Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

BSMATH-ELECTIVE 6
VECTOR ANALYSIS
Problem Set No. 3

Submittedby:
Bachelor of Science in Mathematics 4-1

Submitted to:
Prof. Jackie Urrutia

Submitted on:
October 6, 2017
 Supplementary Problem
 
42. If φ = 2xz 4 − x2 y, find ∇φ and ∇φ at the point (2, -2, -1).

Solution:

Let φ = 2xz 4 − x2 y, then

∂ ∂ ∂
∇φ = (2xz 4 − x2 y)i + (2xz 4 − x2 y)j + (2xz 4 − x2 y)k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (2z 4 − 2xy)i + (−x2 )j + (8xz 3 )k

at point (2, −2, −1),

h i h i
4 2 3
∇φ = 2(−1) − 2(2)(−2) i − (2) j + 8(2)(−1) k
∴ ∇φ = 10i − 4j − 16k
  p
∇φ = 102 + (−4)2 + (−16)2
 
  √
∇φ = 2 93
 

  √
∴ ∇φ = 2 93
 

43. If A = 2x2 i − 3yzj + xz 2 k and φ = 2z − x3 y, find A · ∇φ and A × ∇φ at the point (1, -1, 1).

Solution:

For A · ∇φ,

∂ ∂ ∂
∇φ = (2z − x3 y)i + (2z − x3 y)j + (2z − x3 y)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= −3x2 yi − x3 j + 2k

   
A · ∇φ = 2x2 i − x3 j + 2k · − 3x2 yi − x3 j + 2k
= −6x4 y + 3x3 yz + 2xz 2
at point (1, -1, 1)
A · ∇φ = −6(1)4 (−1) + 3(1)3 (−1)(1) + 2(1)(1)2
=6−3+2
=5

A · ∇φ = 5

1
 For A × ∇φ,
 
 i j k 

A × ∇φ =  2x2 −3yz xz 2 
−3x2 y −x3 2 
= (−6yz + x4 z 2 )i − (4x2 + 3x3 yz 2 )j + (−2x5 − 9x2 y 2 z)k
at point (1, -1, 1)
A × ∇φ = [−6(−1)(1) + (1)4 (1)2 ]i + [4(1)2 + 3(1)3 (−1)(1)2 ]j + [−2(−1)5 − 9(1)2 (−1)2 (1)]k
= 7i − j − 11k

A × ∇φ = 7i − j − 11k

44. If F = x2 z + ey/x and G = 2z 2 y − xy 2 , fina (a)∇(F + G) and (b)∇(F G) at the point (1, 0, −2).

Solution:

(a)∇(F + G) = ∇F + ∇G
∂  2  ∂  2  ∂  2 
∇F = x z + ey/x + x z + ey/x + x z + ey/x
∂x ∂y ∂z
 yey/x   1 y/x 
= 2xz − 2
i+ e j + x2 k
x x
∂ ∂ ∂
∇G = (2z 2 y − xy 2 ) + (2z 2 y − xy 2 ) + (2z 2 y − xy 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (−y 2 )i + (2z 2 − 2xy)j + (4zy)k
at point (1, 0, -2)
h e0/1 i
∇F = 2(1)(−2) − (0) i + (e0/1 )j + (1)2 k
1
= −4i + j + k
∇G = (−(0)2 )i + (2(−2)2 − 2(1)(0))j + (4(−2)(0))k
= 8j

∴ ∇(F + G) = −4i + 9j + k
(b)∇(F G)
At point (1, 0, -2)
F = (1)(−2) + e0/1
= −2 + 1
= −1
G = 2(−2)2 (0) − (1)(0)2
=0

∇(F G) = F ∇G + G∇F
= (−1)(−4i + j + k) + (0)(8j)
= −8j

∇(F G) = −8j

2
  3
45. Find r .

Solution:

  p
Let r = xi + yj + zk and r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
 3
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 3/2


!
 3 ∂ ∂ ∂  3/2
∇r = i+ j+ k x2 + y 2 + z 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
3p 2 3p 2 3p 2
= x + y 2 + z 2 (2x)i + x + y 2 + z 2 (2y)j + x + y 2 + z 2 (2z)k
2p 2 2
= 3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 (xi + yj + zk)
 3  
∇r = 3rr
 3  
∇r = 3rr

f (r)r
46. Prove ∇f (r) = .
r
p
Proof. Let r = xi + yj + zk and r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
 
f (x, y, z) = f r(x, y, z)

Now,
∂f  ∂f  ∂r 
=
∂x ∂r ∂x
∂f  ∂f  ∂r 
=
∂y ∂r ∂y
∂f  ∂f  ∂r 
=
∂z ∂r ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂f
=⇒ ∇f (r) = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
!
∂f ∂r ∂r ∂r
= i+ j+ k
∂r ∂x ∂y ∂z
p
But r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , so

∂r ∂ p 2 
= x + y2 + z2
∂x ∂x !
1 1
= p (2x)
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
x
=p
x + y2 + z2
2
x
=
r

3
 ∂r ∂ p 2 
= x + y2 + z2
∂y ∂y
!
1 1
= p (2y)
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
y
=p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
y
=
r

∂r ∂ p 2 
= x + y2 + z2
∂z ∂z !
1 1
= p (2z)
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
z
=p
x + y2 + z2
2
z
=
r
Hence,
" #
df ∂r ∂f ∂f
∇f (r) = i+ j+ k
dr ∂x ∂r ∂r
" #
df xi + yj + zk
= , but r = xi + yj + zk
dr r
!
df r
=
dr r
f 0 (r)r
=
r

!
√ 6
47. Evaluate ∇ 3r2 − 4 r + √
3
.
r

Solution:

Let r = xi + yj + zk, then

! !
2 √ 6 ∂ ∂ ∂  √ 6 
∇ 3r − 4 r + √
3
= i+ j+ k 3r2 − 4 r + √
3
r ∂x ∂y ∂z r
1 1
= 6r − 2 − 2 4/3
(r)1/2 (r)
= 6r − 2r−1/2 − 2r−4/3
= r 6 − 2r−3/2 − 2r−7/3

!
√ 6  
2
∇ 3r − 4 r + √
3
= r 6 − 2r−3/2 − 2r−7/3
r

4
48. If ∇U = 2r4 4, find U .

Solution: !
∂ ∂ ∂
∇U = i+ j+ k U = 2r4 r
∂x ∂y ∂z
p
Let r = xi + yj + zk and r = x2 + y 2 + z 2

2
r 4 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

2
2r4 r = 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2


xi + yj + zk

2
2
2
= 2x x2 + y 2 + z 2 i + 2y x2 + y 2 + z 2 j + 2z x2 + y 2 + z 2 k

Now, using integration

Z Z Z

2
2
2
U = 2x x2 + y 2 + z 2 idx + 2y x2 + y 2 + z 2 jdy + 2z x2 + y 2 + z 2 kdz

Let u = x2 + y 2 + z 2 Let v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 Let w = x2 + y 2 + z 2

du = 2xdx dv = 2ydy dw = 2zdz
du dv dw
= xdx = ydy = zdz
2 2 2
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
u v w
=2 dui + 2 dvj + 2 dwk
2 2 2
Z Z Z
= u2 dui + v 2 dvj + w2 dwk

u3 v3 w3
= i+ j+ k
3 3 3
but u = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = x2 + y 2 + z 2
 3
x2 + y 2 + z 2

= i+j+k +c
3
(r2 )3
= +c
3
r6
= +c
3

r6
∴U = +c
3

5
 r
49. Find φ(r) such that ∇φ = and φ(1) = 0.
r5
Solution:
r
∇φ =
r5
= r−4
Z Z
φ = r−4 dr

1
φ(r) = − r3 + c
3
Since φ(1) = 0

1
c = r3
3
1
c = (1)
3
1
c=
3
1 1
φ(r) = − r3 +
3 3

1 1
 
∴ φ(r) = 1− 3
3 r
√
2 2 2
50. Find ∇ψ where ψ = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )e−1 x +y +z .

Solution:

p
Let r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and r2 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ), then

ψ = r2 e−r

d 2 −√r
∇ψ = (r e )
dr
= −2re−r + r2 e−r
= (−2 + r)e−r r

∴ ∇ψ = (−2 + r)e−r r

6
51. If ∇φ = 2xyz 3 i + x2 z 3 j + 3x2 yz 2 k, find φ(x, y, z) if φ(1, −2, 2) = 4.

Solution

∇φ = 2xyz 3 i + x2 z 3 j + 3x2 yz 2 k
Z
For φ(x) , 2xyz 3 dx = x2 yz 3
Z
For φ(y) , x2 z 3 dy = x2 yz 3
Z
For φ(z) , 3x2 yz 2 dz = x2 yz 3

φ(x, y, z) = x2 yz 3 + c
Find c, since φ(x, y, z) is φ(1, −2, 2) = 4.

c = −x2 yz 3
c = −(1)2 (−2)(2)3 + 4
c = 20

∴ φ = x2 yz 3 + 20

52. If ∇ψ = (y 2 − 2xyz 3 )i + (3 + 2xy − x2 z 3 )j + (6z 3 − 3x2 yz 2 )k. Find ψ.

Solution:
∇ψ(x, y, z) 2x2 yz 3
Z
= y 2 − 2xy 3 =⇒ (y 2 − 2xy 3 )dx = xy 2 − = xy 2 − x2 yz 3 + c
∇x 2
∇ψ(x, y, z)
Z
= 3 + 2xy − x2 z 3 =⇒ (3 + 2xy − x2 z 3 )dx = 3y + xy 2 − x2 yz 3 + c
∇y
!
∇ψ(x, y, z) 6z 4 3xyz 3
Z
3 4
= 6z 3 − 3xyz 2 =⇒ 3 2
(6z − 3xyz )dx = − = z +c
∇z 4 3 2

3
∴ ψ = xy 2 − x2 yz 3 + 3y + ( )z 4 + c
2

7
53. If U is a differentiable function of x, y, z, prove ∇U · dr = dU .

Proof:

∂U1 ∂U2 ∂U3

∇U · dr = ( i+ j+ k · (dxi + dyj + dzk)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂U1 ∂U2 ∂U3
= dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
= dU

∴ ∇U · dr = dU

54. If F is a differentiable function of x, y, z, t where x, y, z are differentiable functions of t , prove that

dF ∂F dr
= + ∇F · .
dt ∂t dt

Proof. Let r = xi + yj + zk.

∂F ∂F ∂F
∇F = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂F  ∂F ∂F ∂F  d
= + i+ j+ k · (xi + yj + zk)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z dt
∂F  ∂F  d   ∂F  t   ∂F  d 
= + + +
∂t ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
 ∂F  dt   ∂F  dx   ∂F  dy   ∂F  dz 
= + + +
∂t dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
Note that if F is differentiable function of u and v, then

 dF   ∂F  du   ∂F  dv 
= +
dt ∂u dt ∂v dt
dF dF
∴ = .
dt dt

8
55. If A is a constant vector, prove ∇(r · A) = A.

Proof. Let A be a constant vector and let

A = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k if
r = xi + yj + zk

Then,

∇(r · A) = ∇(A1 x + A2 y + A3 z)
∂ ∂ ∂
= (A1 x + A2 y + A3 z)i + (A1 x + A2 y + A3 z)j + (A1 x + A2 y + A3 z)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= A1 i + A2 j + A3 k
=A

∴ ∇(r · A) = A

56. If A(x, y, z) = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k, show that dA = (∇A1 · dr)i + (∇A2 · dr)j(∇A3 · dr)k.

