 = π (0.030) 2 = 2.8274 × 10−3 m 2

π I 1
I = c4 r = = c = 0.015 m = 15 mm
4 A 2
L 1.2
L = 1.2 m = = 80
r 0.015
Steel: E = 200 × 103 MPa, σ Y = 250 MPa
L E 200 × 103
transition = 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.22
r σY 250
π 2E π 2 (200 × 103 )
σe = 2
= = 308.43 MPa
( L/ r ) (80) 2
σ cr = (0.658σ Y / σ e ) = [0.658250 / 308.43 ](250) = 178.07 MPa
σ cr
σ all = = 106.63 MPa
1.67
Eccentric loading: M = Pe e = 22 mm
P Mc  1 ec  P  ec 
σ all = + = P  +  = 1 + 2 
A I A I  A r 
P (22)(30)  P
= 1 + 2 
= 3.9333
A (15)  A
σ all A (106.63 × 106 )(2.8274 × 10−3 )
P= = = 76.7 × 103 N
3.9333 3.9333
Allowable load. P = 76.7 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.90
Solve Prob. 10.89, assuming that the load is applied at a point 40 mm from the
geometric axis and that the effective length is 0.9 m.
PROBLEM 10.89 An eccentric load is applied at a point 22 mm from the

geometric axis of a 60-mm-diameter rod made of a steel for which
σ Y = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Using the allowable-stress method,
determine the allowable load P.
SOLUTION
1
For the solid circular cross section, c= d = 30 mm = 0.030 m
2
A = π c 2 = π (0.030) 2 = 2.8274 × 10−3 m 2

π I 1
I = c4 r = = c = 0.015 m = 15 mm
4 A 2
L 0.9
L = 0.9 m = = 60
r 0.015
Steel: E = 200 × 103 MPa, σ Y = 250 MPa
L E 200 × 103
transition = 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.22
r σY 250
π 2E π 2 (200 × 103 )
σe = 2
= = 548.31 MPa
( L/r ) (60)2
σ cr = [0.658σ Y / σ e ] = [0.658(250 / 548.30) ](250) = 206.57 MPa
σ cr
σ all = = 123.69 MPa = 123.69 × 106 Pa
1.67
Eccentric loading: M = Pe e = 40 mm
P Mc  1 ec  P  ec 
σ all = + = P  +  = 1 + 2 
A I A I  A r 
P (40)(30)  P
= 1 + 2 
= 6.3333
A (15)  A
σ all A (123.69 × 106 )(2.8274 × 10−3 )
P= = = 55.2 × 103 N
6.3333 6.3333
Allowable load. P = 55.2 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.91
A column of 5.5-m effective length is made of the aluminum alloy

2014-T6, for which the allowable stress in bending is 220 MPa.
Using the interaction method, determine the allowable load P,
knowing that the eccentricity is (a) e = 0, (b) e = 40 mm.
SOLUTION
bo = 152 mm bi = bo − 2t = 122 mm
A = bo2 − bi2 = 8220 mm 2 = 8220 × 10−6 m 2
I =
1 4
12
( )
bo − bi4 = 26.02 × 106 mm 4
I
r = = 56.26 mm = 56.26 × 10−3 m
A
L 5.5
= = 97.76 > 55
r 56.26 × 10−3
382 × 103 382 × 103
σ all, c = = = 39.98 MPa for centric loading
( L/r )2 (97.76) 2
P Pec
+ =1
Aσ all, c I σ all, b
(a) e = 0: P = Aσ all, c = (8220 × 10−6 )(39.97 × 106 ) = 329 × 103 N P = 329 kN 

1
(b) e = 40 × 10−3 m: c= (152) = 76 mm = 76 × 10−3 m
2
P P(40 × 10−3 )(76 × 10−3 )

−6 6
+ −6 6
= 3.574 × 10−6 P = 1
(8220 × 10 )(39.98 × 10 ) (26.02 × 10 )(220 × 10 )
P = 279.8 × 103 N P = 280 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.92
Solve Prob. 10.91, assuming that the effective length of the column
is 3.0 m.
PROBLEM 10.91 A column of 5.5-m effective length is made of

the aluminum alloy 2014-T6, for which the allowable stress in
bending is 220 MPa. Using the interaction method, determine the
allowable load P, knowing that the eccentricity is (a) e = 0,
(b) e = 40 mm.
SOLUTION
bo = 152 mm bi = bo − 2t = 122 mm
A = bo2 − bi2 = 8220 mm 2 = 8200 × 10−6 m 2
I =
1 4
12
( )
bo − bi4 = 26.02 × 106 mm 4
I
r = = 56.26 mm = 56.26 × 10−3 m
A
L 3.0
= = 53.32 < 55 (2014 - T6 aluminum alloy)
r 56.26 × 10−3
σ all, c = 213 − 1.577( L/r ) = 213 − (1.577)(53.32) = 128.91 MPa
P Pec
+ =1
Aσ all, c I σ all, b
(a) e = 0: P = Aσ all, c = (8220 × 10−6 )(128.91 × 106 ) = 1060 × 103 N P = 1060 kN 

1
(b) e = 40 mm = 40 × 10−3 m: c= (152) = 76 mm = 76 × 10−3 m
2
P P(40 × 10−3 )(76 × 10−3 )

+ = 1.4747 × 10−6 P = 1
(8220 × 10−6 )(128.91 × 106 ) (26.02 × 10 −6 )(220 × 106 )
P = 678 × 103 N P = 678 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.93
A sawn-lumber column of 5.0 × 7.5-in. cross section has an effective

length of 8.5 ft. The grade of wood used has an adjusted allowable stress
for compression parallel to the grain σ C = 1180 psi and an adjusted
modulus E = 440 × 103 psi. Using the allowable-stress method, determine
the largest eccentric load P that can be applied when
(a) e = 0.5 in., (b) e = 1.0 in.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber:
c = 0.8
Le = 8.5 ft = 102 in.
b
b = 7.5 in. d = 5.0 in. c= = 3.75 in.
2
1
A = bd = (7.5)(5.0) = 37.5 in 2 Ix = (5.0) (7.5)3 = 175.78 in 4
12
L 102 0.822E (0.822) (440 × 103 )

= = 20.4 σ CE = = = 869.1 psi
d 5.0 ( L/ d ) 2 (20.4) 2
σ CE /σ C = 869.1/1180 = 0.73652
2
1 + σ CE /σ C  (1 + σ CE /σ C  σ CE /σ C
CP = −   − = 0.5777
2c  2c  c
σ all = σ C CP = (1180)(0.5777) = 681.7 psi
Pall Pall ec 1 ec
+ = σ all = B Pall where B = + .
A Ix A Ix
σ all
Pall =
B
1 (0.5) (3.75)
(a) e = 0.5 in. B= + = 0.037333 in −2
37.5 175.78
681.7
Pall = = 18260 lb Pall = 18.26 kips 
0.037333
1 (1.0) (3.75)
(b) e = 1.0 in. B= + = 0.048000 in −1
37.5 175.78
681.7
Pall = = 14202 lb Pall = 14.20 kips 
0.048000
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.94
Solve Prob. 10.93 using the interaction method and an allowable stress
in bending of 1300 psi.
PROBLEM 10.93 A sawn-lumber column of 5.0 × 7.5-in. cross

section has an effective length of 8.5 ft. The grade of wood used has an
adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain
σ C = 1180 psi and an adjusted modulus E = 440 × 103 psi. Using the
allowable-stress method, determine the largest eccentric load P that can
be applied when (a) e = 0.5 in., (b) e = 1.0 in.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c = 0.8

