MCAT G-Chem Formula Sheet

Nuclear and Atomic Chemistry Electron Configurations

Avogadro's number: N A = 6.02 × 10 23
e − quantum numbers: n , l, m l , m s
N A amu (u) = 1 gram n = 1, 2, K l = 0, 1, K , n − 1
7p 7s
1 u = 1.66 × 10 −24 g = 1.66 × 10 −27 kg [l = 0 ↔ s , l = 1 ↔ p ,
l =2 ↔d, l = 3 ↔ f ] 6d 6p 6s
mp = 1.0073 u, mn = 1.0087 u
Z = # protons, N = # neutrons m l = −l, − ( l − 1), K , ( l − 1), l 5f 5d 5p 5s
mass defect: ∆m = ( Zmp + Nmn ) − mnucleus ms = + 1
2 or − 1
2
4f 4d 4p 4s
nuclear binding energy: E B = ( ∆m ) × 931 MeV
1u in subshell l,
max # of electrons = 4 l + 2 3d 3p 3s
1 eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 J, 1 MeV = 10 6 eV
E photon = hf = hc λ in energy level n , 2p 2s
max # of electrons = 2n 2
Z2
electron energy levels: E n = ( −13.6 eV) 1s
n2
for any 1-electron atom

Radioactive Decay Stoichiometry / Lewis Structures

Z = # protons = atomic number, N = # neutrons, mass in grams moles of solute
# moles = ; molarity: M =
A = Z + N = mass number MW L of solution
Decay Description ∆Z ∆N ∆A mass of X
% composition by mass of X = × 100%
α eject α = 42 He −2 −2 −4 mass of molecule
β− n → p + e− +1 −1 0 formal charge: FC = V − ( 21 B + L)
+
β p → n + e+ −1 +1 0 V = (# of valence e − ' s), B = ( # of bonding e − ' s),
−
EC p+e →n −1 +1 0 L = (# of lone-pair e − ' s)
γ X* → X + γ 0 0 0

Periodic Trends & Bonding Molecular Geometry (VSEPR theory)

Atomic Radius Electron Affinity Geometric Family
# lone
pairs on Trigonal Trigonal
re Linear Tetrahedral Octahedral
se s mo e central planar bipyramid
rea ativ
inc neg atom

Ionization Energy Electronegativity 0

ses ses
rea rea
inc inc shape = geometry

Acidity Basicity
1
inc inc
rea rea
ses ses
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© 2001 by The Princeton Review, Inc.

shape = Bent Trigonal See-saw Square

pyramid pyramid
electronegativity of some common atoms:
F > O > Cl > N > Br > (I ≈ S ≈ C) > H 2
intermolecular forces (D = dipole,
I = induced, i = instantaneous):
shape = Bent T-shaped Square
ion–D > D–D (incl. H-bonds) planar
> D–ID > iD–ID (London)
Gases Colligative Properties
Avogadro’s law: V ∝ n moles of solute
Vat STP = n(22.4 L) molality: m =
kg of solvent
STP: T = 0 °C = 273 K, P = 1 atm
equivalents (eq)
Boyle’s law: V ∝ 1/P (at constant T ) normality: N =
Charles’ law: V ∝ T (at constant P ) L of solution
Combined: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 BP elevation: ∆Tb = kbim
Ideal-Gas law: PV = nRT FP depression: ∆Tf = –kfim
Dalton’s law of partial pressures: P = Σ pi mole fraction: XS =
moles of S
Graham’s law of effusion: total moles
rate of effusion of gas 2 Raoult’s law: PA = X APA
m m1 o
v 2,rms = v 1,rms m 1 ⇒ =
vapor pressure depression: ∆PA = −(1 − X A )PA
m2 o
2 rate of effusion of gas 1
osmotic pressure: Π = iMRT
Kinetics and Equilibrium
∆[reactant] ∆[product] Thermochemistry
concentration rate = − or +
time time T (in K) = T°C + 273, 1 cal ≈ 4.2 J
1 ∆[reactant] 1 ∆[product] q = mc ∆T = C ∆T (no phase change)
reaction rate = − or + q = n ∆Hphase change
coeff time coeff time
enthalpy change: ∆H = heat of rxn at const P
rate law for elementary reaction: rate = k [reactant1 ]coeff1 L
∆H < 0 ⇔ exothermic, ∆H > 0 ⇔ endothermic
Arrhenius equation: k = Ae − E a RT standard state: one most stable at 25°C, 1 atm
for generic balanced reaction a A + b B c C + d D, ∆H rxn
o
= ∑ n∆H f,products
o
− ∑ n∆H f,reactants
o

Laws of Thermodynamics:
[C]cat eq [D]dat eq excluding
equilibrium constant: K eq = a pure solids 1) Energy is conserved: ∆E = q + W
b
[A]at eq [B]at eq and liquids 2) spontaneous rxn ⇒ ∆S [∆entropy] ≥ 0
(gas rxns use partial pressures in K eq expression) 3) S = 0 for pure crystal at T = 0 K
K eq is a constant at a given temperature. Gibbs Free Energy: ∆G = ∆H – T∆S [const. T ]
∆G < 0 ⇔ spontaneous
K eq < 1 ⇔ equilibrium favors reactants
∆G = 0 ⇔ at equilibrium
K eq > 1 ⇔ equilibrium favors products ∆G > 0 ⇔ reverse rxn is spontaneous
c d
[C] [D] ∆G o ≈ –RT ln K ≈ –2.3RT log K ≈ (–5.7 mol kJ
) log K
reaction quotient: Q = a b
[A] [B]
Law of Mass Action (Le Châtelier's principle): Redox and Electrochemistry
Q < K eq ⇔ rxn proceeds forward Rules for determining oxidation state (OS ):
Q = K eq ⇔ rxn at equilibrium 1) sum of OS ’s = 0 in neutral molecule;
sum of OS ’s = charge on ion
Q > K eq ⇔ rxn proceeds in reverse
2) Group 1 metals: OS = +1;
Acids and Bases Group 2 metals: OS = +2
+ +
pH = –log [H ] = –log [H3O ] 3) OS of F = –1
pOH = –log [–OH] 4) OS of H = +1
Kw = [H+][–OH] = 1 × 10–14 at 25 °C 5) OS of O = –2
pH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C 6) OS of halogens = –1; OS of O family = –2
[H + ][A − ] If one rule contradicts another, rule higher in
Ka = , pK a = − log K a list takes precedence.
[HA]
F = faraday ≈ 96,500 C/mol e–
[ −OH][HB + ] ∆G = –nFEcell
Kb = , pK b = − log K b
[B] Ecell > 0 ⇔ spontaneous
K aK b = K w = ion-product constant for water E cell
< 0 ⇔ reverse rxn is spontaneous
0.06
Henderson–Hasselbalch equations: Nernst equation: E = E o − logQ
n
[weak acid]
pH = pK a − log [conjugate base] Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis:
[weak base]
The amount of chemical change is
pOH = pK b − log [conjugate acid] proportional to the amount of electricity
acid–base neutralization: N V = N V that flows through the cell.
a a b b