Solution:

Let A(x, y, z) = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k, then

dA = dA1 i + dA2 j + da3 k

∂A1 ∂A1 ∂A1
=⇒ dA1 = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂A2 ∂A2 ∂A2
=⇒ dA2 = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂A3 ∂A3 ∂A3
=⇒ dA3 = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
which implies
 ∂A ∂A1 ∂A1 
1
dA1 = i+ j+ k · (dxi + dyj + dzk)
∂x ∂y ∂z
 ∂A ∂A2 ∂A2 
2
dA2 = i+ j+ k · (dxi + dyj + dzk)
∂x ∂y ∂z
 ∂A ∂A3 ∂A3 
3
dA3 = i+ j+ k · (dxi + dyj + dzk)
∂x ∂y ∂z


dA1
 = ∇A1 · dr
=⇒ dA3 = ∇A2 · dr

da3 = ∇A3 · dr


∴ dA = (∇A1 · dr)i + (∇A2 · dr)j + (∇A3 · dr)k

9
 F  G∇F − F ∇G
57. Prove ∇ = if G 6= 0.
G G2

Proof.
F  ∂ ∂ ∂  F 
∇ = i+ j+ k , G 6= 0.
G ∂x ∂y ∂z G
∂ F  ∂ F  ∂ F 
= i+ j+ k
∂x G ∂y G ∂z G
" # " # " #
 ∂F   ∂G   ∂F   ∂G   ∂F   ∂G 
G − F i G − F j G − F k
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
= + +
" G2 2
#G " G2 #
 ∂F   ∂F   ∂F   ∂G   ∂G   ∂G 
G i+G j+G k − F i+F j+F k
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
=
G2
 ∂F ∂F ∂F   ∂G ∂G ∂G 
G i+ j+ k −F i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
=
G2
G∇F − F ∇G
∴
G2

58. Find a unit vector which is perpendicular to the surface of the paraboloid of revolution z = x2 + y 2
at the point (1, 2, 5)

Solution:

Let φ(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z, Then

∇φ = 2xi + 2yj − k

Note that ∇φ is a vector orthogonal to the surface φ, thus, at point (1, 2, 5)

∇φ = 2i + 4j − k
p
|∇φ| = (2)2 + (4)2 + (−1)2
√
= 21

2i + 4j − k
∴ The unit vector is √
± 21

59. Find the unit outward drawn normal to the surface (x − 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 2)2 = 9 at the point (3, 1, −4)

Solution:

Let φ(x, y, z) = (x − 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 2)2 , Then

∇φ = (2x − 2)i + 2yj + (2z + 4)k

10
 at point (3, 1, −4)

∇φ = 4i + 2j − 4k
q
|∇φ| = (4) 2 + (2)2 + (−4)2
√
= 36
√
= 6

∴ The unit vector is perpendicular to the surfaceφ is

4i + 2j + −4k 2i + j − 2k
=
±6 ±3
2i + j − 2k
and the outward drawn is
3

2i + j − 2k
∴
3

60. Find an equation for the tangent plane to the surface xz 2 + x2 y = z − 1 at the point (1,-3,2).

Solution:

∂ ∂ ∂  2
∇(xz 2 + x2 y − z + 1) = i+ j+ k (xz + x2 y − z + 1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (z 2 + 2xy)i + x2 j − (2xz − 1)k

Then the normal to the surface point (1,-3,2),

(z 2 + 2xy)(i + x2 j − k) = (22 + 2(1)(−3))i + (1)j + (2(1)(2) − 1)k

= −2i + j − 3k.

The equation of a plane passing through a point whose position vector is r0 and which is perpendic-
ular to the normal N is (r-r0 )oN=0. Thus,

= [(xi + yj + zk) − (i − 3j + 2k)]o(−2i + j + 3k) = 0

= [(x − 1)i + (y + 3)j + (z − 2)k]o(−2i + j + 3k) = 0
= −2(x − 1) + (y + 3) − 3(z − 2) = 0
= 2x + 2 + y + 3 + 3z − 6 = 0
= −2x + y + 3z − 1 = 0
= 2x − y − 3z + 1 = 0

11
61. Find the equation for the tangent plane and normal line to the surface z = x2 +y 2 at the point (2,-1,5).

Solution:

∇(−z + x2 + y 2 ) = 2xi + 2yj − k

= 2xi + 2yj − k = 2(2)i + 2(−1)j − k
= 4i − 2j − k

The equation of a plane passing through a point whose position vector is r0 and which is perpendicular
to the normal N is (r-r0 )oN=0. Thus,

= [(xi + yj + zk) − (2i − j + 5k)]o(4i − 2j − k) = 0

= [(x − 2)i + (y + 1)j + (z − 5)k]o(4i − 2j − k) = 0
= 4(x − 2) − 2(y + 1) − (z − 5) = 0
= 4x − 2y − z − 5 = 0

The normal line at 4i − 2j − k is describe by the parametric equation.

x−2 y+1 z−5

x = 2 + 4t,y = −1 − 2t,z = 5 − t OR 4 = −2 = −1

62. Find the directional derivative of φ = 4xz 3 − 3x2 y 2 z at (2, −1, 2) in the direction 2i − 3j + 6k.

Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇φ = i+ j+ k φ
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (4xz 3 − 3x2 y 2 z)i + (4xz 3 − 3x2 y 2 z)j + (4xz 3 − 3x2 y 2 z)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (4z 3 − 6xyz)i + (−6x2 yz)j + (12xz 2 − 3x2 y 2 )k
Let A = 2i − 3j + 6k
A
UA =
||A||
2i − 3j + 6k
=p
(2)2 + (−3)2 + (6)2
2i − 3j + 6k
=
49
2i − 3j + 6k
=
7

The directional derivative of φ in the direction UA is ∇φ · UA .

12
 Now,
 2 3 6 
∇φ · UA = (4z 3 − 6xyz)i + (−6x2 yz)j + (12xz 2 − 3x2 y 2 )k ·

i− j+ k
7 7 7
8 12   18   72 18 
= z 3 − xy 2 z + x2 y 2 + xz 2 − x2 y 2
7 7 7 7 7
at (2, −1, 2)
h8 12 i  18 i h 72 18 i
∇φ · UA = (2)3 − (2)(−1)2 (2) + (2)2 (−1)(2) + (2)(2)2 − (2)2 (−1)2
2 7 7 7 7
 64 48   144   576 72 
= − + − + −
7 7 7 7 7
16 144 504
= − +
7 7 7

376
∴ ∇φ · UA =
7
63. Find the directional derivative of P = 4e2x−y+z at the point (1, 1, −1) in a direction toward the point
(−3, 5, 6).

Solution:
∇F = ∇(4e2x−y+z )
∂ ∂ ∂  2x−y+z
= i j+ k (4e )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (4e2x−y+z )i + (4e2x−y+z )j + (4e2x−y+z )k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (8e(2x−y+z) i + (−4e(2x−y+z) j + (4e(2x−y+z) k
at point (1, 1, −1)
= (8e(2(1)−1−1) i + (−4e(2(1)−1−1) j + (4e(2(1)−1−1) k
= 8e0 i + (−4e0 )j + 4e0 k
= 8i − 4j + 4k
The unit vector in the direction from (1, 1, −1) to (−3, 3, 6) is (−4, 4, 7).
−4i + 4j + 7k
a= p
(−4)2 + (4)2 + (7)2
−4i + 4j + 7k
= √
81
4 4 7
=− i+ j+ k
9 9 9

Then the direction derivative is

 4 4 7 
∇P · a = (8i − 4j + 4k) · − i + j + k
9 9 9
 4 4 7 
=8 − + (−4) +4 k
9 9 9
20
=−
9
Since this is negative, P is decreasing in this direction.

13
64. In what direction from the point (1, 3, 2) is the directional derivative of φ = 2xz − y 2 a maximum?
What is the magnitude of this maximum?

Solution:

∇φ = ∇(2xz − y 2 )
∂ ∂ ∂ 
= i+ j+ k (2xz − y 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (2xz − y 2 )i + (2xz − y 2 )j + (2xz − y 2 )k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2zi − 2yj + 2zk
at (1, 3, 2)
= 2(2)i − 2(3)j + 2(1)k
= 4i − 6j + 2k

∴ the directional derivative is maximum in the direction of the vector ∇φ = 4i − 6j + 2k.

The magnitude of this maximum is

|∇φ| = 4i − 6j + 2k|
p
= (4)2 + (−6)2 + (2)2
√
= 56
√
= 2 14

14
65. Find the value of the constants a, b, c so that the directional derivative of φ = axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 at
(1, 2, −1) has a maximum of magnitude 64 in a direction parallel to the z − axis.

Solution:

∇f = (ay 2 + 3cz 2 x2 )i + (2axy + bz)j + (by + 2czx3 )k

∇f (1, 2, −1) = (4a + 3c)i + (4a − b)j + (2b − 2c)k

4a + 3c = 0
4a − b = 0
2b − 2c = 64

4a + 3c = 0
=⇒ −4a − b = 0
b + 3c = 0
b = 3c

Substitute b to -3c
2(−3c) − 2c = 64
=⇒ −6c − 2c = 64
− 8c = 64
c = −8

Substitute c to -8
=⇒4a + 3(−8) = 0
4a − 24 = 0
a=6

∴ a = 6 , b = −24 , c = −8

15
66. Find the acute angle between the surfaces xy 2 z = 3x+z 2 and 3x2 −y 2 +2z = 1 at the point (1, −2, 1) .

Solution:

To find the acute angle at point (1, −2, 1) we need to find the tangnt surfaces at (1, −2, 1).

Let
φ = xy 2 z − 3x − z 2
ψ = 3x2 − y 2 + 2z
Note that ∇φ and ∇ψ is an orthogonal vector to the surfaces φ and ψ respectively, hence, to the
tangent surfaces of φ and ψ.
∇φ = (y 2 z − 3)i + (2xyz)j + (xy 2 − 2z)k
∇ψ = (6x)i + (−2y)j + (2)k
at point (1, −2, 1)
∇φ = ((−2)2 − 3)i + (2(−2))j + ((−2)2 − 2)k
= i + (−4)j + 2k
∇ψ = (6)i + (4)j + (2)k
= 6i + 4j + 2k
Thus, i − 4j + 2k and 6i + 4j + 2k is orthogonal to the tangent surfaces of φ and ψ respectively. The
angle between the two tangent surfaces is the angle of the normal vectors.
A·B
cos θ =
|A||B|
∇φ · ∇ψ
=
|∇φ||∇ψ|
at point (1, −2, 1)

< 1, −4, 2 > · < 6, 4, 2 >

cos θ = p √
1 + (−4)2 + 22 62 + 42 + 22
2

6 − 16 + 4
= √ √
21 56
√
6 3 6
=− √ =− √ =−
14 6 7 6 14
√
6
cos(π − θ) = −
14
 √6 
=⇒ θ = π − arccos −
14
Since
√   √6 
6
π − arccos − > arccos −
14 14
and we’re finding the acute angle then
 √6 
∴ π = arccos −
14

16
67. Find the constants a and b so that the surface ax2 − byz = (a + 2)x will be orthogonal to the surface
4x2 y + z 3 = 4 at the point (1, −1, 2).

Solution:

We need to show that ∇F · ∇G = 0 so that F ⊥ G at P (1, −1, 2).