Le = 8.5 ft = 102 in.
b
b = 7.5 in. d = 5.0 in. c= = 3.75 in.
2
A = bd = (7.5)(5.0) = 37.5 in 2
1
Ix = (5.0)(7.5)3 = 175.78 in 4
12
L 102
= = 20.4
d 5.0
0.822 E (0.822)(440 × 103 )
σ CE = = = 869.1 psi
( L/d )2 (20.4)2
σ CE /σ C = 869.1/1180 = 0.73652
2
CP = +   − = 0.5777
2c  2 c  c
σ all, centric = σ C CP = (1180)(0.5777) = 681.7 psi
Pall Pall ec
+ =1 Pall = B −1 (lb)
Aσ all, centric I x σ all, bending
1 ec
where B= + (lb −1)
Aσ all, centric I xσ all, bending
1 (0.5)(3.75)
(a) e = 0.5 in. B= + = 47.323 × 10−6 lb −1
(37.5)(681.7) (175.78)(1300)
Pall = (47.323 × 10−6 ) −1 = 21131 lb Pall = 21.1 kips 
1 (1.0) (3.75)
(b) e = 1.0 in. B= + = 55.528 × 10−6 lb −1
(37.5) (681.7) (175.78) (1300)
Pall = (55.528 × 10−6 ) −1 = 18009 lb Pall = 18.01 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.95
A column of 14-ft effective length consists of a section of steel tubing

having the cross section shown. Using the allowable-stress method,
determine the maximum allowable eccentricity e if (a) P = 55 kips,
(b) P = 35 kips. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
E = 29000 ksi
E
σY
bo = 4.0 in. bi = bo − 2t = 3.25 in. c = 2.0 in.
A = bo2 − bi2 = 5.4375 in 2 I =

12
(
1 4
)
bo − bi4 = 12.036 in 4
I
r = = 1.4878 in.
A
Le = 14 ft = 168 in.
Le 168
= = 112.92 < 133.68
r 1.4878
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 22.447 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (112.92) 2
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.65836/22.447 ](36) = 11.017 ksi
1.67 1.67
Pall Pallec Pallec P I  Pall 
+ = σ all = σ all − all e=  σ all − 
A I I A cPall  A 
(a) Pall = 55 kips.
12.036  55 
e= 11.017 − e = 0.0987 in. 
(2.0)(55)  5.4375 
(b) Pall = 35 kips.
12.036  35 
e= 11.017 − e = 0.787 in. 
(2.0)(35)  5.4375 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.96
Solve Prob. 10.95, assuming that the effective length of the column is
increased to 18 ft and that (a) P = 28 kips, (b) P = 18 kips.
PROBLEM 10.95 A column of 14-ft effective length consists of a

section of steel tubing having the cross section shown. Using the
allowable-stress method, determine the maximum allowable
eccentricity e if (a) P = 55 kips, (b) P = 35 kips. Use σ Y = 36 ksi
and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
E = 29000 ksi
E
σY
bo = 4.0 in. bi = bo − 2t = 3.25 in. c = 2.0 in.
A = bo2 − bi2 = 5.4375 in 2 I =

1 4
12
( )
bo − bi4 = 12.036 in 4
I
r = = 1.4878 Le = 18 ft = 216 in. Le /r = 145.18 > 133.68
A
0.877π 2 E σ cr
σ cr = = 11.909 ksi σ all = = 7.1313 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 1.67
Pall Pallec Pallec P I  Pall 
+ = σ all = σ all − all e=  σ all − 
A I I A cPall  A 
(a) Pall = 28 kips.
12.036  28 
e=  7.1313 − e = 0.426 in. 
(2.0)(28)  5.4375 
(b) Pall = 18 kips.
12.036  18 
e=  7.1313 − e = 1.277 in. 
(2.0)(18)  5.4375 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.97
The compression member AB is made of a steel for which σ Y = 250 MPa

and E = 200 GPa. It is free at its top A and fixed at its base B. Using the
allowable-stress method, determine the largest allowable eccentricity ex ,
knowing that (a) e y = 0, (b) e y = 8 mm.
SOLUTION
Steel: σ Y = 250 MPa E = 200000 MPa
E
σY
A = (75 × 10−3 )(50 × 10−3 ) = 3750 × 10−6 m 2

1
Iy = (75 × 10−3 )(50 × 10−3 )3 = 781.25 × 10−9 m 4
12
Iy
ry = = 14.434 × 10−3 m = rmin
A
1
Ix = (50 × 10−3 )(75 × 10−3 )3 = 1.7578 × 10−6 m 4
12
Ix
rx = = 21.651 × 10−6 m
A
Le = 2L = (2)(0.55) = 1.10 m
Le /rmin = 1.10 / 14.434 × 10−3 = 76.21 < 133.22
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 339.86 MPa
( Le /rmin ) 2 (76.21)2
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.658250/339.86 ](250) = 110.03 MPa
1.67 1.67
P Pex Pe y Pex P Pe y
+ + = σ all = σ all − −
A Sy Sx Sy A Sx
without permission.
Sy  P Pe y   σ all 1 ey 
ex = σ all − −  = Sy  − − 
P  A Sx   P A Sx 
Iy 781.25 × 10−9
Sy = = = 31.25 × 10−6 m3
x 25 × 10−3
I x 1.7578 × 10−6
Sx = = = 46.875 × 10−6 m3
y 37.5 × 10−3
P = 170 × 103 N
110.03 × 106 1 
(a) e y = 0. ex = 31.25 × 10−6  3
− −6
− 0
 170 × 10 3750 × 10 
= 11.89 × 10−3 m ex = 11.89 mm 
110.03 × 106 1 8 × 10−3 

(b) e y = 8 × 10−3 m. ex = 31.25 × 10−6  − − 
 170 × 10
3
3750 × 10−6 46.875 × 10−6 
= 6.56 × 10−3 m ex = 6.56 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.98
The compression member AB is made of a steel for which σ Y = 250 MPa

and E = 200 GPa . It is free at its top A and fixed at its base B. Using the
interaction method with an allowable bending stress equal to 120 MPa and
knowing that the eccentricities ex and e y are equal, determine their largest
allowable common value.
SOLUTION
Steel: σ Y = 250 MPa E = 200000 MPa
E
σY
A = (75 × 10−3 )(50 × 10−3 ) = 3750 × 10−6 m 2

1
Iy = (75 × 10−3 )(50 × 10−3 )3 = 781.25 × 10−9 m 4
12
Iy
ry = = 14.434 × 10−3 m
A
1
Ix = (50 × 10−3 )(75 × 10−3 ) = 1.7578 × 10−6 m 4
12
Ix
rx = = 21.651 × 10−6 m
A
Le = 2 L = (2)(0.55) = 1.10 m
Le /rmin = 1.10 /14.434 × 10−3 = 76.21 < 133.22
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 339.86 MPa
( Le /rmin ) 2 (76.21) 2
σ cr 1
σ all (centric) = =[0.658250/339.86 ](250) = 110.03 MPa
1.67 1.67
σ all (bending) = 120 MPa
without permission.
P Pex y Pe y x
+ + = 1 with ex = e y
Aσ all (centric) I xσ all (bending) I yσ all (bending)
P  y x  P
 + e = 1 −
 
σ all (bending)  I x I y  Aσ all (centric)
170 × 103  37.5 × 10−3 25 × 10−3  170 × 103

 +  e = 1 −
120 × 106  1.7578 × 10−6 781.25 × 10−9  (3750 × 10−6 )(110.03 × 106 )
75.556e = 1 − 0.41201
e = 7.78 × 10−3 m e = 7.78 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.99
An eccentric load P = 10 kips is applied at a point 0.8 in. from the geometric
axis of a 2-in.-diameter rod made of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6. Using the
interaction method and an allowable stress in bending of 21 ksi, determine the
largest allowable effective length L that can be used.
SOLUTION
1
Geometry: Solid circular section: c= d = 1.00 in.
2
A = π c 2 = π (1.0) 2 = 3.1416 in 2
π π 1
I = c4 = (1.0) 2 = 0.7854 in 4 r = c = 0.5 in.
4 4 2
Eccentric loading: M = Pe P = 10 kips e = 0.8 in.
Let σ a be the allowable stress for centric loading and σ b be the allowable stress for bending. The interaction
formula is
P M P Pec
+ =1 or =1−
Aσ a I σ b Aσ a Iσ b
1 A Pec 
= 1 −  (1)
σa P Iσ b 
6061-T6 aluminum alloy: σ b = 21 ksi

L 51400
Assume > 66. σa = ksi
r ( L /r ) 2
( L /r ) 2 3.1416  (10)(0.8)(1.0)  (3.1416)(0.51496)

Equation (1) becomes = 1 −  =
51400 10  (0.7854)(21)  10
(51400)(3.1416)(0.51496)
( L /r ) 2 = = 8315.4
10
L /r = 91.19 so that L /r > 66 as required.
Largest allowable effective length.
L = 91.19r = (91.19)(0.5 in.) L = 45.6 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.100
Solve Prob. 10.99, assuming that the aluminum alloy used is 2014-T6 and that
the allowable stress in bending is 24 ksi.
PROBLEM 10.99 An eccentric load P = 10 kips is applied at a point 0.8 in.

