TREMOUILLE BARRETT LACROUX

02 03/08/2007 03/08/2007 03/08/2007

Updated as per comments included in transmittal E0503 FA
MARCHAND BARRETT LACROUX
01 22/09/2006 22/09/2006 22/09/2006
Original FA

REV ESTABLISHED VERIFIED APPROVED MODIFICATIONS STATUS

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Gulf Cooperation Council

COGELEX Interconnection Authority
GCCIA
Established: Date: Engineer: 455 René-Lévesque Blvd. West
MARCHAND 22/09/2006 Montreal, Quebec. Canada

Verified: Date:
BARRETT 22/09/2006 GCCIA Interconnection Project - Phase I
Approved: Date:
LACROUX 22/09/2006 HVDC Back-to-Back Converter Facility
Scale:

Dimensions:
EARTHING GRID

Sheet N°: Sheet Qty:

CALULATION NOTE
1 20
Contractor DWG N° DRAWING N°
PH001 - COM - 000 - ERT - 0065 - CN 017048-ACA30-47EE-0084 02
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MODIFICATIONS

Rev. Established Verified Approved Modifications

01 MARCHAND BARRETT LACROUX Original issue

22/09/2006 22/09/2006 22/09/2006

02 TREMOUILLE BARRETT LACROUX Updated as per comments included in transmittal E0503.

03/08/2007 03/08/2007 03/08/2007

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SUMMARY
Sheet Revision
Cover sheet 1 A

Modifications 2 A

Summary 3 A

1 Lists of references and symbols 4 A

1.1 List of references 4 A
1.2 List of symbols 4 A

2 Calculation hypothesis 6 A
2.1 Contractual data 6 A
2.2 Soil resistivity 6 A

3 Grounding conductor size 7 A

3,1 Hypothesis 7 A
3,1,1 Grid conductor's current 7 A
3,1,2 Miscellaneous 7 A
3,2 Buried conductor 8 A

4. Fault current flowing through the earthing grid 9 A

4.1 Principle 9 A
4.2 Calculation 10 A
4.3 Maximum grid current 11 A

5. Acceptable step and touch voltages 12 A

6. Main results of Capeline Programme 12 A

6.1 Grid resistance 12 A
6.2 Ground Potential Rise 13 A
6.3 Actual step and touch voltages 13 A

Appendix 1 Soil resistivity measurments 14 A

Appendix 2 Earth grid 15 A
Appendix 3a Calculation of Z1 and Z0, 50hZ side 16 A
Appendix 3b Calculation of Z1 and Z0, 60hZ side 17 A

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1 Lists of references and symbols

1.1 List of references

[1] ANSI / IEEE Std 80 - 2000

IEEE Guide for safety in AC substation grounding

[2] [2-1] IEC 909 (1988), IEC 909-1 (1991), IEC 909-2 (1992), IEC 909-3 (1995)
[2-2] [2-3] Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a.c systems

[3] IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System

Vol. PAS-99, N° 3 May/June 1980

1.2 List of symbols

f Network frequency Hz
I Initial symmetrical three phases short-circuit current kA
3Io Earth fault short-circuit current kA
r reduction factor on shield wires and cables sheath
Is Current flowing through the shield-wires kA
It Current flowing through the transformers neutral kA
Ig Current passing to earth grid kA
Rg Grid resistance Ω
Zw self impedance of ground wire with ground return Ω
Zwl mutual impedance between phase conductor / ground-wire Ω
Zp Driving point impedance Ω
Z1 positive sequence self impedances Zpu
Z2 negative sequence self impedances Zpu
Z0 zero sequence self impedances Zpu
Esc Maximum allowable step voltage V
Etc Maximum allowable touch voltage V
Cs Reduction factor -
Kw Weight of man factor -
ρ1 Soil resistivity of the upper layer soil Ω.m
ρ2 Soil resistivity of the lower layer soil Ω.m
ρs asphalt resistivity Ω.m

h Depth of grid burial m

hs Thickness of asphalt m
Wm Weight of a man taken into account kg
Tm Maximum allowable temperature for conductors °C
Tm2 Maximum allowable temperature for down leads to the grid conductor °C
Ta Ambient temperature °C
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K0 K0=1/A0 with A0 thermal coefficient of resistivity at 0°C °C