First, find the normal lines of F and G, that is,
∂F ∂F ∂F
∇F = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
and
∂G ∂G ∂G
∇G = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
So,

∇F = ∇(ax2 − byz − (a + z)x)

∂ ∂ ∂
= (ax2 − byz − (a + z)x)i + (ax2 − byz − (a + z)x)j + (ax2 − byz − (a + z)x)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇F = (2ax − a − 2)i − bzj − byk

and

∇G = ∇(4x2 y + z 2 − 4)
∂ ∂ ∂
= (4x2 y + z 2 − 4)i + (4x2 y + z 2 − 4)j + (4x2 y + z 2 − 4)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇F = 8xyi + 4x2 j + 3z 2 k

After doing so, look for the dot product

∇F · ∇G = Fx Gx + Fy Gy + Fz Gz = 0
= (2ax − a − 2)(8xy) + (−bz)(4x2 ) + (−by)(3z 2 )
= 16ax2 − 8axy − 16xy − 4bx2 z − 3byz 2

Substitute P (x, y, z) = P (1, −1, 2) to ∇F · ∇G

=⇒ 16a(1)2 − 8a(1)(−1) − 16(1)(−1) − 4b(1)2 (2) − 3b(−1)(2)2 = 0

=⇒ −16a + 8a + 16 − 8b + 12b = 0
=⇒ −8a + 16 + 4b = 0(1)

Since we have two missing constants, we’ll substitute P (1, −1, 2) to F to get b. That is,

F (1, −1, 2) =⇒ a(1)2 − b(−1)(2) = (a + 2)(1)

=⇒ a + 2b = a + 2
∴b=1

We may now substitute b to EQ(1)

EQ(1) := −8a + 16 + 46 = 0 then b = 0,

17
 −8a + 16 + 4(1) = 0
−8a = −20
20
a=
8
5
=
2

5
a= and b = 1
2

68. (a) Let u and v be differentiable functions of x , y and z . Show that a necessary and sufficient con-
dition that u and v are functionally related by the equation F (u, v ) = 0 is that ∇u × ∇v = 0.
(b) Determine whether u = arctan x + arctan y and v = 1x−xy +y
are functionally related.

Solution:

(a) Assume that

dF dF dF
F (u, v ) = 0 =⇒ = 0, = 0, =0
dx dy dz
From the assumption F (u, v ) = 0, we can get:

∇F × ∇v = Fu∇u × ∇v = 0
∇F × ∇u = Fv ∇v × ∇u = 0
These implies that:
dF du dF dv
+ =0
du dx dv dx
dF du dF dv
+ =0
du dy dv dy
dF du dF dv
+ =0
du dz dv dz
Thus,
dF du dF dv
=−
du dx dv dx
dF du dF dv
=−
du dy dv dy
dF du dF dv
=−
du dz dv dz
From Fu∇u × Fv ∇v ,
du dv du dv
=
dx dy dy dx
du dv dy dv
=
dy dz dz dx
du dv du dv
=
dy dz dz dx

18
Now, compute ∇u × ∇v

 
i j k
 du du du 
∇u × ∇v =  dx dy dz 
dv dv dv
dx dy dz
           
du dv du dv du dv du du
= − i− − j
dy dz dz dy dx dz dz dx
     
du dv du dv
+ − k
dx dy dy dx
= 0i − 0j + 0k
=0

We prove that ∇u × v = 0 necessarilly follows from F (u, v ) = 0.

∴ ∇u × v = 0 is necessary for F (u, v ) = 0.

If we reverse the direction of the proof, that is, ∇u × v = 0 =⇒ F (u, v ) = 0

∴ ∇u × v = 0 is sufficient for F (u, v ) = 0.

(b)
1+y 2
" #
 du du  1+x
d(u, y) dx dy (1+xy)2 (1−xy)2 1 1
= dv dv = 1 1 = − =0
d(x, y) dx dx 1+x2 1+y 2
(1 − xy)2 (1 − xy)2
Hence, u and v are functionally related.
x+y
=⇒ arctan x + arctan y = arctan( )
1 − xy
u = arctan v
=⇒ v = arctan u

x+y
∴ u = arctan x + arctan y and v = 1−xy are functionally related.

19
69. (a) Show that a necessary and sufficient condition that u(x, y, z), v(x, y, z) and w(x, y, z) be func-
tionally related through the equation F (u, v, w) = 0 is ∇u · ∇v × ∇w = 0.
(b) Express ∇u · ∇v × ∇w in determinant form. This determinant is called the Jacobian of u, v, w
with respect to x, y, z and is written ∂(u, v, w) u,v,w
∂(x, y, z) J( x,y,z )
(c) Determine whether u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and w = xy + yz + zx are functionally related.

Solution:

(a)
(b) Express ∇u · ∇v × ∇w in determinant form.

∂u ∂u ∂u
∇u = ı+ + k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂v ∂v ∂v
∇v = ı+ + k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂w ∂w ∂w
∇w = ı+ +
∂x ∂y ∂z
By triple scalar products,

 ∂u ∂u

∂u 

 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
 
 ∂v ∂v ∂v 
∇u · ∇v × ∇w =  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 
 ∂w ∂w ∂w 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z

(c) u = x + y + z, v = X 2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = xy + yz + zx

∂ ∂ ∂
∇u = (x + y + z)ı + (x + y + z) + (x + y + z)k
∂x ∂y ∂w
=ı++k

∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
∇v = (x + y 2 + z 2 )ı + (x + y 2 + z 2 ) + (x + y 2 + z 2 )k
∂x ∂y ∂w
= 2xı + 2y + 2zk

∂ ∂ ∂
∇w = (xy + yz + zx)ı + (xy + yz + zx) + (xy + yz + zx)k
∂x ∂y ∂w
= (y + z)ı + (x + z) + (y + x)k

20
  
 ı  k 

⇒ ∇v × ∇w =  2x 2y 2z 
y + z x+z y + x

= [(2y)(y + x) − (2z)(x + 2)]ı − [(2x)(y + x) − (2z)(y + z)] + [(2x)(x + z) − (2y)(y + z)]k

= (2y 2 + 2yx − 2xz − 2z 2 )ı − (2xy + 2x2 − 2yz − 2z 2 ) + (2x2 + 2xz − 2y 2 − 2yz)k

∇u · ∇v × ∇w = (1)(2y 2 + 2yx − 2xz − 2z 2 ) − (1)(2xy + 2x2 − 2yz − 2z 2 ) − (1)(2x2 + 2xz − 2y 2 − 2yz)

= 2y 2 + 2yx − 2xz − 2z 2 − 2xy − 2x2 + 2yz + 2z 2 + 2x2 + 2xz − 2y 2 − 2yz

= 0.

therefore, u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and w = xy + yz + zx is functionally related.

y 2 = (x + y + z)2
= x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 2(xy + yz + zx)

Since v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and w = xy + yz + zx
It implies that,

u2 = v + 2wu2 − v − 2w = 0

70. If A = 3xyz 2 i + 2xy 3 j − x2 yzk and φ = 3x2 − yz, find (a) ∇ · A, (b) A · ∇φ, (c) ∇ · (φA), (d)∇ · (∇φ),
at the point (1, −1, 1).

Solution:

(a) ∇ · A

∂ ∂ ∂
∇·A=( i+ j+ k) · (3xyz 2 i + 2xy 3 j − x2 yzk)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (3xyz 2 ) + (2xy 3 ) + (−x2 yz)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3yz 2 + 6xy 2 + (−x2 y)

At point (1, -1, 1):

∇ · A = 3(−1)(1)2 + 6(1)(−1)2 + (−1)2 (−1)

= −3 + 6 − 1
∇·A=4

21
(b) A · ∇φ

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∇φ = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ 2
= (3xyz 2 )i + (2xy 3 )j + (x yz)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 6xi + (−z)j + (−y)k
Now,
A · ∇φ = (3xyz 2 i + 2xy 3 j − x2 yzk) · (6xi − zj − yk)
= 18x2 yz 2 − 2xy 3 z + x2 y 2 z
At the point (1, -1, 1):

A · ∇φ = 18(1)2 (−1)(1)2 − 2(1)(−1)3 (1) + (1)2 (−1)2 (1)

= −18 + 2 + 1
A · ∇φ = −15
(c) ∇ · (φA)

∇ · (φA) = (∇φ) · A + φ(∇ · A)

∇φ = 6xi − zj − yk
∇ · A = 3yz 2 + 6y 2 − x2 y
Now,
∇ · (φA) = (∇φ) · A + φ(∇ · A)
= (6xi − zj − yk) · A + 3x2 − yz(yz 2 + 6y 2 − x2 y)
= (6xi − zj − yk) · (3xyz 2 i + 2xy 2 j − x2 yzk) + 3x2 − yz(xyz 2 + 6xy 2 − x2 y)
= 18x2 yz 2 − 2xy 3 z + x2 y 2 z + (9x2 yz 2 − 3y 2 z 3 ) + (18x3 y 2 − 6y 3 z) + (−3x4 y + x2 y 2 z)
= 18x2 yz 2 − 2xy 3 z + x2 y 2 z + 9x2 yz 2 − 3y 2 z 3 + 18x3 y 2 − 6y 3 z − 3x4 y + x2 y 2 z
At the point (1, −1, 1):

∇ · (φA) = 18(1)2 (−1)(1)2 − 2(1)(−1)3 (1) + (1)2 (−1)2 (1) + 9(1)2 (−1)(1)2 − 3(−1)2 (1)3 + 18(1)3 (−1)2 − 6(−1)3
=1

(d)∇ · (∇φ)
∇φ = 6xi − zj − yk

∇ · (∇φ) = ∇ · (6xi − zj − yk)

 
∂ ∂ ∂
= i+ j+ k · (6xi − zj − yk)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (6x) + (−z) + (−y)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ · (∇φ) = 6

22
71. Evaluate div(2x2 zi − xy 2 zj + 3yz 2 k)

Solution:

div(2x2 zi − xy 2 zj + 3yz 2 k)

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ · (2x2 zi − xy 2 zj + 3yz 2 k) = ( + j+ k) · (2x2 zi − xy 2 zj + 3yz 2 k)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (2xz ) + (−xy 2 z) + (3yz 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 4xz − 2xy + 6yz

72. If φ = 3x2 z − y 2 z 3 + 4x3 y + 2x − 3y − 5, find ∇2 φ.

Solution:

Note that ∇2 φ = ∇ · ∇φ .

∂ ∂
∇φ = (3x2 z − y 2 z 3 + 4x3 y + 2x − 3y − 5)i + (3x2 z − y 2 z 3 + 4x3 y + 2x − 3y − 5)j
∂x ∂y
∂
+ (3x2 z − y 2 z 3 + 4x3 y + 2x − 3y − 5)k
∂z
= (6xz + 12x2 y + 2)i + (−2yz 3 + 4x3 − 3)j + (3x2 − 3y 2 z 2 )k

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ · ∇φ = ( i+ j+ k) · [(6xz + 12x2 y + 2)i + (−2yz 3 + 4x3 − 3)j + (3x2 − 3y 2 z 2 )k]
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (6xz + 12x2 y + 2) + (−2yz 3 + 4x3 − 3) + (3x2 − 3y 2 z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 6z + 24xy − 2z 3 − 6y 2 z

∴ ∇2 φ = 6z + 24xy − 2z 3 − 6y 2 z

23
73. Evaluate ∇2 (ln r).

Solution:

Note that

∇2 (ln r) = ∇ · (ln r))

∂2 ∂2 ∂2
= (ln r) + (ln r) + (ln r)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
p
= ∇2 (ln ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

∂ ∂ p
(ln r) = (ln ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∂x ∂x
1 1 1
=p · (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 · 2x
2 2
x +y +z 2 2
x
= 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )
∂2 ∂ x
2
(ln r) = ( 2 )
∂x ∂x (x + y 2 + z 2 )
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − (x) · 2x
=
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
−x2 + y 2 + z 2
= 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )2

∂ ∂ p
(ln r) = (ln x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∂y ∂y
1 1 1
=p · (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 · 2y
x2 + y 2 + z 2 2
y
= 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )
∂2 ∂ y
2
(ln r) = ( 2 )
∂y ∂y x + y 2 + z 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − (y) · 2y
=
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
x − y2 + z2
2
= 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )2

24
 ∂ ∂ p
(ln r) = (ln x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∂z ∂z
1 1 1
=p · (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 · 2z
x2 + y 2 + z 2 2
z
= 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )
∂2 ∂ z
2
(ln r) = ( 2 )
∂z ∂z x + y 2 + z 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − (z) · 2z
=
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
x + y2 − z2
2
= 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )2

−x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x2 − y 2 + z 2 + x2 + y 2 − z 2
∴ ∇2 (ln r) =
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
x2 + y 2 + z 2
= 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )2
1
= 2
x + y2 + z2
1
= 2
r

1
∴ ∇2 (ln r) =
r2

25
74. Prove ∇2 rn = n(n + 1)rn−2 where n is a constant.