from the geometric axis of a 2-in.-diameter rod made of the aluminum
alloy 6061-T6. Using the interaction method and an allowable stress in
bending of 21 ksi, determine the largest allowable effective length L that can
be used.
SOLUTION
1
Geometry: Solid circular section: c= d = 1.00 in.
2
A = π c 2 = π (1.0) 2 = 3.1416 in 2
π π 1
I = c4 = (1.0) 2 = 0.7854 in 4 r = c = 0.5 in.
4 4 2
Eccentric loading: M = Pe P = 10 kips e = 0.8 in.
Let σ a be the allowable stress for centric loading and σ b be the allowable stress for bending. The interaction
formula is
P M P Pec
+ =1 or =1−
Aσ a I σ b Aσ a Iσ b
1 A Pec 
= 1 −  (1)
σa P Iσ b 
2014-T6 aluminum alloy: σ b = 24 ksi

L 55400
Assume > 55. σa = ksi
r ( L /r ) 2
( L /r ) 2 3.1416  (10)(0.8)(1.0)  (3.1416)(0.57559)

Equation (1) becomes = 1 −  =
51400 10  (0.7854)(24)  10
(55400)(3.1416)(0.57559)
( L /r ) 2 = = 10017.8
10
L /r = 100.09 so that L /r > 55 as required.
L = 100.09r = (100.09)(0.5 in.) L = 50.0 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.101
A rectangular column is made of a grade of sawn wood that has an

adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain
σ C = 8.3 MPa and a modulus of elasticity E = 11.1 GPa. Using
the allowable-stress method, determine the largest allowable
effective length L that can be used.
SOLUTION
E = 11100 MPa d = 180 mm = 0.180 m b = 240 mm = 0.240 m
1 3 1
A = bd = 43.2 × 10−3 m 2 Ix = db = (0.180)(0.240)3 = 207.36 × 10−6 m 4
12 12
b
e = 25 mm = 0.025 m c= = 0.120 m
2
P Pec 85 × 103 (85 × 103 )(0.025)(0.120)
+ ≤ σ all σ all ≥ + = 3.1973 × 106 Pa
A I 43.2 × 10−3 207.36 × 10−6
= 3.1973 MPa
σ all 3.1973
Define y and x as: Cp = = = 0.38522 = y x = σ CE /σ C.
σC 8.3
2
1+ x 1 + x  x
y = −   − where c = 0.8 for sawn lumber.
2c  2c  c
2
1+ x 1 + x  x
−y =   −
2c  2c  c
2 2
1 + x  1 + x 2 1 + x  x
  − y + y =  −
 2c   c   2c  c
(1 − cy) 1 − (0.8)(0.38522)
x= y = (0.38522) = 0.43350
1− y 1 − 0.38522
σ CE = σ C (0.43350) = (8.3)(0.43350) = 3.598 MPa
KCE E KCE Ed 2
σ CE = L2 = where K CE = 0.300
( L /d ) 2 σ CE
K CE E (0.300)(11100)
L=d = (0.180) L = 5.48 m 
σ CE 3.598
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.102
Solve Prob. 10.101, summing that P = 105 kN.
PROBLEM 10.101 A rectangular column is made of a grade of sawn

wood that has an adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to
the grain σ C = 8.3 MPa and a modulus of elasticity E = 11.1 GPa.
Using the allowable-stress method, determine the largest allowable
effective length L that can be used.
SOLUTION
E = 11100 MPa d = 180 mm = 0.180 m b = 240 mm = 0.240 m
1 3 1
A = bd = 43.2 × 10−3 m 2 Ix = db = (0.180)(0.240)3 = 207.36 × 10−6 m 4
12 12
b
e = 25 mm = 0.025 m c= = 0.120 m
2
P Pec 105 × 103 (105 × 103 )(0.025)(0.120)
+ ≤ σ all σ all ≥ + = 3.9496 × 106 Pa
A Ix 43.2 × 10−3 207.36 × 10−6
= 3.9496 MPa
σ all 3.9496
Define y and x as: Cp = = = 0.47586 = y x = σ CE / σ C .
σC 8.3
2
1+ x 1 + x  x
y = −   − where c = 0.8 for sawn lumber.
c  2c  c
2
1+ x 1 + x  x
−y =   −
2c  2c  c
2 2
1 + x  1 + x  x
 − y =   −
 2c   2c  c
2 2
1 + x  1+ x 1 + x  x
  − y + y2 =   −
 2c  c  2c  c
1 − cy 1 − (0.8)(0.47586)
x= y = (0.47586) = 0.56227
1− y 1 − 0.47586
σ CE = σ C (0.56227) = (8.3)(0.56227) = 4.6668 MPa
KCE E K CE Ed 2
σ CE = L2 = where KCE = 0.300.
( L /d ) 2 σ CE
K CE E (0.300)(11100)
L=d = 0.180 L = 4.81 m 
σ CE 4.6668
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.103
An 11-kip vertical load P is applied at the midpoint of one edge of the square cross
section of the steel compression member AB, which is free at its top A and fixed at its
base B. Knowing that for the grade of steel used σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi,
and using the allowable-stress method, determine the smallest allowable
dimension d.
SOLUTION
Steel: σ Y = 36 ksi E = 29000 ksi
L E 29000
transition = 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
r σY 36
L σ 0.877π 2 E 5.1830 E
Assume > 133.68 so that σ cr = 0.877σ e and σ all = cr = =
r 1.67 1.67( L/r ) 2 ( L /r ) 2
Square cross section: A = d2

1 4
I = d for all axes through the center of the square.
12
I d
r = = Le = 2 L = (2)(4.5 ft) = 9 ft = 108 in.
A 12
Allowable stress for centric loading.
(5.1830) E (5.1830)(29000) 2
σ all = = d = 1.07387d 2 ksi
(108)2 /(d 2 /12) (108)2 (12)
Eccentric loading: M = Pe P = 11 kips
1
e=c= d when the loading is at point D.
2
Allowable stress method.
P Mc P ec 
σ all = + = 1 + 2 
A I A r 
P  (d/2)(d/2)  4P 44
= 1 + d 2 /12  = d 2 = d 2 ksi
d2  
without permission.
Equating the two expressions for σ all ,
44 44
1.07387d 2 = d = 4 = 2.53 in.
d2 1.07387
2.53 Le 108
r = = 0.730 in. = = 147.9 > 133.68
12 r 0.730
Assumption is verified.
Smallest allowable dimension. d = 2.53 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.104
Solve Prob. 10.103, assuming that the vertical load P is applied at the corner of the
cross section.
PROBLEM 10.103 An 11-kip vertical load P is applied at the midpoint of one edge
of the square cross section of the steel compression member AB, which is free at its
top A and fixed at its base B. Knowing that for the grade of steel used σ Y = 36 ksi
and E = 29 × 106 psi, and using the allowable-stress method, determine the
smallest allowable dimension d.
SOLUTION
Steel: σ Y = 36 ksi E = 29000 ksi
L E 29000
transition = 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
r σY 36
L σ 0.877π 2 E 5.1830 E
Assume > 133.68 so that σ cr = 0.877σ e and σ all = cr = 2
=
r 1.67 1.67( L/r ) ( L /r ) 2
Square cross section: A = d2

