Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A Research Paper
Submitted to
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements
Submitted by
STEM 11B7
Technology is a branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use
of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and environment. The
rapid growth of technology today brought people to the new way of life. It made
their lives much easier than before. Hence, it is an undeniable fact that technology
is very vital in today’s society that most institutions use technology to help reduce
work.
databases, and the Internet has affected society as a whole by giving people new
productivity options and changing the way they work (Hulbert, 1998). In the
information age, the increasing use of information technology has become the
driving force in the way people work, learn, and play (Drake, 2000).
but also helped reduce the problem of boredom in the workplace (Vieitez, Carcia,
& Rodriquez, 2001). Technology does not just help in the field of workplace but
well. It allowed students to have easy access to information and offers many
solutions to problems.
harmful. They believe that technology encourages laziness, can be expensive, and
can interfere with children interacting with teachers and their classmates.
However, although it is a crucial tool that children use to productively carry out
ideas, acquire knowledge skills, and solve problems, it also has its disadvantages.
anxiety and tension (Heinssen et al., 1987), perceived higher work pressures, job
dissatisfaction (Smith et al., 1981), and ambiguity about job demands (Love et al.,
1989).
called technostress (Clark & Kalin, 1996; Weil & Rosen, 1997; Brillhart 2004),
end users. Inability to cope with technology could lead to technostress with its
4
recognize the anxiety associated with technostress in order to help the individual
involved adjust well to the challenges. This will ultimately improve personal as well
as professional well-being.
inability to cope with the new technologies in a healthy manner. It manifests itself
in two distinct but related ways: in the struggle to accept computer technology, and
(Brod, 1984). As such, technostress can be divided further into four distinct but
the academic should be conducted to address the possible problems that it brings
to students.
STEM students?
Theoretical Framework
These include the transactional model, the stress cycle, and the person-
environment fit theory which share the understanding that stress results from an
The transactional model of stress and coping explains that stress emerges
individuals which could be attributed to the use of technology such as the case of
which identified four stages: the objective situation, perception of the objective
physical environment, social environment, and person. This implies that students
environmental side of this relationship is the major cause of stress. This means
individuals with the same abilities and perceiving exactly the same stressor (e.g.,
computer breakdown) might exhibit different levels of stress due to distinct desires
(e.g., both individuals want to complete the task before leaving work, however, one
relatively universal in nature (i.e., computer breakdown), the extent of its stress-
Conceptual Framework
among others has made a big difference on the lives of the present generation.
7
helped them with its widespread advantages. However, there are also setbacks or
negative effects that should be given attention. One of these is technostress or the
basis.
Level of Exposure to
Technologies
TECHNO
Reasons for Using STRESS Causes/Sources
Technology of Technostress
EFFECTS/
CONSEQUENCES OF
TECHNOSTRESS
technostress. However, its level depends on their reasons for using the
8
The study focused on technostress among STEM students and its effects
their reasons for using them, the causes or sources of technostress; and the
The findings are limited to the perception of subjects who were identified to
students enrolled in the STEM strand in a private school were used as subjects of
the study while 12 students were involved in the focus group discussion.
cellular phone, and Ipad or tablet, and other gadgets which students use everyday.
The study was conducted within the second semester of school year 2017-18.
Limitation of time and budget somehow affected the results of the study.
consequences of the use of technologies. It could also help identify their level of
the adoption of technology among students and the causes or sources of stress in
The study could provide information to the faculty on how they could guide
their students in the responsible use of technologies and how they could
This research also allowed the researchers to enhance their research skills.
Future researchers could likewise use this study as reference on a related topic
Definition of Terms
students.
technology.
10
strategies.
11
concept of stress, technostress, and other related topics. They were taken from
Benefits of Technology
issues with respect to ICTs (Agarwal, 2000). It was revealed that information and
increasing uses of ICTs, how individuals interact with technology and its related
consequences has gained importance (Yin, Davison, Bian, Wu, & Liang, 2014).
infiltrated organizations (Weiss & Leimeister, 2012). This trend has resulted in the
Lang, 2005). It is expected that MICTs will have a lasting impact on both
to information and enable new work arrangements that were previously not
possible. For example, ICTs have made it possible for individuals to work virtually
enhance timeliness and connectivity, and break down geographic and time
people need, or are obligated to use, the data/information faster (Hind, 1998).
lean organizations, encouraging cultures that reward people who work very hard,
spend longer hours at work and are connected to the organization 24/7 via ICTs
convenience, it has also caused four commons negative effects. The first is
computer anxiety. Harrington, Elroy, and Morrow (1990) termed the negative
psychological status when people have aversion or rejection towards the use of
The second is Internet anxiety. One major reason for causing Internet
anxiety is that users need to learn new languages and applications in a short
period of time (Macaulay, 2003). Another is the fear of dealing with unforeseen
viruses and spyware). Presno (1998) clarified four types of Internet anxiety:
Internet terminology anxiety, net search anxiety, Internet time delay anxiety, and
mind after the user had made contact with a technology directly or indirectly.
Tarafdar et al. (2007) developed and verified one which consists of five groups of
Tarafdar et al. (2007) also took a further step to examine what effects technostress
can have on role stress and productivity, and the results show both relationships
are negative. Ragu-Nathan et al. (2008) explored the effects on individuals and
The fourth is mobile technostress. Yu et al. (2009) pointed out that mobile
technostress, and mobile technology. The major concern with using IT is to have
control of it. Users experience stress when they lose control, have a bad
normality of technology. Their study shows that when there is interaction between
human beings and technology, there is the potential for a negative impact. While
technostress surfaces if the users cannot find a balance between using and
These are relevant literatures that discuss the different negative of effects
paper.
Technostress
Several literatures have emphasized how individuals can better utilize ICTs.
However, there is also considerable interest about technology induced anxiety and
Technostress has been considered to be a problem, a very real problem (Wade &
related ways: in the struggle to accept computer technology, and in the more
named technostress (Tarafdar et al., 2007; Weil & Rosen, 1997), which has been
refers to individuals’ feelings of stress due to the use of ICTs. The most widely
manner” (Brod, 1984 as cited in Yin et al., 2014). Technostress can directly result
in physical and mental strains for individuals, such as high blood pressure, heart
“the users of a mobile technology who are familiar with the current operating
and/or reachability of the technology or suffering for a long period of time through
continual connection with that particular mobile technology” (Hung et al., 2011).
Technostress is also likely to occur when new technologies are being introduced,
technostress when they feel an imbalance between using MICTs and not being
17
have significantly changed individuals’ way of work and life. MICTs promote the
Individuals may experience high levels of anxiety and sense a loss of control as a
In relation to the present study, it could indicate that the use of technology
among students could lead to an imbalance in their student life. If they are not
affected negatively.
dissatisfaction (Weil & Rosen 1997 as cited in Yin et al., 2014). Recent studies
invaded educational institutions. While they are primarily aimed at improving the
quality of teaching and learning, this may not be a reality in all cases. Students
and teachers alike might overuse technology to the point of not utilizing them
18
et al., 2005). Others have studied the comprehensive influence of stationary and
2011). Recent research has seen a focus on the negative effects of one single
MICT, such as the smart phone (Yun et al., 2012). However, little attention is being
2008). This could be explored in the present study that will be conducted by the
researchers who would like to identify its effects on the senior high school students
particularly.
students, but it has also brought with it new problems. Technological facilities are
supposed to be time-saving devices that make work and life generally, easier and
convenient.
In the study conducted by Yin et al. (2008), they explored the phenomenon
on job satisfaction. The individual level mobile technostress inhibitors (i.e., self-
hypothesized that habit will negatively moderate the relationship between mobile
technostress creators and job satisfaction, and positively moderate the relationship
design as well as potential theoretical and practical implications have also been
discussed.
scenario in school. In fact, most of these students can afford to have smart phones
that allow them to have more access to various applications. This could have a
organizational stress. Yu et al. (2009) and Kuo et al. (2009) summarized four
technology, stress, technostress, and mobile technology. They pointed out that
individuals will perceive stress while losing control due to use of mobile
smartphones. Yun et al. (2012) also indicated that the use of an office-home
smartphone (OHS) will result in work-life conflict and eventually increase job
stress.
individuals and enable new forms of working, there are also concerns regarding
ICTs are responsible for increased levels of stress at work and for blurring the
divide between work and other aspects of life (Millard, 1999). Some have argued
that this increase is due to increased workloads (Aborg & Billing, 2003; Sandblad
et al., 2003).
people are expected to respond quicker now with things like email, etc. Everything
has become instant (Kinman & Jones, 2005). Individuals and organizations as a
available. For some people, there is a sense of information overload and finally an
‘technostress’ (Weil & Rosen, 1997). Some researchers believe that technostress
some have actually found out that these technologies have impacted positively on
personnel, with the intention of finding out how employees in Florida community
college library and learning resource centers in the USA were dealing with
of the employees sampled believed that technology had made their work “neither
less nor more stressful” although they confirmed that technology has increased
their workload and added more responsibilities. Employees for whom technology
had impacted health negatively were also in the minority. The results of the
ergonomics. It was thus concluded that technostress and ergonomics on a job can
be increased when workers have too little training on the technology adopted on
the job, when there is a rapid rate of change in technological innovations, and
This could indicate that the use of technology among students could have
similar studies in the developed countries, the overall technostress level had no
was observed that using new technologies pushed employees to work faster and
be more productive since the culture of the Chinese support employees to endure
work overload rather than quit their jobs. However, extremely high workload
is hampered.