Proof:
Consider
1 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 1
∇2 ( m
) = ( 2
+ 2
+ 2
)( m )
|r| ∂x ∂y ∂z (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
∂ 1 2 2 2 m−2
( m ) = −mx(x + y + z ) 2
∂x (x + y + z ) 2
2 2 2

∂2 1 m(m + 2)x2 m
2
( m ) = m+4 − m+2
∂x (x + y + z ) 2
2 2 2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
m(m + 1)x2 − my 2 − mz 2
= m+4
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
(m + 1)x2 − y 2 − z 2
= m[ m+4 ]
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
Thus, it follows that
∂2 2 2 2 −m (m + 1)y 2 − z 2 − z 2
((x + y + z ) 2 ) = m[
m+4 ]
∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
∂2 2 2 2 −m (m + 1)z 2 − x2 − y 2
((x + y + z ) 2 ) = m[
m+4 ]
∂z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
Hence,
1 (m − 1)x2 + (m − 1)y 2 + (m − 1)z 2
∇2 ( ) = m[ m+4 ]
|r|m (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
m−4
= m(m − 1)[(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 ]
2 2 2 − m−2
= m(m − 1)(x + y + z ) 2

Now, let m = −n, then

1 1
∇2 ( m ) = ∇2 ( n )
|r| |r|
n−2
∇2 (|r|n ) = −n(−n − 1)(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2

∇2 (|r|n ) = n(n − 1)|r|n−2

∴ ∇2 (|r|n ) = n(n − 1)|r|n−2

26
75. If F = (3x2 y − z)i + (xz 3 + y 4 )j − 2x3 z 2 k, find ∇(∇ · F ) at the point (2, −1, 0).

Solution:

∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3

∇(∇ · F ) = ∇( + + )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∇[ (3x2 y − z) + (xz 3 + y 4 ) + (−2x3 z 2 )]
∂x ∂y ∂z
= ∇(6xy + 4y 3 − 4x3 z)
∂ ∂ ∂
= (6xy + 4y 3 − 4x3 z)i + (6xy + 4y 3 − 4x3 z)j + (6xy + 4y 3 − 4x3 z)k
∂x ∂x ∂x
= (6y − 12x2 z)i + (6x + 12y 2 )j − 4x3 k

at point (2, −1, 0)

∇(∇ · F ) = (6y − 12x2 z)i + (6x + 12y 2 )j − 4x3 k
= (6(−1) − 12(2)2 (0))i + (6(2) + 12(−1)) j − 4(2)3 k
= −6i + 24j − 32k

∴ ∇(∇ · F ) = −6i + 24j − 32k

76. If ω is a constant vector and v = ω × r , prove that div v = 0.

Proof. Let ω be a constant vector, say ω = (0, 0, 0), Then

v =ω×r

Let r = xi + yj + zk,then
 
 i j k
 
v =  0 0 0
x y z 
= (0 − 0)i + (0 − 0)j + (0 − 0)k
=0

Now, we need to show that div v=0.

But v = 0,then
∂ ∂ ∂ 
div v = (0)i + (0)j + (0)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
=0

∴ div v=0

27
77. Prove ∇2 (φψ) = φ ∇2 ψ + 2 ∇φ · ∇ψ + ψ ∇2 φ.

Solution:

By definition

∂2 ∂2 ∂2
∇2 (φψ) = (φψ)i + (φψ)j + (φψ)k, so
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
     
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(φψ)i + 2 (φψ)j + 2 (φψ)k = (φψ) i + (φψ) j + (φψ) k
∂x2 ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= φ ψ+ψ φ + φ ψ+ψ φ
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
 
∂ ∂ ∂
+ φ ψ+ψ φ
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂2 ∂2
 
∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ
= φ 2ψ + + + ψ 2φ i
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
2 ∂2
 
∂ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ
+ φ 2ψ + + + ψ 2φ j
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
2 ∂2
 
∂ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ
+ φ 2ψ + + + ψ 2φ k
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
 2 2 2

∂ ∂ ∂
=φ ψi + 2 ψj + 2 ψk
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
 
∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ
+2 i+ j+ k) + ψ( 2 φi + 2 φj + 2 φk
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
= φ∇2 ψ + 2∇φ · ∇ψ + ψ∇2 φ

∴ ∇2 (φψ) = φ∇2 ψ + 2∇φ · ∇ψ + ψ∇2 φ

28
78. If U = 3x2 y, V = xz 2 − 2y evaluate grad[(gradU ) · (gradV )]

Solution:

gradU = grad(3x2 y)
∂ ∂ ∂
= (3x2 y)i + (3x2 y)j + (3x2 y)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 6xyi + 3x2 j
gradV = grad(xz 2 − 2y)
∂ ∂ ∂
= (xz 2 − 2y)i + (xz 2 − 2y)j + (xz 2 − 2y)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= z 2 i + (−2)j + 2xzk
= z 2 i − 2j + 2xzk
(gradU ) · (gradV ) = (6xyi + 3x2 j) · (z 2 i − 2j + 2xzk)
= 6xyz 2 − 6x2
grad[(gradU ) · (gradV )] = grad(6xyz 2 − 6x2 )
∂ ∂ ∂
= (6xyz 2 − 6x2 )i + (6xyz 2 − 6x2 )j + (6xyz 2 − 6x2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (6yz 2 − 12x)i + 6xz 2 j + 12xyzk

29
79. Evaluate ∇ · (r3 r)

Solution:

Let r = xi + yj + zk

p
r= x2 + y 2 + z 2
3
r3 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
∇ · (r3 r) = (∇r3 ) · r + r3 (∇ · r)
3 3 3
3 ∂(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 ∂(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 ∂(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
∇r = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
3 1 3 1 3 1
∇r3 = ( (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (2x))i + ( (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (2y))j + ( (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (2z))k
2 2 2
2 12 2 12 1
3 2 2
∇r = 3x(x + y + z ) i + 3y(x + y + z ) j + 3z(x + y + z 2 ) 2 k
2 2 2 2

1
∇r3 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (3xi + 3yj + 3zk)

1
∇r3 · r = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (3xi + 3yj + 3zk)
1
∇r3 · r = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (3x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 )
1
∇r3 · r = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
3
∇r3 · r = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2

3 ∂ ∂ ∂
r3 (∇ · r) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 )[( i+ j+ k) · (xi + yj + zk)]
∂x ∂y ∂z
3 ∂x ∂y ∂z
vr3 (∇ · r) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 )[( + + )
∂x ∂y ∂z
3
r3 (∇ · r) = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2

∇ · (r3 r) = (∇r3 ) · r + r3 (∇ · r)
3 3
∇ · (r3 r) = 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 + 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
3
∇ · (r3 r) = 6(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
but r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
3
∇ · (r3 r) = 6(r2 ) 2 ∇ · (r3 r) = 6r3

∴ ∇ · (r3 r) = 6r3

80. Evaluate ∇ · [ r ∇(1/r3 ) ]

Solution:
p
r= x2 + y 2 + z 2
3
r3 =(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
∇( r13 ) = ∇ 1
3
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
3
∇( r13 ) = ∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2

30
 3 3 3
∂(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )− 2 2 2 2 −2 2 2 2 −2
∇ r13 = ∂x i + ∂(x +y∂y+z ) j + ∂(x +y∂z+z ) k
5 5 5
∇( r13 ) = (− 32 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (2x))i + (− 32 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (2y))j + (− 32 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (2z))k
5 5 5
∇( r13 ) = (−3x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 )i + (−3y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 )j + (−3z(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 )k
5
∇( r13 ) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)
5
r∇( r13 ) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)
r∇( r13 ) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)
∇ · [ r ∇(1/r3 ) = ∇ · [(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)]
∇ · [ r ∇(1/r3 =
(∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ) · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)+(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (∇ · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk))
2 2 2 −2 2 2 2 −2 2 2 2 −2
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = ∂(x +y∂x+z ) i + ∂(x +y∂y+z ) j + ∂(x +y∂z+z ) k
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = [−2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (2x)]i + [−2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (2y)]j
+ [−2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (2z)]k

∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = −4x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 i − 4y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 j − 4z(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 k

∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk) =

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (−4xi − 4yj − 4zk) · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (12x2 + 12y 2 + 12z 2 )
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk) = 12(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (∇ · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk))

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ( ∂x
∂ ∂
i + ∂y ∂
j + ∂z k) · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ( ∂(−3x)
∂x + ∂(−3y)
∂y + ∂(−3z)
∂z )

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (∇ · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk))= −9(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2

(∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ) · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk)+(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (∇ · (−3xi + −3yj + −3zk))

=12(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 − 9(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2

=3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2
butr2 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
=3(r2 )−2
=3r−4

∴ ∇ · [ r ∇(1/r3 ) ] = 3r−4

31
81. Evaluate ∇2 [ ∇ · (r/r2 ) ]
Solution:

r = xi + yj + zk
r2 =x2 + y 2 + z 2

∇ · ( rr2 )=∇ · ( xxi+yj+zk

2 +y 2 +z 2 )
y
∇ · ( rr2 )= ∂x
∂
( x2 +yx2 +z 2 ) + ∂ ∂ z
∂y ( x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) + ∂z ( x2 +y 2 +z 2 )
2 2 +z 2 −2x2 x2 +y 2 +z 2 −2y 2 x2 +y 2 +z 2 −2z 2
∇· ( rr2 )= x(x+y2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 + (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 + (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
2 2 2 )−2(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )
∇· ( rr2 )= 3(x +y (x+z 2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
2 +y 2 +z 2
∇· ( rr2 )= (xx2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
r 1
∇· ( r2 )= x2 +y2 +z 2
∇· ( rr2 )=(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1

∇2 [ ∇ · (r/r2 ) ] = ∇2 = ∇ · ∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1

2 2 2 −1 2 2 2 −1 2 2 2 −1
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1 = ∂(x +y∂x+z ) + ∂(x +y∂y+z ) + ∂(x +y∂z+z )
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1 = −2x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 + −2y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 + −2z(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−2x − 2y − 2z)

∇[(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−2x − 2y − 2z)] = (∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ) · (−2x − 2y − 2z) + (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (∇ ·
(−2x − 2y − 2z))
2 2 2 −2 2 2 2 −2 2 2 2 −2
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = ∂(x +y∂x+z ) + ∂(x +y∂y+z ) + ∂(x +y∂z+z )
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = −4x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 + −4y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 + −4z(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (−4x − 4y − 4z)
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (−4x − 4y − 4z) · (−2x − 2y − 2z)
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (8x2 + 8y 2 + 8z 2 )
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = 8(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 = 8(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (∇ · (−2x − 2y − 2z))
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ( ∂x
∂ ∂
+ ∂y ∂
+ ∂z )(−2x − 2y − 2z))
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ( ∂(−2x)
∂x + ∂(−2y)
∂y + ∂(−2z)
∂z )
2 2
−6(x + y + z ) 2 −2