-1
αr Thermal coefficient of resistivity at reference temperature ( 20°C) °C
ρr Resistivity of the ground conductor at 20°C µΩ/cm

TCAP Thermal capacity of copper J/cm3/°C

A Minimum conductor cross section area mm²

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2. Calculation data
2.1 Contractual data

Three phases symetrical short circuit current I= 63 kA

Network frequency f= 60 Hz
Short circuit current time (for thermal design) tc = 1s

Duration of shock current (human safety) with configuration of protections system

2 FAUX
Maximum operating time of primary device protection system 0,250 s
0,250s correspond to Timer 2 in Breaker Failure protection (trip of adjacents CB).

so we take into account 0,250 s

Selected value : ts = 0,250 s

2.2 Soil resistivity (See annex 1 )

Surface material resistivity (asphalt) ρs = 5000 Ω.m

Depth of the upper layer soil h1 = 2 m

Resistivity of the upper layer soil ρ 1 = 1000 Ω.m
Resistivity of the lower layer soil ρ 2 = 321 Ω.m

Maximum soil temperature Ta = 35 °C

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3 Calculation of the earthing conductor size

3.1 Hypothesis
3.1.1 Conductor's current

If is the phase to earth fault current

If1 = 0,6 If
If1 = 37,80 kA

100%

Grid ( If1)

40% 60%

The fault current is diverted through the two parts of the buried horizontal conductor (or the building
earth ring) - IEEE80-2000 chap 11.3.3

3.1.2 Miscellaneous

Nature of grounding conductor

Nature of buried joints
Nature of risen joints

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3.2 Buried conductor

1 ( [1], Eq 37 sheet 41 )
A=If
TCAP × 10 − 4 K +T
. ln 0 m
t c .α r .ρ r K 0 + Ta

Connnection
apparatuses

down leads
conductor

Outdoor
Indoor /
Buried
Main earth conductor

from
Short circuit current time ( tc in s) 1 1 1
Maximum allowable temperature ( Tm in °C) 1083 1083 1 083
Maximum ambiant temperature ( Ta in °C) 35 55 55
K0=1/α0 with α0 thermal coefficient in °C 234 234 234
Thermal coefficient of resistivity of resistivity at 20°C ( αr in °C-1) 0,00393 0,00393 0,00393
Resistivity of ground conductor at 20°C ( ρr in µΩ.cm ) 1,72 1,72 1,72
Thermal capacity (TCAP in J/cm3/°C) 3,42 3,42 3,42
Short circuit current (kA) 37,8 63,0 63,0
Minimum conductor cross section area ( A in mm²) 133,3 227,4 227,4
selected conductor mm(²) 240 240 240

Power equipments will be connected at least, in two different points to the grounding grid with a
same size of buried conductor (240mm²)

Others equipments will be connected to the grounding grid with a same size of buried conductor.
(240mm²)

See earthing grid in Annex 2

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4. Fault current flowing through the earthing grid

4.1 Principles (reference [2-3], paragraph 3.1)

Ratio between the symetrical 3 phases short-circuit current and the phase-earth short-circuit current :

3I0 = 3 Z1/(2Z1 + Z0) I [2], equations (29) and (33)

Reduction factor due to overhead line shield wire (or cable sheath)

When a fault current I is flowing in the phase wires, a current (1-r) I is induced in the shield wires, so the
actual current flowing through the ground is "r x I" :
r is the reduction factor due to the shield wires (or cable sheath).
The total current through earth is Ietot = r 3I0 (IEC 909-3 13a)

. Current distribution between different earth electrodes :

Where :
RE is the resistance of earth grid.

Zp is the driving point impedance according to annex 3a & 3b

Zu is the input impedance of sheaths, shielding or armouring of cables.