1 4
I = d for all axes through the center of the square.
12
I d
r = = Le = 2 L = (2)(4.5 ft) = 9 ft = 108 in.
A 12
Allowable stress for centric loading.
(5.1830) E (5.1830)(29000) 2
σ all = 2 2
= 2
d = 1.07387d 2 ksi
(108) /(d /12) (108) (12)
Eccentric loading: M = Pe P = 11 kips
d
e=c= when the loading is at a corner.
2
Allowable stress method.
P Mc P ec 
σ all = + = 1 + 2 
A I A r 
P  (d/ 2)(d/ 2)  7 P 77
= 1 +  = 2 = 2 ksi
d2 
2
d /12  d d
without permission.
Equating the two expressions for σ all ,
77 77
1.07387d 2 = d = 4 = 2.91 in.
d2 1.07387
2.91 Le 108
r = = 0.840 in. = = 128.6 < 133.68
12 r 0.840
Assumption is false.
The wrong formula was used for the allowable stress.
Assume d = 2.91 in., r = 0.840 in., Le /r = 128.6
π 2 (29000)
σe = = 17.315 ksi
(128.6) 2
1
σ all = (0.65836/17.315 )(36) = 9.029 ksi
1.67
7P
9.029 = P = 10.92 kips < 11 kips.
(2.91) 2
Assume d = 2.95 in., r = 0.852 in., Le /r = 126.82
π 2 (29000)
σe = = 15.438 ksi
(126.82) 2
1
σ all = (0.65836 /15.438 )(36) = 9.244 ksi
1.67
7P
9.244 = P = 11.49 kips > 11 kips
(2.95)2
Since P = 11 kips, interpolation gives
(11 − 10.92)
d = 2.91 + (0.04) = d = 2.92 in. 
(11.49 − 10.92)
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.105
A steel tube of 80-mm outer diameter is to carry a 93-kN load P with an

eccentricity of 20 mm. The tubes available for use are made with wall
thicknesses in increments of 3 mm from 6 mm to 15 mm. Using the allowable-
stress method, determine the lightest tube that can be used. Assume
E = 200 GPa and σ Y = 250 MPa.
SOLUTION
1
ro = do = 40 mm,
2
ri = ro − t
A = π (ro2 − ri2 ),
π
I = (ro4 − ri4 )
4
I
r =
A
t (mm) ri (mm) A (mm 2 ) I (106 mm 4 ) r (mm) Le = 2.2 m

3 37 726 0.539 27.24
6 34 1395 0.961 26.25 P = 93 × 103 N
9 31 2007 1.285 25.31
12 28 2564 1.528 24.41
15 25 3063 1.704 23.59
E 200 × 109
Transition L/r : 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.22
σY 250 × 106
Le 2.2
Try t = 9 mm. = = 86.92 < 133.22
r 25.31 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 261.27 MPa
( Le /r )2 (86.92)2
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.658250 / 261.27 ](250) = 100.30 MPa
1.67 1.67
P Pec 93 × 103 (93 × 103 )(20 × 10−3 )(40 × 10−3 )
+ = +
A I 2007 × 10−6 1.285 × 10−6
= 104.2 MPa >100.3 MPa
(not allowed)
without permission.
 104.2  2
Approximate required area:  100.3  (2007) = 2085 mm
 
Le 2.2
Try t = 12 mm. = = 90.12 < 133.22
r 24.41 × 10−3
σ e = 243.05 MPa
σ all = 97.33 MPa
P Pec 93 × 103 (93 × 103 )(20 × 10−3 )(40 × 10−3 )
+ = +
A I 2564 × 10−6 1.528 × 10−6
= 85.0 MPa < 97.3 MPa
Use t = 12 mm. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.106
Solve Prob. 10.105, using the interaction method with P = 165 kN, e = 15 mm,
and an allowable stress in bending of 150 MPa.
PROBLEM 10.105 A steel tube of 80-mm outer diameter is to carry a 93-kN

load P with an eccentricity of 20 mm. The tubes available for use are made with
wall thicknesses in increments of 3 mm from 6 mm to 15 mm. Using the
allowable-stress method, determine the lightest tube that can be used. Assume
E = 200 GPa and σ Y = 250 MPa.
SOLUTION
1
ro = do = 40 mm
2
ri = ro − t
A = π (ro2 − ri2 )
π
I = (ro4 − ri4 )
4
I
r =
A
t (mm) ri (mm) A (mm 2 ) I (106 mm 4 ) r (mm) Le = 2.2 m

3 37 726 0.539 27.24 P = 165 × 103 N
6 34 1395 0.961 26.25 σ all, bending = 150 MPa
9 31 2007 1.285 25.31
12 28 2564 1.528 24.41
15 25 3063 1.704 23.59
E 200 × 109
Transition L/r : 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.22
σY 250 × 106
Le 2.2
Try t = 9 mm. = = 86.92 < 133.22
r 25.31 × 10−3
π 2E π 2 (200 × 109 )
σe = = = 261.27 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (86.92) 2
σ cr 1
σ all, centric = = [0.658250 / 261.27 ](250) = 100.30 MPa
1.67 1.67
P Pec 165 × 103 (165 × 103 )(15 × 10−3 )(40 × 10−3 )
+ = +
Aσ all, centric I σ all, bending (2007 × 10−6 )(100.3 × 106 ) (1.285 × 10−6 )(150 × 106 )
= 0.820 + 0.514 = 1.334 > 1 (not allowed)
without permission.
Approximate required area: A = (1.334)(2007) = 2677 mm 2
Le 2.2
Try t = 12 mm. = = 90.12 < 133.22
r 24.41 × 10−3
σ e = 243.05 MPa
σ all, centric = 97.33 MPa
P Pec 165 × 103

+ =
Aσ all, centric I σ all, bending (2564 × 10−6 )(97.33 × 106 )
(165 × 103 )(15 × 10−3 )(40 × 10−3 )
+
(1.528 × 10−6 )(150 × 106 )
0.661 + 0.432 = 1.093 > 1 (not allowed)
Le
Try t = 15 mm. = 93.26
r
σ e = 226.95 MPa
σ all, centric = 94.40 MPa
165 × 103 (165 × 103 )(15 × 10−3 )(40 × 10−3 )

−6
+ = 0.958 < 1
6
(3063 × 10 )(94.40 × 10 ) (1.704 × 10−6 )(150 × 106 )
Use t = 15 mm. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.107
A compression member of rectangular cross section has an effective length of

0.9 m and is made of the aluminum alloy 2014-T6 for which the allowable
stress in bending is 160 MPa. Using the interaction method, determine the
smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be used when e = 10 mm.
SOLUTION
Let the dimension d be in meters.
1 1 1
A = 0.056d m 2 , Ix = (0.056)d 3 m 4 , Iz = (0.056)3 d m 4 , c= d
12 12 2
e = 0.010 m Le = 0.9 m σ b = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa P = 144 kN = 144 × 103 N
Assume d < 0.056 m. I min = I x
I min d
r = =
A 12
L 382 × 103
Let σ a be the allowable stress for centric loading. Assume > 55. σa = MPa
r ( L / r )2
382 × 103
σa = 2 2
= 39300d 2 MPa = 39.3 × 109d 2 Pa
(0.9) / (d / 12)
Eccentric loading: M = Pe
P Mc P Pec
Interaction formula: + =1 + =1
Aσ a I σ b Aσ a I xσ b
144 × 103 (144 × 103 )(0.010)(0.5d )

+ =1
(0.056d )(39.3 × 10 d ) (0.056d 3 /12)(160 × 106 )
9 2
65.431 × 10−6 964.286 × 10−6

+ =1
d3 d2
d 3 − 964.286 × 10−6 d − 65.431 × 10−6 = 0
Solving for d, d = 0.0482 m < 0.056 m
0.0482 L 0.9
r = = 0.01391 m = = 64.7 > 55
12 r 0.01391
Smallest allowable dimension. d = 48.2 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.108
Solve Prob. 10.107, assuming that e = 5 mm.
PROBLEM 10.107 A compression member of rectangular cross section has an

effective length of 0.9 m and is made of the aluminum alloy 2014-T6 for
which the allowable stress in bending is 160 MPa. Using the interaction
method, determine the smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be
used when e = 10 mm.
SOLUTION
Let the dimension d be in meters.
1 1 1
A = 0.056d m 2 , Ix = (0.056)d 3 m 4 , Iz = (0.056)3 d m 4 c= d
12 12 2
e = 0.005 m Le = 0.9 m σ b = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa P = 144 kN = 144 × 103 N
Assume d < 0.056 m. I min = I x
I min d
r = =
A 12
L 382 × 103
Let σ a be the allowable stress for centric loading. Assume > 55. σa = MPa
r ( L /r ) 2
382 × 103
σa = = 39300d 2 MPa = 39.3 × 109 d 2 Pa
(0.9) 2 /(d / 12) 2
Eccentric loading: M = Pe
P Mc P Pec
Interaction formula: + =1 + =1
Aσ a I σ b Aσ a I xσ b
144 × 103 (144 × 103 )(0.005)(0.5d )

