Application of Power Electronics

Baldau Vladut Carol

The London college UCK

 Application of Power Electronics 1

Application of Power Electronics

Task 1

Question 1.1

a) The current wave form in the load

b) The average DC voltage

c) The RMS Voltage

d) The current wave form when an inductor is

added to the load

e) How freewheeling diodes connected across the

load improve the performance of the

rectifier

a and b. The current wave form in the load and the average DC voltage
 Application of Power Electronics 2

Figure 1. Current
c. The RMS Voltage

Figure 2. Voltage, VRMS

d. The current wave form when an inductor is added to the load

Figure 3. Inductor output

e. Freewheeling diodes connected across the load improve the performance of the

Rectifier
 Application of Power Electronics 3

To improve the performance of rectifier, a freewheeling diode must relate to the circuit. It

can rectify the circuit by connecting in parallel. This would indicate results in the figure below to

represent half wave rectification (Dai, and Ludois, 2015, ref.6017-6029).

Question 1.2

1.2

a) The efficiency,

b) The form factor, FF

c) The ripple factor, RF

d) The peak inverse voltage PIV of the diode D.

I. a)

P dc I_dc × V_dc
efficiency = =
P ac Irms × V_rms

b)

V_rms
form factor =
V_dc
 Application of Power Electronics 4

c)

V_ac
Ripple factor =
V_dc

d)

3π
P. I. V = −Vm × sin( )
2

ii. A three-phase rectifier has a purely resistive load of R. Determine:

a. The efficiency

b. The form factors

c. The ripple factors

d. The peak inverse voltage of each diode and

e. The peak current through a diode. Assume, the rectifier delivers I = 60 A at

an output voltage of Vdc = 280.7V and the source frequency is 50 Hz.

a)

Vdc = 1.654 Vm

&

Idc = 1.654Vm/R

Vrms = 1.6554 Vm

&

Idc = 1.6554Vm/R

(1.654Vm)2
Pdc = Vdc × Idc =
R
 Application of Power Electronics 5

(1.6554Vm)2
Pac = Vac × Iac =
R

P dc
efficiency = = 99%
P ac

b)

Vrms
form factor =
Vdc
1.6554
form factor = 1.654

form factor = 100%

c)

Vac
Ripple factor =
Vdc

Ripple factor = √FF − 1

ripple factor = 0.04

Ripple factor = 4%

d)

280.7
Vm =
1.654

Vm = 169.7 V

PIV = √3 Vm

PIV = 294 V
 Application of Power Electronics 6

e)

Average current in single diode = 60/3

Average current in single diode = 20A

Peak current in single diode = 20/0.313

Peak current in single diode = 63 A

Question 1.3

It is identified that electronic circuit are constructed to face excessive flow of current and

high voltages, while, it could be really dangerous for the circuit. Example of this kind of circuit

is thyristor circuit that has high flow of current and voltage, however, a snubber circuit is

connected with the circuit to protect from harm. It is stated that the circuit is capable of handling

high voltages and instantaneous current, meanwhile it reduces its impact on the electronic circuit

(McDonald, 2016). Furthermore, the operations of turning on and off for the circuit are also

associated with this circuit. It can be said that snubber circuit is used for providing auxiliary

pathway in terms of high current or voltage. Energy dissipation is reduced as temperature is the

major cause that affects the circuit (Ma, et.al., 2015, ref.590-602).
 Application of Power Electronics 7

Question 1.4

Investigate the operation of the three-phase rectifier bridge circuit shown above [Fig Q 1.4]

and hence identify the following:

a) The current feedback loop requires the measurement of very large DC currents;

investigate how this may be achieved.

The ammeter connected would be used for measuring large circuit by means of the

feedback loop. However, it is identified that differentiator can also be used in the feedback loop

to create a DC feedback path for the flow of current. In addition, the currents calculated would

be compared to generate control signal. In this regard, reference current would be used for the

comparison of current and controlling the signal (Trzynadlowski, 2015).

 Application of Power Electronics 8

b) The motor is to be used at low speeds and high torques: comment on this and in

particular what effect this has on the AC supply system suggesting how its performance

may be improved.