∇[(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−2x − 2y − 2z)] = (∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 ) · (−2x − 2y − 2z) + (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (∇ ·
(−2x − 2y − 2z))
∇[(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−2x − 2y − 2z)] = 8(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 − 6(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2
∇[(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−2x − 2y − 2z)] = 2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2
but r2 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∇[(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−2x − 2y − 2z)] = 2(r2 )−2
∇[(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 (−2x − 2y − 2z)] = 2r−4

∴ ∇2 [ ∇ · (r/r2 ) ] = 2r−4

32
 r
82. If A = , find grad div A.
r

Solution:
r
A= grad. div A − 2r−3 r
r
r = xi + yj + zk
p
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
div · A = ∇ · A

∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
∇·A= p + p + p
∂x x2 + y 2 + z 2 ∂y x2 + y 2 + z 2 ∂z x2 + y 2 + z 2
 
p
2 2 2
1 2 2 2 − 12
x + y + z − x (x + y + z ) (2x)
2
=
x + y2 + z2
2
 
p
2 2 2
1 2 2 2 − 12
x + y + z − y (x + y + z ) (2y)
2
+
x + y2 + z2
2
 
p
2 2 2
1 2 2 2 − 12
x + y + z − z (x + y + z ) (2z)
2
+
x + y2 + z2
2
1
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
p
=
x2 + y 2 + z 2
p p
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x2 + y 2 + z 2
=
x2 + y 2 + z 2
p
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
=
x2 + y 2 + z 2
2
=p
x + y2 + z2
2

33
 grad. div A = ∇(∇ · A)

∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
∇(∇ · A) = 2 2 2
i 2 2 2
j+ k
∂x x + y + z ∂y x + y + z ∂z x + y 2 + z 2
2
   
1 2 2 2 − 21 1 2 2 2 − 12
−2 (x + y + z ) (2x) −2 (x + y + z ) (2y)
2 2
= 2 2 2
i+ j
x +y +z x2 + y 2 + z 2
 
1 1
−2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (2z)
2
+ k
x2 + y 2 + z 2
−2x 2y 2z
= 3 i − 3 j − 3 k
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
2
=− 3 (xi + yj + zk)
(x + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
2

2
=− 2 (xi + yj + zk)
(x + y 2 + z 2 )3
−2
= 3r
r
= −2r−3 r

d2 f 2 df
83. Prove ∇2 f (r) = 2 +
dr r dr
Solution:
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
∇2 f (r) = f (r) + f (r) + f (r)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
     
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= f (r) + f (r) + f (r)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
     
∂ ∂f ∂r ∂ ∂f ∂r ∂ ∂f ∂r
= · + · + ·
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂y ∂r ∂y ∂z ∂r ∂z
∂f ∂ 2 r ∂ 2 f ∂r ∂f ∂ 2 r ∂ 2 f ∂r ∂f ∂ 2 r ∂ 2 f ∂r
= · 2+ · + · 2+ · + · 2+ ·
∂r ∂y ∂x∂r ∂y ∂r ∂y ∂y∂r ∂y ∂r ∂z ∂z∂r ∂z
1
Given r = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2

34
 ∂r 1 1
⇒ = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 · 2x
∂x 2
x
=
r
∂2r
 
2 − 21 1 3
⇒ 2
2 2
= (x + y + z ) + x − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 · 2x
∂x 2
1 3
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 − x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2
1 1
= − x2 · 3
r r
∂r 1 1
⇒ = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 · 2y
∂x 2
y
=
r
∂2r
 
2 − 21 1 3
⇒ 2 2
= (x + y + z ) + y − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 · 2x
∂x2 2
1 3
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 − y 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2
1 1
= − y2 · 3
r r
∂r 1 2 1
⇒ = (x + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 · 2z
∂x 2
z
=
r
∂2r
 
2 − 21 1 3
⇒ 2 2
= (x + y + z ) + z − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 · 2x
∂x2 2
1 3
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 − z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2
1 1
= − z2 · 3
r r

 2
∂ 2 f x ∂f 1 y2 ∂2f y
 
2 ∂f x
∇ f (r) = · + · + · − + ·
∂r r3 ∂x∂r r ∂r r r3 ∂y∂r r
1 z2 ∂2f z
 
∂f
+ · − 3 + ·
∂r r r ∂z∂r r
 2
x + y2 + z2
     
∂f 3 ∂ ∂f ∂r x ∂ ∂f ∂r y
= − 3
+ · · + · ·
∂r r r ∂r ∂r ∂x r ∂r ∂r ∂y r
 
∂ ∂f ∂r z
+ · ·
∂r ∂r ∂y r
∂2f x x ∂2f y y ∂2f z z
 
∂f 3 r
= − 3 + 2 · + 2 · · + 2 · ·
∂r r r ∂r rr ∂r r r ∂r r r
 2 2 2
 2
2 ∂f x +y +z ∂ f
= · +
r ∂r r2 ∂r2
∂2f 2 ∂f
= + ·
∂r2 r ∂r

35
84. Prove that the vector A = 3y 4 z 2 i + 4x3 z 2 j − 3x2 y 2 k is solenoidal.

Solution:

∂ ∂ ∂
∇·A= (3y 4 z 2 )i + (4x3 x2 )j + (3x2 y 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ · A = 0i + 0j + 0k
∇·A=0
∴V is solenoidal.

85. Show that A = (2x2 + 8xy 2 z)i + (3x3 y − 3xy)j − (4y 2 z 2 + 2x3 z)k is not solenoidal but B = xyz 2 A
is solenoidal.

Solution:

A = (2x2 + 8xy 2 z)i + (3x3 y − 3xy)j − (4y 2 z 2 + 2x3 z)k

∂ ∂ ∂
∇·A= (2x2 + 8xy 2 z) + (3x3 y − 3xy) + (−4y 2 z 2 − 2x3 z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= x3 + x, is not solenoidal

B = xyz 2 A

∇B = ∇(xyz 2 ) · A + (xyz 2 )(∇ · A)

∂ ∂ ∂
∇(xyz 2 ) = (xyz 2 )i + (xyz 2 )j + (xyz 2 )k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= yz 2 i + xz 2 j + 2xyzk

∇(xyz 2 ) · A = (yz 2 i + xz 2 j + 2xyzk) · (2x2 + 8xy 2 z)i + (3x3 y − 3xy)j − (4y 2 z 2 + 2x3 z)k
= 2x2 yz 2 + 8xy 3 z 3 + 3x4 yz 2 − 3x2 yz 2 − 8xy 3 z 3 − 4x4 yz 2
= −x2 yz 2 − x4 yz 2

(xyz 2 )(∇ · A) = (xyz 2 )(x3 + x)

= x4 yz 2 + x2 yz 2

∇B = −x2 yz 2 − x4 yz 2 + x4 yz 2 + x2 yz 2
=0

36
86. Find the most general differentiable function f (r) so that f (r)r is solenoidal.

Solution:

dr df
3 + =0
r f

Integrating both sides,

Z Z Z
dr df
3 + = 0
r f
⇒ 3lnr + lnf (r) = c, c is an arbitrary constant
⇒ lnr3 + lnf (r) = lnc
c
⇒ lnf (r) = ln 3
r
c
⇒ f (r) = 3
r
c
∴ f (r) = 3 , where c is an arbitrary constant
r

37
 −xi − yj
87. Show that the vector field V = p is a ”sink field”. Plot and give physical interpretation.
x2 + y 2

−xi − yj
Proof. Let V = p be a vector field.
x2 + y 2

Given the divergence of a vector field, we can say that div V is a source if it is positive, sink if it is
negative and divergence free if div V = 0.

! ! ! !
∂ ∂ −xi − yj ∂ −x ∂ −y
∇·V = i+ j · p = p + p
∂x ∂y x2 + y 2 ∂x x2 + y 2 ∂y x2 + y 2
1 1 1 1 #
∂
" # " 2
∂ 2
(x + y 2 ) 2 ∂y (x + y 2 ) 2


∂

∂ 2
(x2 + y 2 ) 2 ∂x (x + y 2 ) 2 − y − − y ∂y


− x − − x ∂x
= +
1 2 1 2
h i h i
2
(x + y ) 2 2 (x2 + y 2 ) 2
1
 
− 1 # " 1
  1
−(x2 + y 2 ) 2 + x 12 x2 + y 2 2 2x −(x2 + y 2 ) 2 + y 12 (x2 + y 2 )− 2 2y
" #
= +
(x2 + y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 )
" 1 1
# " 1 1
#
−(x2 + y 2 ) 2 + x2 (x2 + y 2 )− 2 −(x2 + y 2 ) 2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )− 2
= +
(x2 + y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 )
" −px2 + y 2 + √ x2 # " −px2 + y 2 + √ y2 #
x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2
= +
(x2 + y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 )
−(x2 +y 2 )+x2 −(x2 +y 2 )+y 2
√ √
x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2
= +
(x + y 2 )
2 (x + y 2 )
2

−x− y 2 + x2 −x2 − y 2 + y 2
= 3 + 3
(x2 + y 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 ) 2
−y 2 − x2
= 3
(x2 + y 2 ) 2
−(x2 + y 2 )
= 3
(x2 + y 2 ) 2
1
= −p
x + y2
2

Since ∇ · V is negative
−xi − yj
∴V = p is a sink field.
x2 + y 2

38
88. If U and V are differentiable scalar fields, prove that ∇U × ∇V is solenoidal.

Proof. We need to show that ∇ · (∇U × ∇V ) = 0.

! !
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇U = i+ j+ k U ∇V = i+ j+ k V
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂U ∂U ∂U ∂V ∂V ∂V
= i+ j+ k = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

 
 i j k 
 ∂U ∂U ∂U 
 
∇U × ∇V =  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
 
∂x ∂y ∂z
 
" ! ! ! !# " ! ! ! !#
∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V
= − i− − j
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂z ∂x
" ! ! ! !#
∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V
+ − k
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

! " ! ! ! !#
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V
∇ · (∇U × ∇V ) = i+ j+ k · − i
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y
" ! ! ! !# " ! ! ! !#
∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V ∂U ∂V
− − j+ − k
∂x ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
∂ ∂U ∂V ∂ ∂U ∂V ∂ ∂U ∂V
= − −
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
∂ ∂U ∂V ∂ ∂U ∂V ∂ ∂U ∂V
+ + −
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x
=0

∇U × ∇V is solenoidal.

39
89. If A = 2xz 2 i − yzj + 3xz 3 k and ∅ = x2 yz , find
a.) ∇ × A ; b.) curl(∅A) ; c.) ∇ × (∇ × A) ; d.) ∇[A · curlA] ; e.) curl(grad(∅A)) at the point
(1, 1, 1)
Solution:
a.)
 
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇ × A =  ∂x ∂y ∂z (1)
2xz 2 −yz 3xz 3

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
=[ (3xz 3 ) − (−yz)]i − [ (3xz 3 ) − (2xz 2 )]j + [ (−yz) − (2xz 2 )]k (2)
∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y
= yi − (3z 3 − 4xzj + 0k (3)
3
= yi + (4xz − 3z )j (4)

at (1, 1, 1),

∇ × A = (1)i + [4(1)(1) − 3(1)3 ]j (5)

=i+j (6)

b.)

curl(∅A) = ∇ × (∅A) (7)

= (∇∅) × A + ∅(∇ × A) (8)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇∅ = ( i + j k)∅ (9)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
= (x yz)i + (x yz)j + (x yz)k (10)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2xyzi + x2 zj + x2 yk (11)
(12)
 
i j k
(∇∅) × A = 2xyz x2 z x2 y  (13)
2xz 2 −yz 3xz 3
= [x2 z(3xz 3 ) − x2 y(−yz)]i − [2xyz(3xz 3 ) − xy (2xz 2 )]j + [2xyz(−yz) − x2 z(2xz 2 )]k
= (3x3 z 4 + x2 y 2 z)i − (6x2 yz 4 − 2x3 yz 2 )j + (−2xy 2 z 2 − 2x3 z 3 )k
Since ∇ × A is yi + (4xz − 3z 3 )j , ∅(∇ × A) = x2 y 2 i + (4x3 yz 2 − 3x2 yz 4 )j
curl(∅A) = (3x3 z 4 + 2x2 y 2 z)i + (5x3 yz 2 − 9x2 yz 4 )j + (−2xy 2 z 2 − 2x3 z 3 )k
at (1, 1, 1)
curl(∅A) = (3(1)3 (1)4 + 2(1)2 (1)2 (1))i + (5(1)3 (1)(1)2 − 9(1)2 (1)(1)4 )j + (−2(1)(1)2 (1)2 − 2(1)3 (1)3 )k
curl(∅A)= 5i − 3j − 4k
c.) ∇ × (∇ × A) since ∇ × A is yi + (4xz − 3z 3 )j, then
 
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇ × (∇ × A) =  ∂x ∂y ∂z (14)
y 4xz − 3z 3 0
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= [ ∂y (0) − ∂z (4xz − 3z 3 )]i − [ ∂x (0) − ∂z (y)]j + [ ∂x (−4xz − 3z 3 ) − ∂y (y)]k
2
= (9z − 4x)i + (4z − 1)k
at (1, 1, 1)

40
 ∇ × (∇ × A) = [9(1)2 − 4(1)]i + [4(1) − 1]k
= 5i + 3k
d.) ∇[A · curl(A)]

curlA = ∇ × A (15)
3
= yi + 4xz − 3z )j (16)
2 3 3
A · curlA = [2xz i − yzj + 3xz k] · [yi + (4xz − 3z )j] (17)
= 2xyz 2 − (4xyz 2 − 3yz 4 ) (18)
2 4
= −2xyz + 3yz (19)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇[A · curlA] = ( i + j+ k)(−2xyz 2 + 3yz 4 ) (20)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (−2xyz 2 + 3yz 4 )i + (−2xyz 2 + 3yz 4 )j + (−2xyz 2 + 3yz 4 ) (21)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= −2yz 2 i + (−2xz 2 + 3z 4 )j + (−4xyz + 12yz 3 )k (22)
(23)

at (1, 1, 1)

∇[A · curlA] = −2(1)(1)2 i + (−2(1)(1)2 + 3(1)4 )j + (−4(1)(1)(1) + 12(1)(1)3 )k (24)

= −2i + j + 8k (25)

90. If F = x2 yz, G = xy − 3z 2 , Find (a)∇[(∇F ) · (∇G)] (b)∇ · [(∇F ) × (∇G)] (c)∇ × [(∇F ) × (∇G)].

Solution:

(a)∇[(∇F ) · (∇G)]
∂ ∂ ∂
∇F = ∂x (x2 yz) + ∂y (x2 yz) + ∂z (x2 yz)
∇F = 2xyzi + x2 zj + x2 yk
∂ ∂ ∂
∇G= ∂x (xy − 3z 2 ) + ∂y (xy − 3z 2 ) + ∂z (xy − 3z 2 )
∇G= yi + xj − 6zk
H = (∇F ) · (∇G) = (2xyzi + x2 zj + x2 yk) · (yi + xj − 6zk)
H = 2xy 2 zi + x3 zj − 6x2 yzk
∂ ∂ ∂
∇H = ∂x (2xy 2 z + x3 z − 6x2 yz)i + ∂y (2xy 2 z + x3 z − 6x2 yz)j + ∂z (2xy 2 z + x3 z − 6x2 yz)k
= (2y 2 z + 3x2 z − 12xyz)i + (4xyz − 6x2 z)j + (2xy 2 + x3 − 6x2 y)k

(b)∇ · [(∇F ) × (∇G)]

∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
∇F = ∂x x yz + ∂y x yz + ∂z x yz
2
∇F = 2xyzi = x zj + x yk2
∂ ∂ ∂
∇G = ∂x (xy − 3z 2 ) + ∂y (xy − 3z 2 ) + ∂z (xy − 3z 2 )
∇G = yi = xj − 6zk
 
 i j k 
 2 2

(∇F ) × (∇G) = 2xyz x z x y 

 y x −6z 
=[(x z)(−6z) − (x y)(x)]i + [(x2 y)(y) − (2xyz)(−6z)]j + [(2xyz)(x) − (x2 z)(y)]k
2 2

41
=(−6x2 z 2 − x3 y)i + (x2 y 2 + 12xyz 2 )j + (x2 yz)k
∇ · [(∇F ) × (∇G)]
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x (−6x2 z 2 − x3 y) + ∂y (x2 y 2 + 12xyz 2 ) + ∂z (x2 yz)
2 2 2
=−12xz − 3x y + 2x y + 12xz + x y 2 2

=0

(c)∇ × [(∇F ) × (∇G)

∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
∇F = ∂x x yz + ∂y x yz + ∂z x yz
2
∇F = 2xyzi + x zj + x yk 2

∇G = ∂∂ (xy − 3z 2 ) + ∂y
∂ ∂
(xy − 3z 2 ) + ∂z (xy − 3z 2 )
∇G = yi + xj − 6zk 
 i j k 

(∇F ) × (∇G) = 2xyz x2 z x2 y 
 y x −6z 
=[x z(−6z) − (x y)(x)]i + [(x2 y)(y) − (2xyz)(−6z)]j + [(2xyz)(x) − (x2 z(y)]k
2 2

=(−6x2 z 2 − x3 y)i + (x2 y 2 + 12xyz 2 )j + (x2 yz)k

∇
 × [(∇F ) × (∇G)]= 
 i j k 
∂ ∂ ∂ 


 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
−6x2 z 2 − x3 y x2 y 2 + 12xyz 2 x2 yz 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
=[ ∂y (x2 yz) − ∂z (x2 y 2 + 2xyz 2 )]i + [ ∂x (x2 yz) − 2 2
∂z (−6x z − x3 y)]j+
∂ ∂
[ ∂x (x2 y 2 + 2xyz 2 ) − ∂y (−6x2 z 2 − x3 y)]k

=(x2 z − 24xyz)i + (2xyz + 12x2 z)j + (2xy 2 + 12yz 2 + x3 )k

42
91 Evaluate ∇ × ( rr2 )

r = xi + yk + zj
r 2 = r · r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
 
i j k
r ∂ ∂ ∂
∇×( )=
 
2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
r

x y z
x2 +y 2 +z 2 x2 +y 2 +z 2 x2 +y 2 +z 2

 
∂ z ∂ y
= ( 2 2 2
)− ( 2 )i
∂y x + y + z ∂z x + y 2 + z 2
 
∂ z ∂ x
− ( 2 2 2
)− ( 2 )j
∂x x + y + z ∂z x + y 2 + z 2
 
∂ y ∂ x
+ ( )− ( k)
∂x x2 + y 2 + z 2 ∂y x2 + y 2 + z 2
=0

92. For what value of tha constant a willl the vector A = (axy − z 3 )i + (a − 2)x2 j + (1 − a)xz 2 k have
its curl identically equal to zero?

A = (axy − z 3 )i + (a − 2)x2 j + (1 − a)xz 2 k

   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇×A= (1 − a)xz 2 − (a − 2)x2 i + (axy − z 3 ) − (1 − a)xz 2 j
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
 
∂ ∂
+ (a − 2)x2 − (axy − z 3 ) k
∂x ∂y
= (0 − 0)i(−3z 2 − (1 − a)z 2 )j + (2(a − 2)x − ax)k
= 0i + (−3z 2 − z 2 + az 2 )j + (2ax − 4x − ax)k
= 0i + (−4 + a)z 2 j + (a − 4)xk

⇒ (−4 + a)z 2 = 0 (a − 4)x = 0

⇒ −4 + a = 0 and a−4=0
⇒a=4 a=4
∴a=4

93. Prove curl (φ grad φ) = 0

curl (φ grad φ) = ~0

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
grad φ = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
φ grad φ = φ i + φ j + φ k
∂x ∂y ∂z

43
  
 i j k 
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
 
curl(grad φ) =  ∂x
 
 ∂φ ∂y ∂z 
φ ∂φ ∂φ
φ φ 
∂x ∂y ∂z


              
∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ
= φ − φ i+ φ − φ j+ φ − φ k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ
   
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= φ + −φ − i+ φ + −φ − j
∂y∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z∂x ∂z ∂x ∂x∂z ∂x ∂z
∂2φ ∂2φ
 
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
+ φ + −φ − k
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y∂x ∂y ∂x

∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ

Since = , = , and = , then
∂y∂z ∂z∂y ∂z∂x ∂x∂z ∂x∂y ∂y∂y

curl(gradφ) = 0i + 0j + 0k = ~0

44
94. Graph the vector fields A = xi + yj and B = yi − xj. Compute the divergence and curl of each
vector field and explain the physical significance of the results obtained.

For A = xi + yj

 
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×A= i+ j k · (xi + yj)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (x) + (y) (0)
∂x ∂y ∂z
=1+1
=2

 
 i j k 

∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇ × A = 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 x y 0 
     
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (0) − (y) i + (0) − (x) j + (y) − (x) k
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
= 0i + 0j + 0k
= ~0

For B = yi − xj

 
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×B = i+ j k · (yi − xj)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (y) + (−x) (0)
∂x ∂y ∂z
=0

 
 i j k 

∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇ × B = 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 y −x 0 
     
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (0) − (−x) i + (0) − (y) j + (−x) − (y) k
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
= 0i + 0j + −2k
= −2k

A is irrotational or vortex field; and

B is solenoidal.

45
95. If A = x2 zi + yz 3 j − 3xyk, B = y 2 i − yzj + 2xk and φ = 2x2 + yz, find
(a) A· (∇φ), (b) (A ·∇)φ, (c) (A ·∇)B, (d) B(A·∇), (e) (∇·A)B.
Solution:

(a)

∂ ∂ ∂
∇φ = (2x2 + yz)i + (2x2 + yz)j + (2x2 + yz)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇φ = 4xi + zj + yk
A · (∇φ) = 4x(x2 z) + z(yz 3 ) + y(−3xy)
A · (∇φ) = 4x3 z + yz 4 − 3xy 2

(b)

∂ ∂ ∂
A · ∇ = (x2 z)( ) + (yz 3 )( ) + (−3xy)( )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
(A · ∇)φ = (x2 z)( )(2x2 + yz) + (yz 3 )( )(2x2 + yz) + (−3xy)( )(2x2 + yz)
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 3
(A · ∇)φ = (x z)(4x) + (yz )z + (−3xy)y
(A · ∇)φ = 4z 3 z + yz 4 − 3xy 2

(c)

∂ 2 ∂ ∂ ∂
(A · ∇)B = (x2 z y i) + (yz 3 y 2 i) + (−3xy y 2 i) + (x2 z (−yz)j)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x
∂ ∂ ∂
+ (yz 3 (−yz)j) + (−3xy (−yz)j) + (x2 z 2xk)
∂y ∂z ∂x
∂ ∂
+ (yz 3 2xk) + (−3xy 2xk)
∂y ∂z
(A · ∇)B = 2y z i + (3zy − yz )j + 2x2 zk
2 3 3 4

(d)

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
B(A · ∇) = (y 2 i)(x2 z + yz 3 − 3xy ) + (−yzj)(x2 z + yz 3 − 3xy )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
+ (2xk)(x2 z + yz 3 − 3xy )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂
B(A · ∇) = (x2 y 2 zi − z 2 yz 2 j + 2x3 zk) + (y 3 z 3 i − xy 2 z 4 j + 2xyz 3 k)
∂x ∂y
∂
+ (−3xy 3 i + 3xy 2 zj − 6x2 yk)
∂z