+ =1
(0.056d )(39.3 × 109 d 2 ) (0.056d 3 /12)(160 × 106 )
65.431 × 10−6 482.143 × 10−6
+ =1
d3 d2
d 3 − 482.143 × 10−6 d − 65.431 × 10−6 = 0
Solving for d, d = 0.0443 m < 0.056 m
0.0443 L 0.9
r = = 0.01279 m = = 70.4 > 55
12 r 0.01279
Smallest allowable dimension. d = 44.3 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.109
An aluminum tube of 3-in. outside diameter is to carry a load of 10 kips having

an eccentricity e = 0.6 in. Knowing that the stock of tubes available for use are
made of aluminum alloy 2014-T6 and have wall thicknesses in increments of
1
16
in. up to 12 in., determine the lightest tube that can be used. Use the
allowable-stress method of design.
SOLUTION
1
Le = 6 ft = 72 in. co = d o = 1.500 in. = c
2
ci = co − t = 1.500 − t
π
(
A = π co2 − ci2 ) I =
4
(c
2
o − ci2 )
1
Try t = in. = 0.25 in. ci = 1.250 in.
4
A = 2.1598 in 2 I = 2.0586 in 4
I
r = = 0.97629 in.
A
L 72
= = 73.748 > 55 (2014-T6 aluminum alloy)
r 0.97629
55400 55400
σ all = = = 10.186 ksi
( L /r ) 2 (73.748) 2
Pall Mc P P ec  1 (0.6)(1.500) 
+ = all + all =  + Pall = 0.9002Pall
A I A I  2.1598 2.0586 
σ all 10.186
Pall = = = 11.315 kips > 10 kips
0.9002 0.9002
Since Pall is nearly proportional to the thickness t,
t 10 3
≈ t ≈ 0.221 in. > in. = 0.1875 in.
0.25 11.315 16
3 1
in. thickness would be too small. Use t = in. 
16 4
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.110
Solve Prob. 10.109, using the interaction method of design with an allowable
stress in bending of 25 ksi.
PROBLEM 10.109 An aluminum tube of 3-in. outside diameter is to carry a

load of 10 kips having an eccentricity e = 0.6 in. Knowing that the stock of
tubes available for use are made of aluminum alloy 2014-T6 and have wall
thicknesses in increments of 161 in. up to 12 in., determine the lightest tube that
can be used. Use the allowable-stress method of design.
SOLUTION
1
Le = 6 ft = 72 in. co = d o = 1.500 in. = c
2
ci = co − t = 1.500 − t
π
(
A = π co2 − ci2 ) I =
4
(c
2
o − ci2 )
1
Try t = in. = 0.25 in. ci = 1.250 in.
4
A = 2.1598 in 2 I = 2.0586 in 4
I
r = = 0.97629 in.
A
L 72
= = 73.748 > 55. (2014-T6 aluminum alloy)
r 0.97629
55400 55400
σ all,c = = = 10.186 ksi
( L /r ) 2 (73.748)2
Pall Mc Pall P ec
+ = + all
Aσ all,c I σ all,b Aσ all I σ all,b
 1 (0.6)(1.500) 
= +  Pall = 0.062943Pall = 1
 (2.1598)(10.186) (2.0586)(25) 
1
0.062943
Since Pall is nearly proportional to the thickness t,
t 10 3
≈ t ≈ 0.1574 in. < in. = 0.1875 in.
0.25 15.89 16
without permission.
3
Try t = = 0.1875 in. ci = 1.3125 in.
16
A = 1.6567 in 2 , I = 1.64537 in 4 , r = 0.99658 in.

L
= 72.247 > 55 σ all,c = 10.614 ksi
r
 1 (0.6)(1.500) 
 +  Pall = 0.07875Pall = 1
 (1.6567)(10.614) (1.64537)(25) 
1
0.07875
t 10 3
≈ t ≈ 0.1477 in. < in.
0.1875 12.70 16
3
Use t = in. 
16
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.111
A sawn lumber column of rectangular cross section has a 2.2-m effective length and
supports a 41-kN load as shown. The sizes available for use have b equal to 90 mm,
140 mm, 190 mm, and 240 mm. The grade of wood has an adjusted allowable stress
for compression parallel to the grain σ C = 8.1 MPa and E = 8.3 GPa. Use the
allowable-stress method to determine the lightest section that can be used.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: σ C = 8.1 MPa E = 8.3 GPa

c = 0.8 K CE = 0.300
Le = 2.2 m
Pall Pallec
+ = σ all
A Ix
1
e = 80 × 10−3 m, c= (190) = 95 mm = 95 × 10−3 m
2
1
A = 0.190b m 2 Ix = b(0.190)3 = 571.58 × 10−6 b m 4
12
Pall P (80 × 10−3 )(95 × 10−3 ) 18.56Pall
+ all = = σ all
0.190b 571.58 × 10−6 b b
Pall = 0.05388σ allb
d = 0.190 m or b, whichever is smaller.
KCE E (0.300)(8300)
σ CE = 2
= 2
= 514.5d 2 MPa
( L /d ) (2.2/d )
514.5d 2
σ CE /σ C = = 63.51d 2
8.1
2
1 + σ CE /σ C  1 + σ CE /σ C  σ CE /σ c
Cp = −   −
2c  2c  c
2
1 + σ CE /σ C  1 + σ CE / σ C  σ CE / σ C
= −   −
1.6  1.6  0.8
σ all = σ C C p = (8.1 × 106 )C p

Pall = (0.05388b)(8.1 × 106 )C p = 472.47 × 103bC p
without permission.
Calculate Pall for all four values of b. See table below.
b (m) d (m) σ CE /σ C Cp Pall (kN)

0.090 0.090 0.51443 0.44367 18.87
→ 0.140 0.140 1.24480 0.76081 50.3 ← P = 41 kN
0.190 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 79.7
0.240 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 100.7 Use b = 0.140 m.
b = 140 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.112
Solve Prob. 10.111, assuming that e = 40 mm.
PROBLEM 10.111 A sawn lumber column of rectangular cross section has a 2.2-m
effective length and supports a 41-kN load as shown. The sizes available for use
have b equal to 90 mm, 140 mm, 190 mm, and 240 mm. The grade of wood has an
adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain σ C = 8.1 MPa and
E = 8.3 GPa. Use the allowable-stress method to determine the lightest section
that can be used.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: σ C = 8.1 MPa E = 8.3 GPa

c = 0.8 KCE = 0.300
Le = 2.2 m
Pall Pallec
+ = σ all
A Ix
1
e = 40 × 10−3 m, c= (190) = 95 mm = 95 × 10−3 m
2
1
A = 0.190b m 2 Ix = b(0.190)3 = 571.58 × 10−6 b m 4
12
Pall P (40 × 10−3 )(95 × 10−3 ) 11.911Pall

+ all = = σ all
0.190b 571.58 × 10−6 b b
Pall = 0.083953σ allb
d = 0.190 m or b, whichever is smaller.
KCE E (0.300)(8300)
σ CE = = = 514.5d 2 MPa
( L /d ) 2 (2.2/d ) 2
514.5d 2
σ CE /σ C = = 63.51d 2
8.1
2
Cp = −   −
2c  2c  c
2
= −   −
1.6  1.6  0.8
σ all = σ C C p = (8.1 × 106 )C p

Pall = (0.083953b)(8.1 × 106 )C p = 680.02 × 103 bC p
without permission.
Calculate Pall for all four values of b. See table below.
b (m) d (m) σ CE /σ C Cp Pall (kN)

0.090 0.090 0.51443 0.44367 27.2
→ 0.140 0.140 1.24480 0.76081 72.4 ← P = 41 kN
0.190 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 114.7
0.240 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 144.9 Use b = 0.140 m.
b = 140 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.113
A steel column having a 24-ft effective length is loaded eccentrically as

shown. Using the allowable-stress method, select the wide flange shape of
14-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and
E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
E = 29000 ksi Le = 24 ft = 288 in.
L E
Transition : 4.71 = 133.68
r σY
e = 8 in.
P Pec P ec 
+ < σ all or 1 + 2  < σ all
A Ix A rx 
For 14-in. nominal depth, c ≈ 7 in., rx ≈ 6 in.
ec (8)(7)
1+ 2
≈ 1+ = 2.33
rx (6) 2
σY
If the column is short, σ all = = 21.56 ksi
1.67
2.33P (2.33)(120)
A> = = 12.97 in 2
σ all 21.56
0.877π 2 EI
If the column is long, 2.33P <
1.67 L2e
(1.67)(2.33) PL2e (1.67)(2.33)(120)(288)2