High torque is ensured by motor arrangement to state the capability for dealing with low

speeds of a circuit that turns overheating. It is stated that constant speed is developed by the

firing angle to correspond with load, despite of the changes happened in the circuit. A full torque

is resulted with the assistance provided by induction machine to ensure low speeds in continuous

manner, while, without damaging the circuit (Gou, Na, and Diong, 2016).

c) Discuss the regenerative braking and why the system shown cannot be used for

regenerative breaking

The situation occurs due to the nature of the rectifier, it is identified that the converter

strengthens the motor circuit. However, this converter is not must efficient to regenerate the

system of braking in DC connections (Dai, and Ludois, 2015, ref.6017-6029).

 Application of Power Electronics 9

Task-2

2.1.

The configuration in the figure below is showing parallel connection in the transistors,

the input signal that is received by the transistors is provided by the driving IC. However, the

junction is used for providing output signal to the emitter. It is connected with the collector of

second transistor from the emitter of first one. The DC motor is derived by these signals and the

load is corresponded by the desired speed which can be seen in the figure below (McLyman,

2016).

2.2 Variable frequency drives are used to control the speed of AC induction motors.

Investigate the design of variable frequency drives and identify the difference and advantages

of using the following methods of producing variable frequency drives.

 Application of Power Electronics 10

a) Cyclometer variable frequency converters.

The Cyclometer variable frequency converters are used for maintaining the torque as the

system is built with dedicated technology. It is stated that the converters have small size and they

are very easy to install (Ma, et.al., 2015, ref.590-602). Furthermore, converters have greater

efficiency, stability and control with high rate of clearance. The conversation of energy is

another advantage with less starting current requirement in the systems (Wilamowski, and Irwin,

2016).

b) A bridge rectifier feeding a three-phase inverter based on PWM techniques.

These rectifiers have good stability with fine operations, although it makes the system

effective to handle and provide larger output (Vazquez, et.al., 2014, ref.16-31).

c) The advantages of high power induction motors over DC drives.

There are a number of advantages for using high power induction motors, this includes

less maintenance expense, low cost, smaller in size which makes its weight lighter, the feature

supports its structure (Abu-Rub, Malinowski, and Al-Haddad, 2014). It is stated that high power

induction motors operate best in high speed as well as it provides backup to the system in

constant speed operations (Gou, Na, and Diong, 2016).

 Application of Power Electronics 11

Task 3.

3.1

Varying pulses are provided by uni-polar PWM at output, while, in bipolar switching

these pulses can be obtained on both input and output sides or directions (Wang, et.al., 2014,

ref.97-114).

With the aid of clearly annotated diagrams, define the following terminologies for a PWM:

a. Frequency modulation ratio

In the PWM signal, the ratio of frequency can be defined as the connection of

corresponding signal with PWM signal due to frequency (Dai, and Ludois, 2015, ref.6017-6029).
 Application of Power Electronics 12

b. Amplitude modulation ratio

The ratio and amplitude connection is used for defining the amplitude modulation, while

this ratio is formed with sinusoidal wave or triangular waves. Amplitude for the waves is taken

from PWM waves (Trzynadlowski, 2015).

 Application of Power Electronics 13

Q 3.2.

a. The circuit diagrams for the MOSFET Bridge

b. A discussion of how the speed is controlled by varying the mark/space ratio of the pulse

width modulator

It is identified that speed is controlled through using the ratio of mark-space for obtaining

the output, however, the full range of voltage can be obtained through this ratio within 0 to

12Volts. It is stated that for finest operations the frequency suitable for the motor varies from 0

to 12. This frequency is essential for the system, as low frequency can be lead to jerks. It is
 Application of Power Electronics 14

identified that the frequency can cause increments in motor’s impedance due to jerks or low

frequency (Vazquez, et.al., 2014, ref.16-31).

c. A discussion of how bridge may be used for regenerative breaking

The regenerative breaking is implemented and supported by PWM controller and the

scheme of H-bridge is the commonly used system. However, there are a range of schemes

available for operating and supporting the regenerative system of H-bridge, while, most of them

are low sides or high sides off in opposing direction. The regenerative schemes are selected and

used on the basis of their suitability in the system and with the operations (Mosfets on

(McLyman, 2016).
 Application of Power Electronics 15

d. Comment on the power dissipated in the MOSFETS

The total dissipated power by the H-bridge MOSFETS would be used for realizing the

total power dissipated from the system and the switching power due to conductive power

dissipation mechanism (Vazquez, et.al., 2014, ref.16-31).