IEtot
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so IG = ZE / RE IEtot
Ze RE Zp Zu

Earth fault short-circuit current 3I0

Total current flowing to the earth through the earth grid Ig
Current flowing through the transfomers neutrals (conservative assomption = 0 kA) It

we have : Ig = r 3I0 x ZE/RE

4.2 Calculations

Single phase short-cicuit phase-earth current :

3 I0 = 63,00 kA

Current flowing through the transformers neutrals :

It = 0,00 kA

Reduction factor due to the overhead lines shield wires (or cable sheath) :
r= 0,54
r 3 I(0)= 34,21 kA ( IEC 909-3 13a)

Current flowing actually to the ground through the earthing grid :

Driving point impedance Zp50 : Zp50 = 1,90 Ω (see annex 3a)
number of lines at New GCC S/S : 4 so Zp became 1,9 / 4 = 0,475 Ohm
Driving point impedance Zp60 : Zp60 = 1,90 Ω (see annex 3b)
number of lines at SECO S/S : 6 so Zp became 1,9 / 6 = 0,317 Ohm

Ietot 34,21 kA

Ig= Zpe/(Zpe+RE) x IEtot

0,48 Ohm 0,32 Ohm 0,33 Ohm with :

(Zp50) (Zp60) (RE)* Zpe = 1 / [ 1/Zp50 + 1/Zp60 ]

Ig Zpe = 0,19 Ohm

*(RE)= 0,33 Ohm ( see 6.1 )

Ig = 12,50 kA

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4.3 Maximum grid current

IG =Df Ig [1] equation 78 page 84

Df decrement factor for the entire duration of fault tf

− 2t f
T [1] equation 79 page 84
Df = 1+ a 1− e Ta

tf

tf = 0,250 s
X/R = 90
Ta = (X/R)/ω 0,239 s

Df = 1,355

IG = Df x Ig = 16,945 kA

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5. Acceptable step and touch voltages

1000+ 1.5 ⋅ Cs × ρs
Touch voltage : Etouch = Kw [1], equation page 27
ts

1000 + 6 C s ⋅ ρ s
Step voltage : E step = Kw [1], equation page 27
ts

Weight of man factor 2.05 ⋅ Wm + 13.5

Kw =
1000

ρ 1 .0
1 −
ρ s
C s = 1 − 0 . 09 [1], equation 27 page 23
2 h s + 0 . 09

Weight of man Wm = 50 Kg
duration of shock current ts = 0,25 s
Earth resistivity ρ= 1000 Ω.m
ground surface resistivity (asphalt) ρs = 5000 Ω.m
Thickness of asphalt surface layer hs = 0,1 m

KW = 0,116

Cs = 0,75

Acceptable touch voltage Etouch = 1540 V

Acceptable step voltage Estep = 5464 V

6. Main results of Capeline Programme

6.1 Grid resistance

This calculation is performed with the software Capeline, which is using the IEEE Vol PAS 99 N° 3 (May
June 1980).

Rg = 0,33 Ω

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6.2 Ground Potential Rise

GPR = IG x Rg = 5592 V

6.3 Actual step and touch voltages

Maximum actual touch voltage : 1317 V < 1540 V

Maximum actual step voltage : 362 V < 5464 V

Conclusion :the actual step and touch voltages are within the acceptable limits

"dangerous equipotential curve = GPR- Etouch = 4052 V

location of worst step voltage

362 V

location of worst touch voltage

1317 V

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Annex 1
Soil resistivity measurments :

Test N° Spacing : a Résistivity Test N° Spacing : a Résistivity

Ohm.m Ohm.m
A 1m 372 F 1m 38
A 4m 504 F 4m 82
A 20 m 237 F 20 m 247
B 1m 302 G 1m 221
B 4m 455 G 4m 380
B 20 m 265 G 20 m 507
C 1m 262 H 1m 46
C 4m 514 H 4m 81
C 20 m 143 H 20 m 208
D 1m 1206
D 4m 552
D 20 m 603
E 1m 227
E 4m 379
E 20 m 361

Mean value at 1m 334,3 Ω.m

4m 368,4 Ω.m
20 m 321,4 Ω.m
Model : the two layer model :
Soil resistivity at depth =0 ρ1 = 800 Ohms.m
Soil resistivity from depth H downward ρ2= 321 Ohms.m
Thickness of the upper layer soil h1 = 2,00 m
1 400
two layer soil model
1 200
measure
resistivity ( Ohm.m)

1 000

800

600

400

200

0
depth
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0

We can notice that the selected earth model ( curve) is conservative compare to measurement ( point)