I > 2
= 2
= 154 in 4
0.877π E 0.877π (29000)
without permission.
Try W14 × 82. A = 24.0 in 2 , S x = 123 in 3 , ry = 2.48 in.
Le 288 π 2 (29000)
= = 116.13 < 133.66 σe = = 21.221 ksi
ry 2.48 (116.13) 2
σ cr 1 
σ all = = 0.65836/21.221  (36) = 10.60 ksi
1.67 1.67 
P Pe 120 (120)(8)
+ = + = 12.80 ksi > 10.60 ksi
A Sx 24.0 123
(not allowed)
Try W14 × 145. A = 42.7 in 2 , S x = 232 in 3 , ry = 3.98 in.
Le 288 π 2 (29000)
= = 72.36 < 133.68 σe = = 54.664 ksi
ry 3.98 (72.36) 2
σ cr 1
σ all =
= [0.65836/54.664 ](36) = 16.36 ksi
1.67 1.67
P Pe 120 (120)(8)
+ = + = 6.95 ksi < 16.36 ksi
A Sx 42.7 232
Use W14 × 145. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.114
Solve Prob. 10.113 using the interaction method, assuming that

σ Y = 50 ksi and the allowable stress in bending is 30 ksi.
PROBLEM 10.113 A steel column having a 24-ft effective length is

loaded eccentrically as shown. Using the allowable-stress method, select
the wide-flange shape of 14-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use
σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
E = 29000 ksi Le = 24 ft = 288 in.
L E
Transition : 4.71 = 113.43
r σY
288
= 113.43 ry = 2.54 in.
ry
For ry ≤ 2.54 in.
0.877π 2 E 5.183Er 2
σ all,centric = =
1.67( L /r ) 2 L2e
P Pe
Interaction formula: + <1
Aσ all,centric S xσ all,bending
PL2e Pe
2
+ = β <1
5.183Ery A S σ
x all,bending
(120)(288) 2 (120)(8)
+ = β <1
(5.183)(29000) I y S x (30)
66.22 32
+ = β <1
Iy Sx
without permission.
Obviously, I y > 66.22 in 4 and S x > 32 in 3
Shape ry (in.) Iy (in4) Sx (in3) β

W14 × 68 is the lightest shape with
W14 × 82 2.48 148 123 0.708 β < 1.
W14 × 68 2.46 121 103 0.858 ← Use W14 × 68. 
*
W14 × 53 1.92 57.7
*too small
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.115
A steel column of 7.2-m effective length is to support as 83-kN eccentric

load P at a point D, located on the x-axis as shown. Using the allowable-
stress method, select the wide-flange shape of 250-mm nominal depth that
should be used. Use E = 200 GPa and σ Y = 250 MPa.
SOLUTION
L E
Transition 4.71 = 133.22
r σY
7.2
At the transition: = 133.22
ry
ry = 54.05 × 10−3 m = 54.05 mm
L
All sections meet > 133.22.
ry
σ cr 0.877π 2 E 0.877π 2 (200 × 109 )

σ all = = = = 19.9962 × 109 ry2
1.67 1.67( L/ry )2 (1.67)(7.2/ry )2
Try W250 × 49.1. A = 6260 mm 2 , I y = 15.2 × 106 mm 4

S y = 151 × 103 mm3 ry = 49.3 mm
σ all = (19.9962 × 109 )(49.3 × 10−3 )2 = 48.601 MPa

P Pe 83 × 103 (83 × 103 )(70 × 10−3 )
+ = + = 51.736 MPa > σ all
A Sy 6260 × 10−6 151 × 10−6
(not allowed)
51.736
Approximate required area: A≈ (6260) = 6664 mm 2
48.601
Try W250 × 58. A = 7420 mm 2 , S y = 185 × 103 mm3, ry = 50.3 mm
σ all = (19.9962 × 109 )(50.3 × 10−3 ) 2 = 50.592 MPa

P Pe 83 × 103 (83 × 103 )(70 × 10−3 )
+ = −6
+ = 42.591 MPa < σ all
A Sy 7420 × 10 185 × 10−6
Use W250 × 58. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.116
A steel compression member of 5.8-m effective length is to support a

296-kN eccentric load P. Using the interaction method, select the wide-
flange shape of 200-mm nominal depth that should be used. Use
E = 200 GPa, σ Y = 250 MPa, and σ all = 150 MPa in bending.
SOLUTION
L E 200 × 109
Transition : 4.71 4.71 = 133.22 Le = 5.8 m
r σY 250 × 106
5.8
At transition: = 133.22
ry
ry = 45.4 × 10−3 m = 45.4 mm

For 200-mm nominal depth wide flange sections,
1 ec (125)(104)
c= d ≈ 104 mm rx ≈ 88 mm ≈ = 1.68
2 rx2 (88) 2
0.877π 2 E
For ry = 45.4 mm, σ all,centric = 2
= 58.4 × 106 Pa
(1.67)(133.22)
P Pec
Interaction formula: + <1
Aσ all,centric Arx2σ all,bending
1.67 ec/rx2  3 1.67 1.68 

A > P +  = 296 × 10  6
+ 
 σ Y σ all,bending   250 × 10 150 × 106 
= 5.29 × 10−3 m 2 = 8380 mm 2
Try W200 × 59. A = 7550 mm 2 , S x = 582 × 103 mm3 , ry = 51.8 mm
Le 5.8 π 2E
= = 111.97 < 133.22 σe = = 157.45 MPa
ry 51.8 × 10−3 ( Le /r ) 2
σ cr 1
σ all,centric = = [0.658250 /157.45 ](250) = 77.02 MPa
1.67 1.67
P Pe 296 × 103 (296 × 103 )(125 × 10−3 )
+ = +
Aσ all,centric S xσ all,bending (7550 × 10−6 )(77.02 × 106 ) (582 × 10−6 )(150 × 106 )
= 0.5090 + 0.4238 = 0.9329 < 1 (allowed)
without permission.
Try W200 × 52. A = 6650 mm 2 , S x = 511 × 103 mm3 , ry = 51.6 mm
Le
= 112.40 σ e = 156.23 MPa σ all,centric = 76.62 MPa
ry
296 × 103 (296 × 103 )(125 × 10−3 )
+ = 1.064 > 1 (not allowed)
(6550 × 10−6 )(76.62 × 106 ) (512 × 10−6 )(150 × 106 )
Use W200 × 59. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.117
The rigid bar AD is attached to two springs of constant k and is in

equilibrium in the position shown. Knowing that the equal and opposite
loads P and P′ remain horizontal, determine the magnitude Pcr of the
critical load for the system.
SOLUTION
Let yB and yC be the deflections of points B and C, positive upward.
FB = −kyB FC = −kyC
ΣFy = 0: FB + FC = 0 FC = − FB
yC = − yB FB and FC form a counter clockwise couple .

Let θ be the angle change.
1
yB = − yC = a sin θ , δ = l sin θ
2
P and P′ form a clockwise couple of magnitude Pδ .
1  ka 2
ΣM = 0: k  a sin θ  a cos θ − Pl sin θ = 0 P= cos θ
2  2l
ka 2
Let θ → 0. Pcr = 
2l
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.118
The steel rod BC is attached to the rigid bar AB and to the fixed support
at C. Knowing that G = 11.2 × 106 psi, determine the diameter of
rod BC for which the critical load Pcr of the system is 80 lb.
SOLUTION
Look at torsion spring BC.
TL GJ
ϕ = T = ϕ = Kϕ
GJ L
G = 11.2 × 106 psi
4
π π d πd4
J = c4 =   =
2 22 32
L = 20 in.
(11.2 × 106 )π d 4
K= = 54978d 4
(20)(32)
ΣM B = 0:
T − Pl sin ϕ = 0
Kϕ − Pl sin ϕ = 0
Kϕ K
P= Pcr =
l sin ϕ l
K = 54978d 4 = Pcrl = (80)(15) = 1200
1200
d = 4 d = 0.384 in. 
54978
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.119
Determine (a) the critical load for the steel strut, (b) the dimension d
for which the aluminum strut will have the same critical load.
(c) Express the weight of the aluminum strut as a percent of the weight
of the steel strut.
SOLUTION
Steel: E = 29 × 106 psi γ = 490 lb/ft 3 = 0.28356 lb/in 3