two government organizations in the USA. It was discovered that there were five
libraries in Kuwait. The study set to find out how technology affected management
technology in spite of the stress and pressure of expanded workload when it was
formal training programs and inadequate technical support resulting in the majority
specifically among students. Findings of the present study could indicate the
Managing Technostress
“condition”, a “disease”, and the fact that it is caused by “inability” on the part of
some individual to cope with it. Information age is all about change, or to be more
machines, programs, network, or fiber optics (as cited in Agboola & Olasanmi,
2016). It was argued that technology is not to be blamed because computer and
technologies are just tools. Since the introduction of technology will involve
24
involved and not managing the technology itself. Technostress is not actually as a
proposed as a term which describes the physiological arousal and mental state
and rapidly changing technologies, and mediating between these systems and the
experienced by both the young and old and therefore affects individual and
affecting staff recruitment, and damaging an organization’s image both among its
be looked into.
Causes of Technostress
contributing to lower employee productivity and higher health costs for companies
burnout cost as much as $300 billion a year (McGee, 1996), and by some
estimates, as much as five to ten per cent of Gross National Product (Vernon,
1998). Further, there is empirical evidence which suggested that stress and job
that performance of software developers is severely affected when they are under
strain (Chilton et al., 2005). Also, the negative relationship between stress and
perspective to address the issue of technostress for two reasons - the health costs
attributed to stress and the productivity losses of employees. Although stress has
26
technology induce stress. Further, there are calls for research in on the stressful
impacts of ICT use and new work arrangements that are enabled by ICTs (Cooper
among students.
Increased workload with the advent of new technology is not often planned
since collections of data and reports can be made available at the click of a button.
The pace of work thus becomes faster, and it continues to rise up at a faster
doubting the fact that mobile computing devices make it possible to process real-
27
Olasanmi (2016), can to lead to “information fatigue” since it expose users to more
applications and tasks, trying to do more in less time, and experiencing tension.
Moreover, work is very often interrupted with e-mails, text messages and
office correspondence, which arrive at a fast rate than individuals can cope with.
All these put more pressure on users, making them to attend to information as
where professionals can potentially be reached anywhere and anytime and feel
the need to be constantly connected, even when they are on leave or vacation
(Agboola & Olasanmi, 2016). With the advent of ICTs, virtually almost all office
work can be done online while the employee is as easily accessible as the
often leads to an experience of intrusion on personal time and space, hence, they
and using new technologies as a result of the complexity associated with it. As
28
within the organization, a new one enters the scene. This new device is often
considered to be faster, smarter, and usually smaller than the previous one.
threatened about losing their jobs to other people who have a better understanding
of new ICT facilities. This is actually very common among older employees who
often feel that younger recruits are more confident in their use of technological
facilities and fear that this might force management to question their technical
legitimate concern that some machine will make him or her obsolete is a leading,
This could also be common among students who might feel techno-
insecurity because the technology they can afford could depend on their economic
status and the lack of it might contribute to their tension and stress.
experience for a particular application or system. The rate at which they have to
update their knowledge of new facilities keeps increasing. Thus, employees are
forced to change their work habits, learn and educate themselves about new ICTs,
and strive to always fit into the new technology. There is also the constant
new software all the time. Although they may initially be enthusiastic about
29
and updating eventually create frustration and anxiety. Network failure occurs
when employees find it difficult to access the Internet in order to carry out an
assignment or get across to a client, they often get frustrated. This might stall an
This could imply that the failure of students to adapt to certain types of
technology or avail of the latest model could also contribute to their stress
feel their time is wasted and this can cause stress to build up. Hardware
ergonomics occurs when individuals feel some form of discomfort when using the
computer which could pose very serious health problems if it is overdone. The
need to ensure that a computer work area is set up in the appropriate way will
prevent fatigue and stress. Inappropriate and improper training occurs since all
employees do not learn the same way. People have different learning styles and
what training program works well for some may not work well for others. Some
people need hands-on training to learn new technology, while some people only
have to read a manual to understand. Techno stress can thus manifest in the
workplace as irritable, perfectionistic workers who hold high expectations for the
its benefits could depend on their ability to use them. The society today is getting
increasingly competitive and this demands high pressure from individuals. In this
fast paced changing environment, technologies are being adopted making life
phenomenon that needs to be addressed to harness greater benefits from the use
of technologies.