So taken into account the 2 layers soil model, the resistivity is

787 Ω.m
Ω. at 0,80 m

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depth two layer soil model

measure
0,1 798
1,0 776
4,4 466
6,6 384
8,8 353
11,0 340
13,2 333
15,4 330
17,6 328
19,8 326
22,0 325
1 372
4 504
20 237
1 302
4 455
20 265
1 262
4 514
20 143
1 1 206
4 552
20 603
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 227
4 379
20 361
1 38
4 82
20 247
1 221
4 380
20 507
1 46
4 81
20 208
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
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0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

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Annex 2

Earthing grid :

equipotential line
4052 V

Depth of the grid : 0,8 m No earthroad in the switchyard

Note : for the checking of the dangerous overvoltages, only the main grid is modelized.

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Annex 3a
Calculation at New GCC substation AL FADHILI - 50Hz

Calculation of the driving point impedance Zp50 (reference [2-3])

2 1/2
Zp = {Zw/2 + ((Zw/2) + Zw Rt) } ([2-3], equation 1)

Z'w = R'W + ωµ0/8 + j ωµ0/2π (µr/4n + ln (δ/r)) ([2-3], equation 24)

Zw = Z'w . dT ([2-3], equation 1) δ = 1.85/(8π²f10-7/ρaverage)1/2 ([2-3], equation 26)

average soil resistivity ( substation resistivity) ρaverage = 800 Ω.m

tower foot resistance Rt = 10,00 Ohms
shield wire !"

shield wire radius rw = 0,009 m

number of earth wires n= 2
distance between the earth wires dw = 12,3 m
Equivalent earth wire radius rww = 0,333 m
distance between two tower (presumed value) dT = 400 m
Earth wire resistance per unit length R'W = 0,18 Ω/km
Relativ permeability of earth wire µ= 7,5 S.I.
Equivalent earth penetration depth δ = 2404,07 m
Earth wire impedance 0,149 + j 0,741 Z'w = 0,149 + j 0,741 Ohms/km
Between two towers Zw = 0,060 + j 0,296 Zw = 0,06 + j 0,296 Ohms
Zw = 0,30 Ohms

Zp50 = 1,90 Ω

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Annex 3b
Calculation at SECO GIS substation AL FADHILI - 60Hz

Calculation of the driving point impedance Zp60 (reference [2-3])

Zp = {Zw/2 + ((Zw/2)2 + Zw Rt)1/2} ([2-3], equation 1)

Z'w = R'W + ωµ0/8 + j ωµ0/2π (µr/4n + ln (δ/r)) ([2-3], equation 24)

Zw = Z'w . dT ([2-3], equation 1) δ = 1.85/(8π²f10-7/ρaverage)1/2 ([2-3], equation 26)

average soil resistivity ( substation resistivity) ρaverage = 800 Ω.m

tower foot resistance Rt = 10,00 Ohms
shield wire !"

shield wire radius rw = 0,009 m

number of earth wires n= 2
distance between the earth wires dw = 12,3 m
Equivalent earth wire radius rww = 0,333 m
distance between two tower (presumed value) dT = 400 m
Earth wire resistance per unit length R'W = 0,18 Ω/km
Relativ permeability of earth wire µ= 7,5 S.I.
Equivalent earth penetration depth δ = 2404,07 m
Earth wire impedance 0,149 + j 0,741 Z'w = 0,149 + j 0,741 Ohms/km
Between two towers Zw = 0,060 + j 0,296 Zw = 0,06 + j 0,296 Ohms
Zw = 0,30 Ohms

Zp60 = 1,90 Ω

Reduction factor on overhead line i (reference [2-3])

Z wl
ri = 1 − ([2-3], equation 23)
Z 'w
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Geometric mean distance between phase conductors and shield-wire : d WL = 26,34 m

Z'w = 0,149 + j 0,741 Ohms/km ([2-3], equation 24)

Mutual impedance between phase conductor / ground-wire :

Z'wL = ωµ0/8 + j ωµ0/2π ln (δ/dwL) ([2-3], equation 25)

Z'wL = 0,06 +j 0,34
Z'wL = 0,06 + j 0,34 Ohms/km
ri = 0,543 +j -0,01
ri = 0,54 + j 0,01 Ohms/km

ri = 0,54

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