Aluminum: E = 10.1 × 106 psi γ = 170 lb/ft 3 = 0.09838 lb/in 3
Length: L = 4 ft = 48 in.
(a) Steel strut:
4
1 1 1
I = d s4 =   = 5.2083 × 10−3 in 4
12 12  2 
π 2 EI π 2 (29 × 106 )(5.2083 × 10−3 )
Pcr = = Pcr = 647 lb 
L2 (48) 2
Weight:
2
1
Ws = γ s Ld s2 = (0.28356)(48)   = 3.4028 lb
2
(b) Aluminum strut:
π 2 EI Pcr L2 (647)(48) 2
Pcr = I= = = 14.9546 × 10−3 in 4
L2 π 2E π 2 (10.1 × 106 )
1 4
I= d d = 4 12 I = 4 (12)(14.9546 × 10−3 ) d = 0.651 in. 
12
 Weight: Wa = γ a Ld 2 = (0.09838)(48)(0.651) 2 = 2.0004 lb

(c) Weight ratio as a percent:
wa 2.0004
× 100% = × 100% 58.8% 
ws 3.4028
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.120
Supports A and B of the pin-ended column shown are at a fixed distance L from each other.
Knowing that at a temperature T0 the force in the column is zero and that buckling occurs
when the temperature is T1 = T0 + ΔT , express ΔT in terms of b, L, and the coefficient of
thermal temperature α.
SOLUTION
Let P be the compressive force in the column.
PL
Lα (ΔT ) − =0 P = EAα (ΔT )
EA
π 2 EI
Pcr = = P = EAα (ΔT )
L2
π 2 EI π 2 Eb 4 /12 π 2b 2
ΔT = = ΔT = 
L2 EAα L2 Eb 2 12L2α
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.121
Members AB and CD are 30-mm-diameter steel rods, and members BC

and AD are 22-mm-diameter steel rods. When the turnbuckle is tightened, the
diagonal member AC is put in tension. Knowing that a factor of safety with
respect to buckling of 2.75 is required, determine the largest allowable tension
in AC. Use E = 200 GPa and consider only buckling in the plane of the
structure.
SOLUTION
LAC = (3.5) 2 + (2.25) 2 = 4.1608 m
2.25
Joint C: ΣFx = 0: FBC − TAC = 0
4.1608
TAC = 1.84926 FBC
3.5
ΣFy = 0: FCD − TAC = 0
4.1608
TAC = 1.1888FCD
4 4
π  d BC 
π  22 
Members BC and AD: I BC =   =   = 11.499 × 103 mm 4 = 11.499 × 10−9 m 4
4 2  4 2 
LBC = 2.25 m
π 2 EI BC π 2 (200 × 109 )(11.499 × 10−9 )
FBC ,cr = = = 4.4836 × 103 N
L2BC (2.25)2
FBC ,cr
FBC ,all = = 1.6304 × 103 N TAC ,all = 3.02 × 103 N
F .S .
4 4
π  dCD 
π  30 
Members AB and CD: I CD =   =   = 39.761 × 103 mm 4 = 39.761 × 10−9 m 4
4 2  4 2 
LCD = 3.5 m
π 2 EI CD π 2 (200 × 109 )(39.761 × 10−9 )
FCD ,cr = = = 6.4069 × 103 N
LCD 2 (3.5) 2
FCD, cr
FCD,all = = 2.3298 × 103 N TAC,all = 2.77 × 103 N
F .S .
Smaller value for TAC,all governs. TAC,all = 2.77 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.122
The uniform aluminum bar AB has a 20 × 36 -mm rectangular cross

section and is supported by pins and brackets as shown. Each end of the
bar may rotate freely about a horizontal axis through the pin, but rotation
about a vertical axis is prevented by the brackets. Using E = 70 GPa,
determine the allowable centric load P if a factor of safety of 2.5 is
required.
SOLUTION
Buckling in horizontal plane.

L 2
( Le )1 = = = 1.00 m
2 2
1 3 1
I1 = db = (36)(20)3 = 24 × 103 mm 4
12 12
= 24 × 10−9 m 4
π 2 EI1 π 2 (70 × 109 )(24 × 10−9 )

( Pcr )1 = =
( Le )12 (1.00) 2
= 16.581 × 103 N = 16.581 kN
Buckling in vertical plane. ( Le ) 2 = L = 2 m
1 3 1
I2 = bd = (20)(36)3 = 77.76 × 103 mm 4
12 12
= 77.76 × 10−9 m 4
π 2 EI 2 π 2 (70 × 109 )(77.76 × 10−9 )

( Pcr )2 = = = 13.4306 × 103 N
( Le ) 22 (2) 2
= 13.4306 kN
Pcr = min [ ( Pcr )1 ,( Pcr ) 2 ] = 13.4306 kN

Pcr 13.4306
Pall = = P = 5.37 kN 
F .S . 2.5
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.123
A column with the cross section shown has a 13.5-ft effective length. Using
allowable stress design, determine the largest centric load that can be applied to the
column. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
1 1
A = 2 A1 + A2 = (2)   (6) + (10)   = 8.5 in 2
2
  4
3
 1  1   1  1
I y = 2 I1 + I 2 = (2)    (6)3 +   (10)   = 18.013 in 4
 12  2   12  4
Iy 18.013
ry = = = 1.4557 in. E = 29000 ksi
A 8.5
Le
Le = 13.5 ft = 162 in. = 111.29
r
E 29000
Transition Le /r : 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68 > 111.29
σY 36
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 23.109 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (111.29) 2
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.65836/ 23.109 ](36) = 11.231 ksi
1.67 1.67
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.124
(a) Considering only buckling in the plane of the structure shown and using
Euler’s formula, determine the value of θ between 0° and 90° for which the
allowable magnitude of the load P is maximum. (b) Determine the
corresponding maximum value of P knowing that a factor of safety of 3.2 is
required. Use E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
Strut AB. L = 3 ft = 36 in.

1 13
c = d =   = 0.375 in.
2 2 4
π
I = c 4 = 15.5316 × 10−3 in 4
4
π 2 EI π 2 (29 × 106 )(15.5316 × 10−3 )
( PAB )cr = =
L2 (36) 2
= 3.4301 × 103 lb
15
Strut BC: L = 2 ft = 24 in., c =   = 0.3125 in., I = 7.4901 × 10−3 in 4
28
π 2 (29 × 106 )(7.4901 × 10−3 )
( PBC )cr = = 3.7219 × 103 lb.
(24) 2
For structure, P is maximum if both struts buckle simultaneously.
(P )
(a) tan θ = BC cr = 1.08507 θ = 47.2° 
( PAB )cr
2 2
(b) Pcr = ( PAB )cr + ( PBC )cr = 5.0614 × 103 lb = 5.0614 kips
5.0614
With F.S. = 3.2, P= P = 1.582 kips 
3.2
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.125
An axial load P of magnitude 560 kN is applied at a point on the x axis

at a distance e = 6 mm from the geometric axis of the W200 × 46.1
rolled-steel column BC. Using E = 200 GPa , determine (a) the
horizontal deflection of end C, (b) the maximum stress in the column.
SOLUTION
Le = 2 L = (2) (2.3) = 4.6 m e = 6 × 10−3 m
W200 × 46.1: A = 5860 mm 2 = 5860 × 10−6 m 2

I y = 15.3 × 106 mm 4 = 15.3 × 10−6 m 4
π 2EI π 2(200 × 109 ) (15.3 × 10−6 )

Pcr = =
L2e (4.6) 2
= 1.42727 × 106 N
P 560 × 103
= = 0.39236
Pcr 1.42727 × 106
 π P   3  π  
(a) ym = e sec   − 1 = (6 × 10 ) sec  0.39236  − 1

  2 Pcr    2  
= (6 × 10−3 )[sec (0.98393) − 1] = (6 × 10−3 ) (1.8058 − 1)
= 4.835 × 10−3 m ym = 4.84 mm 
(b) M max = P ( ym + e) = (560 × 103 ) (4.835 × 10−3 + 6 × 10−3 )

= 6.0676 × 103 N ⋅ m
S y = 151 × 103 mm3 = 151 × 10−6 m3
P M 560 × 103 6.0676 × 103