31
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The study used the descriptive case study method of research by utilizing
focuses on identifying and describing phenomena that now exist. The findings are
Research Environment
The study was conducted in a private school in Lucena City, Quezon. It was
chosen because it is the most appropriate setting for the study considering the
large number of students enrolled in the STEM strand. Being in a stage highly
students which were identified for the study could best represent their perception
on the topic. It is believed that the respondents in this locale can truly give
32
questions.
Respondents
The participants of the study were composed of 5 STEM students who have
them. They were selected as sources of information because they have ability to
impact on their academic performance. Since they are more inclined to science
Sampling Procedure
The study used purposive sampling in selecting the respondents. The five
Only those who were willing and available were involved in the study.
33
After getting the approval of the research adviser, permission was sought
to conduct interview with the subjects. Informed consent forms as well as assent
forms were also secured to be able to get the participation of the subjects.
The interview questions were given in advance to allow the subjects and
the researchers in the campus during their convenient time. Permission was also
sought to do audio recording of the actual interview and FGD. They were likewise
The responses were transcribed as soon as possible and were then coded
Analytical Framework
Using the naturalistic approach, data were gathered to derive the themes
and meanings in the subjects’ responses. Interpretive inquiry was also utilized to
data gathered. All the responses were coded, categorized, and interpreted
accordingly.
I. Subjects’ Profile
Subject A
Subject B
Subject C
Subject D
Subject E
35
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
STEM students.
brought about by technostress. It got the highest weighted mean of 3.33. This
They need to be educated on the proper use of technologies so that they can use
problem is lack of enthusiasm in doing tasks, with a weighted mean of 3.05. Also,
they said that they experience headache and insomnia, with 3.04 and 3.02
These identified quite serious problems must be dealt with so that they will
the anxiety associated with technostress in order to help students adjust well to
the challenges. This will ultimately improve their personal as well as professional
well-being.
38
Summary of Findings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Conclusions
Based on the data gathered from the students, the following conclusions
are made:
laptop, desktop computers, and tablets as they spend more than 7 hours in
using them.
39
3. The usual causes and sources of technostress among STEM students are
leads to their lack of enthusiasm in doing tasks. It also has an effect on their
Recommendations
Agarwal, R., & Karahanna, E. (2000). Time flies when you're having fun: Cognitive
24(4), 665-694.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2016.64025
Ahmad, U.N.U., Amin, S.M., & Ismail, W.K.W. (2012). The relationship between
Cooper, C.L., Dewe, P., & O’Driscoll, M.P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review
Hung, W., Chang, L., & Lin, C. (2011). Managing the risk of overusing mobile
http://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2011/81
41
Kuo, L.H., Chen, L.M., Yang, H.J., Yang, H.H., Yu, J.C., & Wen-Chen, H. (2009).
Melville, N., Kraemer, K., & Gurbaxani, V. (2004). Information technology and
Pransky, G., Robertson, M.M., & Moon, S.D. (2002). Stress and work-related
Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B.S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The
19(4), 417-433.
Staples, D.D., Hulland, J.S., & Higgins, C.A. (1999). A self-efficacy theory
Sweeney, J.T., & Summers, S.L. (2002). The effect of the busy season workload
Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B.S., & Ragu-Nathan, T.S. (2007). The impact
Tiwari, T., Singh, A.L., & Singh, I.L. (2008). Information technology-induced stress
Townsend, A.M., DeMarie, S.M., & Hendrickson, A.R. (1998). Virtual teams:
Tu, Q., Wang, K., & Shu, Q. (2005). Computer-related technostress in China.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1053291.1053323
Wade, M., & Hulland, J. (2004). The resource-based view and information systems
Weiss, F., & Leimeister, J.M. (2012). It innovations from the consumer market as a
363-366.
Yin, P., Davison, R. M., Bian, Y., Wu, J., & Liang, L. (2014). The Sources and
http://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2014/144\
Yu, J.C., Kuo, L.H., Chen, L.M., & Yang, H.J. (2009). Assessing and managing
425.
Yun, H., Kettinger, W.J., & Lee, C.C. (2012). A new open door: The smartphone's
INTERVIEW GUIDE
Name: (optional)_________________________
Age: ____________________________
Sex: ____________________________
Monthly Family Income: ______________