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PARENT SOCIALIZATION
The process through which children are encouraged to adopt socially desirable behaviour patterns
Done using guidance, rewards and punishment
Parental goals and beliefs play an important role
Dimensions of Parenting
Parental involvement/ warmth
Parental demandingness/control
Parenting Styles
1) Authoritarian
High control but little warmth
Demand obedience
No explanation of rules
Children: withdrawn or act out, lower self-esteem, less socially skilled
2) Indulgent-Permissive
Warm & attentive, but place few demands on child
Lax & inconsistent feedback
Children: impulsive, easily frustrated, dependent, less socially skilled, lack self-control
3) Indifferent-Disengaged
See their role as only providing food, clothing and shelter
Emotionally detached
Depressed and overwhelmed by life stress (focus on own needs)
Children: low self-esteem, impulsive, moody, aggressive
4) Authoritative
Demanding but warm
Sensitive to child
Consistently explain & enforce rules
◦Encourage verbal give-and-take
Children: responsible, self-assertive, cooperative, independent, self-controlled
2) Withdrawal of Love
Ignoring, isolating or showing dislike for the child
3) Induction
Strategy that uses reasoning with child
Includes setting limits, demonstrating logical consequences of an action through explanation and discussion
SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS
Make unique contribution to one another’s social, emotional and cognitive development
Serve many functions
There may be a decrease in attachment security after birth of a second child
◦Especially 1-2 months after
Positive adjustment:
◦Secure attachment
◦“Baby” discussions
◦Keep normal routines
Early childhood: often emotionally loaded
◦Marked by positive & negative aspects
Siblings get along when:
they’re of the same gender
parents treat them fairly
parents get along
Adoptive Families
May be pre-existing issues
◦Can still have positive adjustment and outcomes
Adoption process is moving from a confidential system to a more open system
Divorce
Period before marked by conflict
◦Has direct and indirect effects on children
Crisis period involves disruption
Vast majority adjust to transition
Important Factors:
Financial and emotional support
Adequate parenting
Minimize additional stress
PARENT-ADOLESCENT CONFLICT
•Generally greater than in childhood
•Teaches adolescent how to handle disagreements
◦see others’ views; compromise
Relations usually still good
Especially frequent and intense between mothers and daughters
Cognitive Changes
Makes adolescents better arguers
◦Becomes more difficult for parents to prevail quickly in arguments with their children
Focus of Conflict
1) Social life and customs
e.g. choice of friends & dating partners, curfew, clothes
2) Responsibility
E.g. chores, spending allowance, caring for personal belongings
3) School
E.g. study habits, attendance
4) Family relationships
E.g. fighting with siblings, attitude and respect shown to parents
5) Social conventions
E.g. drinking, smoking, using drugs, sexual behaviour
Autonomy
Capacity to make decisions and complete life tasks without being overly dependent on others
Serve as one’s own source of emotional strength
Point where parents worry about adolescents following negative paths
Parents need to gradually relinquish control; be warm and supportive
Enforce rules
Engage in discussion
Parental monitoring very important
◦Parent doesn’t have to be physically present
◦E.g. extracurricular activities, home activities, chores, etc.
CHILD MALTREATMENT
Intentional abuse or neglect of anyone younger than 18 years of age that endangers their well-being
Consequences of Maltreatment
Have less warm and secure relationships with their parents
Lower self self-esteem
Display less empathy
Those who are treated harshly physically are more aggressive with peers
Perform poorly in school
Adolescence: depression, anxiety, conduct disorder, eating disorder
Preventing Maltreatment
Identifying high-risk families
Resources at the community level
◦Assisting service providers and community organizations in developing and providing effective interventions