(e)

∂ 2 ∂ 3 ∂
(∇ · A) = x z+ yz + (−3xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z
(∇ · A) = 2xz + z 3
(∇ · A)B = (2xz + z 3 )(y 2 i) + (2xz + z 3 )(−yzj) + (2xz + z 3 )(2xk)
(∇ · A)B = (−2xy 2 z + y 2 z 3 )i − (2xyz 2 + yz 4 )j + (2x2 z + 2xz 3 )k

46
96. If A = yz 2 i − 3xz 2 j + 2xyzk, B = 3xi + 4zj − xyk and φ = xyz, find
(a) Ax(∇φ), (b) (Ax∇)φ, (c) (∇xA)xB, (d) B ·∇xA.
Solution:

(a)

∂ ∂ ∂
∇φ = xyzi + xyzj + xyzk
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇φ = yzi + xzj + xyk
Ax(∇φ) = [(−3xz 2 )(xy) − (2xyz)(xz)]i + [(2xyz)(yz) − (yz 2 )(xy)]j
+ [(yz 2 )(xz) − (−3xz 2 )(yz)]k
Ax(∇φ) = (−3x2 yz 2 − 2x2 yz 2 )i + (2xy 2 z 2 − xy 2 z 2 )j + (xyz 2 + 3xyz 3 )k
Ax(∇φ) = −5x2 yz 2 i − xy 2 z 2 j + 4xyz 3 k

(b)

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(Ax∇) = [(−3xz 2 )− (2xyz) ]i + [(2xyz) − (yz 2 ) ]j + [(yz 2 ) − (−3xz 2 ) ]k
∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x
∂ ∂ ∂
(Ax∇) = (2xyzj + 3xzk) + (−2xyzi + yz 2 k) + (−3xz 2 i − yz 2 j)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
(Ax∇)φ = (2xyzj + 3xzk) xyz + (−2xyzi + yz 2 k) xyz + (−3xz 2 i − yz 2 j) xyz
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2
(Ax∇)φ = (2xyzj + 3xzk)yz + (−2xyzi + yz k)xz + (−3xz i − yz j)xy
(Ax∇)φ = 2xy 2 z 2 j + 3xyz 3 k − 2x2 yz 2 i + xyxk − 3x2 yz 2 i − xy 2 z 2 j
(Ax∇)φ = −5x2 yz 2 i + xy 2 z 2 j + 4xyz 3 k

(c)

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ 2
(∇xA) = [ 2xyz − (−3xz 2 )]i + [ yz 2 − 2xyz]j + [ (−3xz 2 ) − yz ]k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
(∇xA) = (2xz + 6xz)i + (2yz − 2yz)j + (−3z 2 − z 2 )k
(∇xA) = 8xzi − 0j − 4z 2 k
(∇xA) = 8xzi − 4z 2 k
(∇xA)xB = [(0)(−xy) − (−4z 2 )(4z)]i + [(−4z 2 )(3x) − (8xz)(−xy)]j
+ [(8xz)(4z) − (0)(3x)]k
(∇xA)xB = 16z 3 i + (−12z 2 x + 8z 2 yz)j + 32xz 2 k

(d)

B · ∇xA = (3x)(8xz) + (4z)(0) + (−xy)(−4z 2 )

B · ∇xA = 24x2 z + 4xyz 2

47
97. Find A × (∇ × B) and (A × ∇) × B at the point (1, −1, 2), if A = xz 2 i + 2yj − 3xzk and
B = 3xzi + 2yzj − z 2 k.

Solution:

A × (∇ × B)
 
 i j k 

 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇ × B = 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z2 

3xz 2yz −z 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ( (−z 2 ) − (2yz))i − ( (−z 2 ) − (3xz))j + ( (2yz) − (3xz))k
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
= (0 − 2y)i − (0 − 3x)j + (0 − 0)k
= −2yi + 3xj

 
 i
 2 j k 
A × (∇ × B) =  xz 2y −3xz 
−2y 3x 0 
= (0 + 9x2 z)i − (0 − 6xyz)j + (3x2 z 2 + 4y 2 )k
= 9x2 zi + 6xyzj + (3x2 z 2 + 4y 2 )k
at (1, −1, 2)
= 9(1)(2)i + 6(1)(−1)(2)j + (3(1)2 (2) + 4(−1)2 )k
= 18i − 12j + 16k

∴ A × (∇ × B) = 18i − 12j + 16k

(A × ∇) × B
 
 i j k 

xz 2 2y −3xz 
A × ∇ =  
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 

 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ( (2y) − (−3xz))i − ( (xz 2 ) − (−3xz))j + ( (xz 2 ) − (2y))k
∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂x
= (0 − 0)i − (2xz + 3z)j + (0 − 0)k
= −(2xz + 3z)j
= (−2xz − 3z)j

 
 i j k 
0  (2xz 3 + 3z 3 )i + 0j + (6x2 z 2 + 9xz 2 )k

(A × ∇) × B =  0 −2xz − 3z
3xz 2yz −z 2 
at (1, −1, 2)
= (2(1)((2)3 + (3)(2)3 )i + 0j + (6(1)2 (2)2 + 9(1)(2)2 )k

∴ A × (∇ × B) = 40i + 60k

48
 1
98. Prove (v · ∇)v = ∇v 2 − v × (∇ × v).
2

Proof:
Note that

∇(A · B) = (B · ∇)A + (A · ∇)B + B × (∇ × A) + A × (∇ × B)

Let A = B = V , then

∇(V · V ) = (V · ∇)V + (V · ∇)V + V × (∇ × V ) + V × (∇ × V )

∇(|V |2 ) = 2(V · ∇)V + 2V × (∇ × V )
=⇒ 2(V · ∇)V = ∇(|V |2 ) − 2V × (∇ × V )

1
∴ (V · ∇)V = ∇(|V |2 ) − V × (∇ × V ).
2

99. Prove ∇ · (A × B) = B · (∇ × A) − A · (∇ × B) .

Proof:
Let

A = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
B = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

 
 i j k
 
∇ · (A × B) = ∇ · a1 a2 a3 
 b1 b2 b3 
= ∇ · [(a2 b3 − a3 b2 )i − (a1 b3 − a3 b1 )j + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k]
∂ ∂ ∂
= (a2 b3 − a3 b2 ) − (a1 b3 − a3 b1 ) + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (a2 b3 ) − (a3 b2 ) − (a1 b3 ) − (a3 b1 ) + (a1 b2 ) − (a2 b1 )
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂a2 ∂b3 ∂a3 ∂b2 ∂a3 ∂b1 ∂a1 ∂b3
=( b3 − a2 )−( b2 + a3 )+( b1 + a3 )−( b3 + a1 )
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂a1 ∂b2 ∂a2 ∂b1
+( b2 + a1 )−( b1 − a2 )
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
∂a3 ∂a2 ∂a1 ∂a3 ∂a2 ∂a1
=( − )b1 + ( − )b2 + ( + )b3
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂b3 ∂b2 ∂b1 ∂b3 ∂a2 ∂a1
+ (− − )a1 + (− − )a2 + (− + )a3
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

∂a3 ∂a2 ∂a1 ∂a3 ∂a2 ∂a1

∇ · (A × B) = B · [( − )i + ( − )j + ( + )k]
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂b3 ∂b2 ∂b1 ∂b3 ∂a2 ∂a1
− A · [(− − )i + (− − )j + (− + )k]
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

∴ ∇ · (A × B) = B · (∇ × A) − A · (∇ × B)

49
100. Prove ∇ × (A × B) = (B · ∇)A − B(∇ · A) − (A · ∇)B + A(∇ · B)

Proof. We have
∇(A × B) = ∇ × (A × B)
X ∂  X ∂B ∂A 
=⇒ i× A×B = i × (A × + ×B
∂x ∂x ∂x
X ∂B  X  ∂A 
= i × (A × + i× ×B
∂x ∂x
X h ∂B
∂B i Xh ∂A  i
= i· A − (i · A) + (i · B) − (i · B
∂x ∂x ∂x
X h ∂B i X h ∂B i X h ∂A i X ∂A  i
= i· ]A − (i · A) + (B · i) − (i · B
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
h X  ∂B i h X ∂ i h X ∂ i h X  ∂A i
= i· ) A− A· i ) B+ B· i ) A− i· ) B
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
=(B · ∇)A − B(∇ · A) − (A · ∇)B + A(∇ · B)

101. Prove ∇(A · B) = (B · ∇)A + (A · ∇)B + B × (∇ × A) + A × (∇ × B).

Proof.
X ∂
grad(A · B) = ∇(A · B) = i (A · B)
∂x
X  ∂B ∂A 
= i A· + ·B
∂x ∂x
X n ∂B  o X n ∂A  o
= A· i + B· i (eq.1)
∂x ∂x
Now we know that,
a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c
∴ (a · b)c = (a · c)b − a × (b × c).
 ∂B  ∂B  ∂B  ∂B  ∂B 
∴ A· i = (A · i) −A× × i − (A · i) +A× i×
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
Thus,
X n ∂B  o X n ∂B o X n  ∂B o
A· i = (A · i) + A× i×
∂x ∂x ∂x
nX ∂ o X ∂B 
=A· i· B+A× i×
∂x ∂x
= (A · ∇)B + A × (∇ × B).(eq.2)

Similarly,
X n ∂A  o
B· i = (B · ∇)A + B × (∇ × A)(eq.3)
∂x
Putting the values from eq.2 and eq.3 in eq.1 , we get
∇(A · B) = (B · ∇)A + (A · ∇)B + B × (∇ × A) + A × (∇ × B)

50
102. Show that A = (6xy + z 3 )i + (3x2 − z)j + (3xz 3 − y)k is irrotational. Find φ such that A = ∇φ.
A = (6xy + z 3 )i + (3x2 − z)j + (3xz 3 − y)k
Since it is said that A = ∇φ then φ = ∇−1 A.
then,
Z
d
= 6xy + z 3
dx
Z Z
= 6y xdx + z 3 dx

= 3x2 y + z 3

Z
= 3x2 − zdy
Z Z
2
= 3x dy − z dy

= 3x2 y − yz
Z
= (3xz 2 − y)dz
Z Z
2
= 3x z dz − y dz

= xz 3 − yz
then,
φ = 3x2 y + xz 3 − yz + c

104. If A and B are irrational, prove that A × B is solenoidal

Proof:
since ∇ × A = 0 and ∇ × B = 0
(∇× = curl)
= ∇ · (A × B ) (26)
= A · (∇ × B ) (27)
=A·0−B ·0 (28)
=0 (29)

∴ A × B is solenoidal.

107. Show that the solutions to Maxwell’s equations

1 ∂E 1 ∂H
∇×H = , ∇×E =− , ∇ · H = 0 , ∇ · E = 4πρ
c ∂t c ∂t
where ρ is a function of x, y, z and c is the velocity of light, assumed constant, are given by
1 ∂A
E = −∇φ − ,H = ∇ × A
c ∂t
where A and ρ, called the vector and scalar potentials respectively, satisfy the equations

1 ∂φ 1 ∂2φ 2
2A = 1 ∂ A .
(1) ∇ · A + = 0 , (2) ∇2 φ − 2 = −4πρ , (3) ∇
c ∂t c ∂t2 c2 ∂t2
Solution:

51
108. (a) Given a dyadic Φ = ii + yy + kk , evaluate r · (Φ · r) and (r · Φ) · r.
(b) Is there any ambiguity in writing r · Φ · r ?
(c) What does r · Φ · r = 1 represent geometrically ?

Solution:
Let r = xi + yj + zk
(a)

r · (Φ · r) = (xi + yj + zk) · [(ii + yy + kk) · (xi + yj + zk)]

= (xi + yj + zk) · (xi + yj + zk)
= x2 + y 2 + z 2

(r · Φ) · r = [(xi + yj + zk) · (ii + yy + kk)] · (xi + yj + zk)

= (xi + yj + zk) · (xi + yj + zk)
= x2 + y 2 + z 2

(b) No.
(c) Sphere with radius 1 at the origin.

52
109. (a) If A = xzi − y 2 j + yz 2 k and B = 2x2 i − xyj + y 3 k, give a possible significance to (A × ∇)B at
the point (1, −1, 1).
(b) Is it possible to write the result as A × (∇B) by use if dyadics?
Solution:
(a) If A = xzi − y 2 j + yz 2 k and B = 2x2 i − xyj + y 3 k, give a possible significance to (A × ∇)B at
the point (1, −1, 1).
(b) Is it possible to write the result as A × (∇B) by use if dyadics?

Solution:

 
 i j k 

 xz −y 2 yz 2 
A × ∇ = 
∂ ∂ ∂ 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (−y 2 − yz 2 )i + (yz 2 − xz )j + (xz + y 2 )k
∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(A × ∇)B = (−y 2 (2z 2 ) − yz 2 (2z 2 ))ii + (−y 2 (−xy) − yz 2 (−xy))ij + (−y 2 (y 3 ) − yz 2 (y 3 ))ik
∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ (yz 2 (2z 2 ) − xz (2z 2 ))ji + (yz 2 (xy) − xz (−xy))jj + (yz 2 (y 3 ) − xz (y 3 ))jk
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ (xz (2z 2 ) + y 2 (2z 2 ))ki + (xz (−xy) + y 2 (−xy))kj + (xz (y 3 ) + y 2 (y 3 ))kk
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
= −4y zii + xyz ij + (−3y z )ik + (−4xz )ji + (−y z )jj + (−x z − y )kj + 3xy 2 zkk
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

at (1, −1, 1)
= −4ii − ij + 3ik − 4ji − jj + 3kk

53
110. Prove that φ(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 is a scalar invariant under a rotation of axes.

Proof:

φ = (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 + (z 0 )2

Note that

 0
 x = `11 x + `12 y + `13 z

y 0 = `21 x + `22 y + `23 z
 0

z = `31 x + `32 y + `33 z
 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 (x ) = `11 x + `12 y + `13 z + 2`11 `12 xy + 2`12 `13 yz + 2`11 `13 xz

=⇒ (y 0 )2 = `221 x2 + `222 y 2 + `223 z 2 + 2`21 `22 xy + 2`22 `23 yz + 2`21 `23 xz

 0 2
(z ) = `231 x2 + `232 y 2 + `233 z 2 + 2`31 `32 xy + 2`32 `33 yz + 2`31 `33 xz
=⇒(x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 + (z 0 )2 = (`211 + `221 + `231 )x2 + (`212 + `222 + `232 )y 2 + (`213 + `223 + `233 )z 2
+ 2xy(`11 `12 + `21 `22 + `31 `32 ) + 2yz(`12 `13 + `22 `23 + `32 `33 ) + 2xz(`11 `13 + `21 `23 + `31 `33 )

But

i = `11 i0 + `21 j 0 + `31 k 0 ,

j = `12 i0 + `22 j 0 + `32 k 0 ,
k = `13 i0 + `23 j 0 + `33 k 0 .

Thus,

(x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 + (z 0 )2 = (i · i)x2 + j · j)y 2 + (k · k)z 2 + 2xy(i · j) + 2yz(j · k) + 2xz(i · k)

(x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 + (z 0 )2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

∴ φ is a scalar invariant under axes rotation.

54
111. If A(x, y, z) is an ivariant differentiable vector field with respect to a rotation of axes, prove that (a)
div A and (b) curl A are invariant scalar and vector fields respectively under transformation.

Proof:

Proof. Assume

A1 i + A2 j + A3 k = A01 i0 + A02 j 0 + A03 k 0

∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A3 ∂A01 ∂A02 ∂A3
=⇒ + + = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z 0

From
∂A1 ∂A01 ∂x0 ∂A01 ∂y 0 ∂A01 ∂z 0

 = · + · + ·
∂x0 ∂x ∂y 0 ∂y ∂z 0 ∂z

 ∂x

∂A02 ∂x0 ∂A02 ∂y 0 ∂A02 ∂z 0

∂A1

= · + · + ·
 ∂x ∂x0 ∂x ∂y 0 ∂y ∂z 0 ∂z
0 0 0 0 0 0

 ∂A3 = ∂A3 · ∂x + ∂A3 · ∂y + ∂A3 · ∂z



∂z ∂x0 ∂x ∂y 0 ∂y ∂z 0 ∂z

∂A1 ∂A1 0 ∂A1 0 ∂A01
 = · `11 + · ` 21 + · `31
∂x0 ∂y 0 ∂z 0

 ∂x

∂A02 ∂A02 ∂A02

∂A2

=⇒ = · `12 + · ` 22 + · `32
 ∂y ∂x0 ∂y 0 ∂z 0
0 0 0

 ∂A3 = ∂A3 · `13 + ∂A3 · `23 + ∂A3 · `33



∂z ∂x0 ∂y 0 ∂z 0
∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A3 ∂ ∂ ∂
=⇒ + + = 0
(A0 ) · i0 + 0 (A0 ) · j 0 + 0 · k 0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= (A0 ) + 0 (A02 ) + 0 (A03 )
∂x0 1 ∂y ∂z

∴ ∇ · A = ∇0 · A0

55
112. Solve the equations 3 of Solved Problem 38 for x , y, z in terms of x 0 , y 0 , z 0 .

Solution:

From Solved Problem 38,

x0 i0 + y 0 j0 + z 0 k0 = xi + yj + zk (30)
Now, for any vector A, we have

A = (A · i0 )i0 + (A · j0 )j0 + (A · k0 )k0

then letting A = i, j, k

(2)

i = (i · i0 )i0 + (i · j0 )j0 + (i · k0 )k0 = l11 i0 + l21 j0 + l31 k0

j = (i0 · j)i0 + (j · j0 )j0 + (j · k0 )k0 = l12 i0 + l22 j0 + l32 k0
k = (k · i0 )i0 + (k · j0 )j0 + (k · k0 )k0 = l13 i0 + l23 j0 + l33 k0

Then substitute (2) in (1) and equating the coefficient of i, j, k

x0 (l11 i0 + l21 j0 + l31 k0 )i0 + y 0 (l11 i0 + l21 j0 + l31 k0 )j0 + z 0 (l11 i0 + l21 j0 + l31 k0 k0 = x
x0 (l12 i0 + l22 j0 + l32 k0 )i0 + y 0 (l12 i0 + l22 j0 + l32 k0 )j0 + z 0 (l12 i0 + l22 j0 + l32 k0 )k0 = y
x0 (l13 i0 + l23 j0 + l33 k0 )i0 + y 0 (l13 i0 + l23 j0 + l33 k0 )j0 + z 0 (l13 i0 + l23 j0 + l33 k0 )k0 = z

=⇒ x0 (l11 + 0 + 0) + y 0 (0 + l21 + 0) + z 0 (0 + 0 + l31 ) = x

x0 (l12 + 0 + 0) + y 0 (0 + l22 + 0) + z 0 (0 + 0 + l32 ) = y
x0 (l13 + 0 + 0) + y 0 (0 + l23 + 0) + z 0 (0 + 0 + l33 ) = z

∴ x0 l11 + y 0 l21 + z 0 l31 = x

x0 l12 + y 0 l22 + z 0 l32 = y
x0 l13 + y 0 l23 + z 0 l33 = z

56
114. Show that under a rotation
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇=i +j +k = i0 0 + j0 0 + k0 0 = ∇0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

Solution:

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇=i +j +k = i0 0 + j0 0 + k0 0 (31)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

Using Chain Rule and Transformation Equation

∂ ∂ ∂x0 ∂ ∂y 0 ∂ ∂z 0 ∂ ∂ ∂
= 0
+ 0
+ 0
= 0
l11 + 0 l21 + 0 l31
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ ∂ ∂x0 ∂ ∂y 0 ∂ ∂z 0 ∂ ∂ ∂
= + + = l12 + 0 l22 + 0 l32 (32)
∂y ∂x0 ∂y ∂y 0 ∂y ∂z 0 ∂y ∂x0 ∂y ∂z

∂ ∂ ∂x0 ∂ ∂y 0 ∂ ∂z 0 ∂ ∂ ∂
= 0
+ 0
+ 0
= 0
l13 + 0 l23 + 0 l33
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

Substitute (2) to (1)

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⇒( 0
l11 + 0 l21 + 0 l31 )ı + ( 0 l12 + 0 l22 + 0 l32 ) + ( 0 l13 + 0 l23 + 0 l33 )k
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 0 ∂ 0 ∂ 0
= i + 0j + 0k
∂x0 ∂y ∂z

∂
⇒ = l11 x + l12 y + l13 z
∂x0
∂
= l21 x + l22 y + l23 z
∂y 0
∂
= l31 x + l32 y + l33 z
∂z 0

∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ ∇ = i0 + j 0 0 + k0 0 = ∇ 0
∂x0 ∂y ∂z

57
115. Show that the Laplacian operator is invariant under a rotation.
Solution:

Letf (x, y, z) be a scalar function.

We need to show:
∇2 f (x, y, z) = ∇2 f 0 (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f 0 ∂f 0 0
0 0 0
(1) ∂x 2 i + ∂y 2 j + ∂z 2 k = (∂x2 )0 i + (∂y 2 )0 j + (∂z 2 )0 k

Note(that by chain rule and the transformation equations,

∂2 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂x2 )0 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂y 2 )0 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂z 2 )0
(2) ∂x2
= (∂x2 )0 ∂x
+ (∂y 2 )0 ∂x
+ (∂z 2 )0 ∂x

∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0

= l
(∂x2 )0 11
+ l
(∂y 2 )0 21
+ l
(∂z 2 )0 31

∂2 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂x2 )0 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂y 2 )0 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂z 2 )0

∂y 2
= (∂x2 )0 ∂y
+ (∂y 2 )0 ∂y + (∂z 2 )0 ∂y
∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0
= l + (∂y
(∂x2 )0 12 2 )0 l22 + (∂z 2 )0 l32

∂2 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂x2 )0 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂y 2 )0 ∂ 2 f 0 (∂z 2 )0

∂z 2
= (∂x2 )0 ∂z
+ (∂y 2 )0 ∂z + (∂z 2 )0 ∂z
∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0
= l + (∂y
(∂x2 )0 13 2 )0 l23 + (∂z 2 )0 l33

Subract (2) to (1)

∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0
( (∂x2 )0 l11 + (∂y 2 )0 l21 + (∂z 2 )0 l31 )i + ( (∂x2 )0 l12 + (∂y 2 )0 l22 + (∂z 2 )0 l32 )j + ( (∂x2 )0 l13 + (∂y 2 )0 l23 + (∂z 2 )0 l33 )k
∂2f 0 0 ∂2f 0 0 ∂2f 0 0
= (∂x2 )0
i + (∂y 2 )0 j + (∂z 2 )0 k
∂2f 0
(∂x2 )0
= l11 x + l12 y + l13 z
∂2f 0
(∂y 2 )0
= l21 x + l22 y + l23 z
∂2f 0
(∂z 2 )0
= l31 x + l32 y + l33 z

∂2f 0 ∂2f 0 ∂2f 0

∇2 f 0 = (∂x2 )0
+ (∂y 2 )0
+ (∂z 2 )0

∴ the laplacian operator is invariant under rotation.

58