4.

0 PROCEDURES

Part 1: Equipment set up

a. The pump was started and a flow of water through test section was initiated.

b. The flow to the inlet head tank was regulated so that there was a small but steady overflow
from inlet tank.

c. The trapped bubbles in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube were checked.

d. The air bleed valve was pressed to remove air bubbles to get an accuracy results.

Part 2: Taking a set of results

a. The water flow rate on the rotameter scale was adjusted by using bench control valve.

b. The water level in manometer board was adjusted by press the air bleed screw and the
reading for rotameter (LPM) and manometer (m) from tube A until tube J were recorded.

c. After that, the actual flow rate of water, Qa (LPM) is determined by measuring the time
taken, t (s) to fill the volumetric tank from zero to 10 litres (volume) and the results were recorded.

d. The experiment was repeated with another four rotameter readings by varying the flow rate
between 22 LPM and 5 LPM

discussion

BARRATHAN A/L TAMIL SELVAN

From the experiment’s result, we can see that flow rate in venturi meter is greater than flow rate in
orifice meter. The venturi meter consists of converging conical inlet, a cylindrical throat and a
diverging recovery cone. There is no sharp corner in the venturi tube as the converging inlet will
decreases the area of the fluid flowing and causing the velocity to increase and pressure to decrease.
Pressure are different depending on the cross sectional area. Pressure at inlet cross sectional area is
greater than throat cross sectional area. Velocity at throat area is greater than at the inlet so,
pressure at throat area is smaller compared to at the inlet. These make venturi meter has smallest
head loss due to the gradual change in its diameter.

Orifice meter has a thin plate with a hole in the middle of the cylindrical tube. Water is forced to
flow faster through the hole in order to maintain the flow rate. The downstream pressure tap is
placed at the minimum pressure position, which is assumed to be at the vena contracta. Beyond the
vena contracta point, the velocity decreases as the pressure increases. Sudden change in diameter of
orifice plate makes the flowing fluid difficult to change direction suddenly. Therefore, more head
loses occurs in orifice compared to the venturi.
CONCLUSION

We can conclude that the most accurate amount these flow meter is Venturi meter. From the
experiment, the flow rate for Venturi meter is higher than the Orifice meter. For theory, the most
efficiency of the flow meter has a less flow rate percentage of error occur

APPLICATION

Measuring dP flow

Measuring flow via differential pressure is the most common and proven flow-measurement
technique and has been in use for decades. A dP flowmeter is a cost-effective way to
measure volumetric flow, especially in applications with large line sizes—typically 8-inch
diameters and more—such as those found in water-feed and discharge lines. Unlike other
technologies, dP flow measurement can be used with conductive and nonconductive fluids,
allowing it to be used with a wide range of gases and liquids.

The primary element in a dP flowmeter creates a pressure drop by introducing a restriction in

a pipe. This pressure drop is then measured by the second component—a dP transmitter,
which sends the readings to the control system. Depending on the exact nature of the dP
flowmeter, the remaining components may include impulse piping and the connectors
routing the upstream and downstream pressures to the transmitter.

By creating an engineered restriction in a pipe, typically an orifice plate, a Pitot tube (which
measures the difference between the static pressure and the flowing pressure of the media
in the pipe), or an Annubar (an averaging Pitot tube that takes multiple samples across a
section of a pipe), Bernoulli's equation can be used to calculate flow rate because the
square root of the pressure drop across the restriction is proportional to the flow rate.

A dP flow measurement is widely applicable. However, challenges may arise depending on

the particular application, the chief among them being wet-leg issues. "Wet leg" is the term
used to describe the impulse-line connection between the dP transmitter and the primary
flow-sensing element. A gas—air, for example—can get trapped in a wet leg and impact
flow-measurement accuracy. In addition, wet legs can become clogged and may freeze in
cold conditions.

Existing technology allows an integrally mounted pressure transmitter to connect directly to

the primary flow element, eliminating the impulse line and its wet-leg issues. These
assemblies can be installed easily and quickly because no impulse lines are required. In
addition, maintenance costs are decreased because leak points are reduced.

Another dP flow-measurement issue can be introduced by traditional orifice plates because

they require significant straight runs of pipe to reduce flow disturbances—up to 44 pipe
diameters upstream of straight-run pipe and seven diameters downstream. For a 12-inch-
diameter pipe, 44 feet of straight-pipe run would be required upstream and 7 feet would be
required downstream.

In many cases, bends in the piping within these distance limitations can cause measurement
inaccuracy with traditional orifice plates. In these instances, a conditioning orifice plate can
be used. A conditioning orifice plate requires only two pipe diameters upstream and
downstream of the orifice plate of straight-pipe run, which greatly increases the number of
applications for dP