 Application of Power Electronics 16

Q 3.3

a. What is meant by four quadrant motor control?

There are four different type of schemes that are provided by the four-quadrant motor

control, this is used efficiently to drive the motor. It is stated that the motor goes clockwise in the

first quadrant similar to the controller. Whereas, in the second quadrant, motor and controller

moves anti-clockwise. Shifts in the movements are seen in the third quadrant, as in this quadrant,

motor moves clockwise but controller changes its direction as it moves anti-clockwise. The

movement also varies in the last quadrant, in the fourth quadrant motor moves anti-clockwise

and the movement of controller becomes clockwise (Gou, Na, and Diong, 2016).

b. What is meant by regenerative breaking and how the above bridges are capable of

performing regenerative breaking?

The energy retrieval process is based on regenerative braking mechanism, it is an

effective approach that is used for enabling and converting conserved energy into kinetic energy.

The working of the system is supported with the working described in the figure below. It can be

seen that it is capable of employing structural support of regenerative breaking along with the

use of bridge circuit (Dai, and Ludois, 2015, ref.6017-6029).

 Application of Power Electronics 17

c. Discuss the operation of the above thyristor bridges when the motor speed is reversed

under full control.

Normal operations are performed by the thyristor, full control is provided which is based

on the speed of motor under reverse direction. Meanwhile, it is identified that this performance is

not dependent on the direction of motor (McDonald, 2016).

d. The disadvantage of using the above configuration for when operating at low speed and

high torque.

Due to increase in the stress on the bearing, motor will get burn and there are high

chances of excessive flow in the voltages and current which can offer permanent damage to the

motor in range of situations (Trzynadlowski, 2015).

 Application of Power Electronics 18

e. Identify the proposed advantages and disadvantages of using a DC chopper circuit fed

from a three-phase bridge rectifier.

Advantages

The main advantage is efficiency and effectiveness provided to the system, the

maintenance of the structure is also very low. Meanwhile, it has less cost with fast response

mechanism. Their size is also small which makes it more efficient (Wilamowski, and Irwin,

2016).

Disadvantages

The disadvantage of the system is high switching losses that are associated with high frequency

chopping. Change in the current from low to high or high to low causes ripples in the current.

Furthermore, it is stated that it is not suitable for the applications that needs high power (Abu-

Rub, Malinowski, and Al-Haddad, 2014).

f. What type of devices can be used to measure the High DC currents required by the

motor.

The devices that can be used to measure the current flowing in High DC circuits are

inductor resistors, sense resistors, half effect devices and current transformers. All these devices

are highly used in the maintenance of operations related to the flow of current (Wang, et.al.,

2014, ref.97-114).
 Application of Power Electronics 19

Task 4

Q 4.1

a. UPS systems

The full form of UPS is Uninterrupted power supply, mainly, UPS is used in different

sector for a similar purpose or need. It provides emergency power in the case of power failure by

following the load in the situation of preventive maintenance, fault or load shedding (McDonald,

2016).
 Application of Power Electronics 20

b. Fly wheeling energy storages

Rational energy is the strategy that is used for storing energy of wheeling, it is stated that

wheel is moved for producing rational energy at high speed. The principles of conservation

energy are employed to carry out the activities of the process. It is stated that energy is added and

stored in the system by means of this process (Ma, et.al., 2015, ref.590-602).

c. Bulk-boost Converter, identifying the key parameters used in the design of the power

electronic devices.

DC voltages are amplified through the bulk-boost converter in an effective way, it is

stated that DC current levels are followed to manage the activities of circuit. The requirements of

the circuit are maintained and carried out for meeting the standards of circuit. There are many

advantages of using it, this includes; less reliable, cheap and efficient, the standards of current

level are assumed by the circuit to the boost the voltages (Gou, Na, and Diong, 2016).
 Application of Power Electronics 21

Q 4.2.

a. Draw a block diagram of the various power electronic devices and a diagram indicating

how they are connected?