σ max = + = +
A Sy 5860 × 10−6 151 × 10−6
= 135.7 × 106 Pa σ max = 135.7 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.126
A column of 17-ft effective length must carry a centric load of 235 kips. Using allowable stress design, select
the wide-flange shape of 10-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use σ Y = 36 ksi and E = 29 × 106 psi.
SOLUTION
Preliminary calculations.
σY A ( F .S.) P (1.67)(235)
P< A> = = 10.90 in 2
F .S. σY 36
Le = 17 ft = 204 in.
E = 29 × 106 psi = 29000 ksi
0.877π 2 EI ( F .S.)( PLe ) 2 (1.67)(235)(204)2

P< I > = = 65.1 in 4
( F .S.) L2e 0.877π 2 E 0.877π 2 (29000)
E 29000
Transition Le /r: 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
σY 36
Try W10 × 54. A = 15.8 in 2 I y = 103 in 4 ry = 2.56 in.
Le 204
= = 79.69 < 133.68
r 2.56
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = 2
= = 45.07 ksi
( Le /r ) (79.69) 2
σ cr 1 1
σ all = = [0.658 σ Y /σ e ]σ Y = [0.65836/45.07 ](36) = 15.431 ksi
F .S. 1.67 1.67
Pall = σ all A = (15.431)(15.8)
Pall = 244 kips
Pall > P = 235 kips Use W10 × 54. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.127
Bar AB is free at its end A and fixed at its base B. Determine the allowable centric
load P if the aluminum alloy is (a) 6061-T6, (b) 2014-T6.
SOLUTION
A = (30)(10) = 300 mm 2 = 300 × 10−6 m 2

1
I min = (30)(10)3 = 2.50 × 103 mm 4
12
I 2.50 × 103
rmin = = = 2.887 mm
A 300
Le
Le = 2L = (2)(85) = 170 mm = 58.88
rmin
(a) 6061-T6: L /r < 66

σ all = 140 − 0.874( L /r ) = 140 − (0.874)(58.88)
= 88.53 MPa
Pall = σ all A = (88.53 × 106 )(300 × 10−6 ) = 26.6 × 103 N
Allowable centric load. Pall = 26.6 kN 

(b) 2014-T6: L /r > 55
382 × 103 382 × 103

σ all = = = 110.15 MPa
( L / r )2 (58.88)2
Pall = σ all A = (110.15 × 106 )(300 × 10−6 ) = 33.0 × 103 N
Allowable centric load. Pall = 33.0 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 10.128
A 43-kip axial load P is applied to the rolled-steel column BC at a point

on the x axis at a distance e = 2.5 in. from the geometric axis of the
column. Using the allowable-stress method, select the wide-flange
shape of 8-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use E = 29 × 106 psi
and σ Y = 36 ksi.
SOLUTION
Steel: E = 29000 ksi σ Y = 36 ksi
E
σY
L = 8 ft = 96 in.
Le = 2L = 192 in.
Le
Try W8 × 31. ry = 2.02 in., = 95.05 < 133.68
ry
π 2E π 2 (29000)
σe = = = 31.674 ksi
( Le /ry ) 2 (95.06) 2
σ cr 1
σ all = = [0.65836/31.674 ](36) = 13.40 ksi
F .S. 1.67
P Pec 43 (43)(2.5) ( 12 ⋅ 7.995)
+ = +
A Iy 9.13 37.1
= 4.71 + 11.58 = 16.29 ksi > 13.40 ksi (not allowed)
Approximate required area:
 16.29  2
 13.40  (9.13) = 11.1 in
 
without permission.
Le
Try W8 × 35. ry = 2.03 in. = 94.53 < 133.68 σ e = 31.996 ksi
ry
1
σ all = [0.65836/31.996 ](36) = 13.46 ksi
1.67
P Pec 43 (43)(2.5) ( 12 ⋅ 8.020 )

+ = +
A Iy 10.3 42.6
= 14.29 ksi > 13.46 ksi (not allowed)
Le
Try W8 × 40. ry = 2.04 in. = 94.12 < 133.68 σ e = 32.31 ksi
ry
1
σ all = [0.65836/32.31](36) = 13.52 ksi
1.67
P Pec 43 (43)(2.5) ( 12 ⋅ 8.020 )
+ = +
A Iy 11.7 49.1
= 12.51 ksi < 13.52 ksi (allowed)
Use W8 × 40. 
without permission.

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CHAPTER 10

 Let θ be the angle change of bar AB.

sin θ ≈ θ and cosθ ≈ 1, kL2θ − PLθ = 0

(kL2 − PL)θ = 0 Pcr = kL 

( K − PL) θ = 0 Pcr = K/L 

Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected as shown to a spring of constant k.

Let δ be the deflection of point C.

The rigid bar AD is attached to two springs of constant k and is in

Let xB and xC be the deflections of points B and C, positive →.

xC = − xB FB and FC form a couple .

The rigid rod AB is attached to a hinge at A and to two springs, each of

Let θ be the angle change of bar AB.

(2k δ 2 )(d cos θ ) − mg δ1 = 0

Data: m = 200 kg, g = 9.81 m/s 2 , h = 0.450 m, d = 0.300 m

The rigid rod AB is attached to a hinge at A and to two springs, each of

Let θ be the small rotation angle.

ΣM A = 0: hFD + 3hFC − PxB = 0

A frame consists of four L-shaped members connected by four torsional

Let θ be the rotation of each L-shaped member.

π 2 EI π 2 (1.6 × 106 )(970.7 × 10−6 )

π 2 EI π 2 (1.6 × 106 )(3.068 × 10−3 )

π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 109 )(3.859 × 10−6 )

A compression member of 20-in. effective length consists of a solid 1-in.-

π 2 EI S π 2 (10.6 × 106 )(0.049087)

π 2 EI H π 2 (10.6 × 106 )(0.046019)

PS − PH 12.839 × 103 − 12.036 × 103

(b) For the hollow rod, Pcr = 12.04 kips 

π 2 EI π 2 (105 × 109 )(510.51 × 10−9 )

π 2 EI π 2 (105 × 109 )(736.85 × 10−9 )

A column of effective length L can be made by gluing together

Pcr, a 1 324 27 Pcr, a

For square strut, A = 252 = 625 mm 2

π 2 (200 × 109 )(32.552 × 10−9 )

A compression member of 7-m effective length is made by welding

Angle L152 × 102 × 12.7: A = 3060 mm 2

Two angles: I x = (2)(7.20 × 106 ) = 14.40 × 106 mm 4

I y = 2[(2.59 × 106 ) + (3060)(24.9) 2 ] = 8.975 × 106 mm 4

I min = I y = 8.975 × 106 mm 4 = 8.975 × 10−6 m 4

π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 109 )(8.975 × 10−6 )

A column of 3-m effective length is to be made by welding together two C130 × 13

For channel C130 × 13: A = 1700 mm 2 b f = 48.0 mm

I x = 3.70 × 106 mm 4 I y = 0.260 × 106 mm 4 x = 12.1 mm

Arrangement (a): I x = (2)(3.70 × 106 ) = 7.40 × 106 mm 4

I y = 2[0.260 × 106 + (1700)(12.1) 2 ] = 1.0178 × 106 mm 2

I min = I y = 1.0178 × 106 mm = 1.0178 × 10−6 m 4

π 2 EI min π 2 (200 × 109 )(1.0178 × 10−6 )

Arrangement (b): I x = (2)(3.70 × 106 ) mm 4 = 7.40 × 106 mm 4

I y = 2[0.260 × 106 + (1700)(48 − 12.1) 2 ] = 4.902 × 106 mm 4

I min = I y = 4.902 × 106 mm 4 = 4.902 × 10−6 m 4

π 2 EI min π 2 (200 × 109 )(4.902 × 10−6 )

A single compression member of 27-ft effective length is obtained by

For C8 × 11.5 rolled steel shape, A = 3.37 in 2

I x = 32.5 in 4 , I y = 1.31 in 4 , x = 0.572 in.

For the fabricated column,

I min = I y = 47.21 in 4 , Le = 27 ft = 324 in.

A column of 22-ft effective length is to be made by welding two

  W8 × 35: I x = 127 in 4 I y = 42.6 in 4

  and : For each plate, A = (0.5)(9.0) = 4.5 in 2

Total: I x = 127 + (2)(30.375) = 187.75 in 4 = I min

I y = 42.6 + (2)(81.758) = 206.12 in 4

π 2 EI π 2 (29 × 106 )(187.75)

Member AB consists of a single C130 × 10.4 steel channel of length

 Fy = 0 : FAB sin 30° − FAC sin15° − 6.8 = 0

Rolled steel shape C130 × 10.4: