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b. Prayer (Salah) - Praying five times a day, kneeling towards Mecca. There are specific
ritualistic movements and prayers that are said.
C. Charity or alms-giving (Zakat) - Each year a Muslim should give money to charity
(Usually 2.5% of their savings). If a person does not have much money, they can do other
things instead.
D. Fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm) - Islamic Fasting is not eating or
drinking when the sun is out, only when the moon is out.
1390- Raha Baginda from Sumatra arrived in Sulu to carry on Sharif’s works. He
introduced the first firearms and elephants in the Philippines
1450- Abu Bakr arrived in Sulu from Johore. He married Princess Paramisuli (daughter of
Raha Baginda), and founded the Sulu Sultanate on the first year. He became the first
Sultan of Sulu.
1571-Islam had spread from Sulu and Mindanao to Visayas and to the shores of Manila.
Spain would have spread all over Philippines if it weren’t for Spain
If it weren’t for the arrival of Legazpi(1571), Islam would have taken root in Luzon
Sulayman (muslim) – last Filipino king of Manila.
Lakan Dula (muslim) – last Filipino king of Tondo.
Causes of the Moro War
The war between the Muslim Filipinos and the Spaniards lasted from 1578-1898.
1ST CAUSE: The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu
2nd CAUSE: The muslim Filipinos defended their Islamic Faith from Christianity.
3rd CAUSE: The love of Muslim Filipinos’ adventure.
Spain Fires the First Shot
JUNE 1578- Governor Francisco de Sande sent a Spanish force to Jolo. This was
commanded by Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa. Sultan Pangiran- resisted the
attack but was defeated. After the defeat, the Muslim Filipinos sent tributes in pearls
and in exchange for friendship with Spain. The Spaniards sailed away from Jolo.
1596- Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa (first Governor of Mindanao) obtained
from Spain the right to colonize Mindanao. An invasion of 1500 Christian Filipinos and
214 Spaniards at Bwayan. They were defeated and this was the first attempt of Spain to
colonize Mindanao.
First Moro Counter-Attacks
Raha Sirunga and Salikala gathered a force of 50 caracaos and 3,000 krismen. July 1599
they raided the Visayas and burned the towns.
1600- Sirungan and Salikala gathered again a force of 70 vessels and 4,000 warrios and
raided the Visayas but was lost at Arevalo, IloIlo provice by 1000 visayan warriors and
70 spanish arquebusiers under the command of Don Juan Garcia Sierra
Galinato’s Attack in Jolo
1602- Captain Juan Gallinato led a raid in Jolo with a force of 200 Spaniards (veterans).
In three months, he tried to capture Jolo but it was in vain.
The founding of Zamboanga
Tagal (muslim warrior) successfully led a raid and for eight months captured Christian
slaves. He boasted to his brother (Kudarat) that he shall bring the God of the Christians
as a prisoner.
December 17, 1636- Tagal boldy sailed by Zamboanga’s shores. The Spanish governor
was informed and quickly sent 6 vessels in pursuit to capture Tagal
December 21, 1636- a fierce battle ensued with Tagal killed on the scene and Gonzales
liberating 120 Christians.
February 2, 1637- Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera decided to invade
Maguindanao.Governor Corcuera landed in Zamboanga for reinforcements.
March 13, 1637- they landed at the mouth of Rio Grande de Mindanao. The next day he
orded an attack on Lamitan (Kudarat’s Capital).
Kudarat fought fiercely but was overwhelmed by the Filipino-Spanish troops. Kudarat
fled to a fortified hill called Ilihan.
March 18- Ilihan was eventually captured with Kudarat and his wife escaped.
May 24- Governor Corcuera returned to Manila with a Governor’s Welcome.
Capture of Jolo by Corcuera
April 4, 1639- the first Spanish expedition to Lanao was led by Dr. San Agustin de San
Pedro and Captain Francisco de Atienza. Alliances were formed.
1640- Another expedition was led by Pedro Bermudez de Castro but the Maranaos
attacked due to the Spanish agression. They were saved by Father San Pedro from
annihilation
First Measures Against the Moros
The Moros were not discouraged by Corcueras victories. They intensified their efforts
to continue the war against Spain.
1645 – The Taosugs liberated Jolo and destroyed the spanish garrison which Corcuera
established there.
The Spanish efforts in protecting Christian Filipinos
Second half of the 18th century saw the height of the Moro Raids. Everywhere the Moros
struck and left horrible trails of Blood and Death.
In 1769, the Moros landed in Malate within sight of the Spanish Cannons, plundered the
place, sailed away with 20 prisoners and rich spoils of war.
According to Spanish records, the Moros captured an average of 500 Christians annually
and sold them to slave markets in the East Indies. Between 1778 and 1793, the Spanish
Government spent more than 1 Million Pesos for military operations against the
marauding Moros.
Missionaries as Moro Fighters
In the course of the Moro wars, many missionaries won fame as gallant warriors. They
fought side by side with the soldiers in the defense of the Cross against the plunging
hordes of the Crescent.
Foremost among them was Fr. Agustine San Pedro, recollect missionary and Military
genius, who fought the Moros in Mindanao and defended Romblon in 1644 against a
Moro Raid. Because of his military exploits, he was then called the Padre Capitan (Priest
Captain).
Other Missionary-Heroes in the Moro War include:
Fr. Antonio de Santa Ana
Fr. Marcelino del Espiritu Santo
Fr. Jose Ducos
Fr. Pascual Ibanez
Decline of the Moro Raids
In 1848, steamships were purchased by Spain in England – the Magallanes, the Elcano,
and the Reina de Castilla, sounded the death-knell of Moro supremacy in the seas, for
the steamships can easily out sail the fastest Moro vinta.
Governor General Narciso Claveria – given the title of “Count of Manila” and was given a
sword of exquisite workmanship after he defeated the Samals in Balanguigui using the
new steamships.
Governor General Antonio de Urbiztondo – was a given a sword and an artistic cane
after he defeated the Moros in Tonquil on December 24, 1850 and captured Jolo on
February 28, 1851.
Jose Rizal, while a student in Ateneo de Manila, wrote a poem praising Urbiztondo’s
victory. The poem, written in 1875, was entitled “The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo”
Malcampo’s Conquest of Jolo (1876)
• Admiral Jose Malcampo prepared 21 steam warships, 11 transports, and 10,000 combat
troops due to the resurgence of the raids of Taosugs.
• Reached Jolo shores on February 21, 1876 and began his attack on the 29 th. The battle
lasted for 24 hours and on March 1st, Sultan Jamalil A’lam sued for peace and
transferred his capital to Maimbung.
• Malacampo’s victory resulted to the permanent Spanish occupation in Jolo and was
rewarded with the title of “Count of Jolo”.
• He appointed Don Pascual Cervera as first Spanish politico- military governor of Jolo
before he returned back to Manila.
• Jolo remained to be occupied by Spain until their rule was over on the Philippines in
1898.
Moro Sultan Leases Sabah to British North Borneo Company
January 22, 1878 – Sultan Jamalil A’lam leased his territory of Sabah (North Borneo) to
Mr. Alfred Dent and Baron Gustave Von Overbeck in sore need of funds to carry on the
resistance to the Spanish Invasion of his sultanate.
End of the Moro Wars
• After Malacampo’s conquest of Jolo, the Spanish authorities turned their efforts
towards the conquest of Mindanao
• Governor General Emilio Torrero first tried to invade Cotabato because he was
opposed by Datu Utto, who swore by his kris that no Spaniards would conquer
Cotabato. Torrero tried but failed and fled back to Manila.
• Governor General Valerio Weyler, the “Butcher of Cuba” then invaded Lanao. He won
the First Battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake, but Datu Amai Pakpak was able to escape and
recruited more warriors who faught with greater fury against Weyler.
• Failing to conquer Lanao, he attacked Cotabato but again he failed because of the fierce
resistance of Datu Ali Jimbangan and his formidable krismen.
• Four years later, Governor General Ramon Blanco, invaded Lanao Lake region
and started the Second Battle of Marawi. Blanco succeeded in killing Datu Amai
Pakpak but failed to conquer Lanao because of the enraged Moro Warriors who
proclaimed a jihad (holy war), forcing Blanco to return back to Manila
Peace Treaty of Paris
The last Spanish attempt to conquer Mindanao occurred in February 1898
when General Buille took the field in Cotabato and withdrew after a few days of fighting. Then
came the Peace Treaty of Paris which ended Spanish Rule in the Philippines. After more than 3
centuries of bitter warfare, Spain had failed to conquer the Moroland.
Arabic Influences in the Philippines
• Islam
• Sultanate form of government
• System of Jurisprudence based on Qu’ranic Law.
• The Arabic Calendar and Islamic Holidays
• Arabic Arts (Sarimanok, Okil…)
• Literature (Maranao Darangan, Maguindanaon
Indarapatra and Sulayman, Taosug Parang-
Sabil inspired by the stirring Arabian Nights
• Hints of Arbic Words in the Filipino language.
Filipino Arabic
akma akma
alak arak
apo apu
bukas bukra
salamat salam