The functions that are supported by the vehicle (car) in terms of electronic circuit are

explained in the figure. It is stated that the system must incorporate these functions for

supporting the charging circuit, rational power and battery charge by means of electric motor

(Wilamowski, and Irwin, 2016).

 Application of Power Electronics 22

b. Identify the types of Power Electronic devices used.

Power windows that are used in the electronic circuit are explained in the figure above,

however, this is used in the automobiles. The combination of two parallel circuit is needed to be

connected for turning on and off the power switch which is mandatory for vehicle’s window

(Wang, et.al., 2014, ref.97-114).

c. How Regenerative breaking is achieved to identify the energy flows during this mode of

operation.

The most common example considered for explaining the electronic car is turning the

wheels. Energy is provided to car by battery to turn on the wheels. This energy is used for

driving the car, usually, this energy is kinetic energy. The whole system is turned and reversed

through brakes at the time of driving the car. However, this mechanism offers boost and energy

to the whole system of car. The supply of current is interrupted by the electronic circuits in a

number of different situations (Wilamowski, and Irwin, 2016). The motors turn the wheel in this
 Application of Power Electronics 23

regard for producing momentum and kinetic energy to fed the batteries in braking process. The

energy that was lost in the whole process is gained by the system efficiently to regenerate

breaking system with gained energy (Wang, et.al., 2014, ref97-114).

d. How automatic drive assist and how it is achieved

The key source of assistance in present time is automatic transmission which is used for

automatic driving. The system has the capability of changing the gear ratio presented in the

process. The manual changes are also derived in the process which are difficult to feel by the

driver. Furthermore, the combustion of engine is managed comprehensively with rational speed

to adjust suitability. On the other side, transmission is derived through semi-automatic and

continuous variables to automatically assist the transmission system (Abu-Rub, Malinowski, and

Al-Haddad, 2014).
 Application of Power Electronics 24

e. How automatic shutdown/shutoff achieved

It is identified that for rapidly turning off the system there is no feedback that can be

provided, as reflected in the research there is slow discharge mechanism incorporated in the

system for its suitability based on the requirement of voltages. Furthermore, the turning

resistance will increase gradually for supporting the system despite of the shutoff and action

process related to the power phenomenon. Heat will get sink due to the consideration of effects

and size (Dai, and Ludois, 2015, ref.6017-6029).

 Application of Power Electronics 25

References

Abu-Rub, H., Malinowski, M. and Al-Haddad, K., 2014. Power electronics for renewable

energy systems, transportation and industrial applications. John Wiley & Sons.

Dai, J. and Ludois, D.C., 2015. A survey of wireless power transfer and a critical comparison of

inductive and capacitive coupling for small gap applications. IEEE Transactions on

Power Electronics, 30(11), ref.6017-6029.

Gou, B., Na, W. and Diong, B., 2016. Fuel cells: dynamic modeling and control with power

electronics applications. CRC press.

Ma, K., Liserre, M., Blaabjerg, F. and Kerekes, T., 2015. Thermal loading and lifetime

estimation for power device considering mission profiles in wind power converter. IEEE

Transactions on Power Electronics, 30(2), ref.590-602.

McDonald, J.D., 2016. Electric power substations engineering. CRC press.

McLyman, C.W.T., 2016. Transformer and inductor design handbook. CRC press.

Trzynadlowski, A.M., 2015. Introduction to modern power electronics. John Wiley & Sons.

Vazquez, S., Leon, J.I., Franquelo, L.G., Rodriguez, J., Young, H.A., Marquez, A. and

Zanchetta, P., 2014. Model predictive control: A review of its applications in power

electronics. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 8(1), ref.16-31.

Wang, H., Liserre, M., Blaabjerg, F., de Place Rimmen, P., Jacobsen, J.B., Kvisgaard, T. and

Landkildehus, J., 2014. Transitioning to physics-of-failure as a reliability driver in power

electronics. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2(1),

ref.97-114.

Wilamowski, B.M. and Irwin, J.D. eds., 2016. Power electronics and motor drives. CRC Press.