MOB

1. What are attitudes?

Ans : Attitudes are statements that makes an evaluation about objects, people or
events.

2. State the main components of attitudes and brief explain them ?

Ans : a) Cognitive Component: the way you think about the situation
b) Affective component : the way you feel about the situation
c) Behavioral component: the way you want to response or react to the
situation.

3. Explain cognitive dissonance?

Ans : Cognitive dissonance states that contradicting or clashing thoughts cause
discomfort. Sometimes we observe people who will change what they say so it
doesn’t contradict behavior. When attitudes and behaviours don’t line up,
individuals will experience cognitive dissonance.

4. State four moderating variables between behavior and attitude

ANs: a) Direct and personal experience of the attitude : Asking college students
with no significant work experience how they would respond to working for an
authoritarian supervisor is far less likely to predict actual behavior than asking that
same question of employees who have actually worked for such an individual.

b) Accessibility: Attitudes that our memories can easily access are more likely
to predict our behavior
c) Importance of the attitude : Important attitudes reflect our fundamental
values, self-interest, or identification with individuals or groups we value.
d) Discrepancies between attitudes and behavior tend to occur when social
pressures to behave in certain ways hold exceptional power, as in most orga-
nizations. This may explain why an employee who holds strong anti-union at-
attitudes attends pro-union organizing meetings, or why tobacco executives, who
are not smokers themselves and who tend to believe the research linking smoking
and cancer, don’t actively discourage others from smoking.

5. What are the major job attitudes ?

Ans: a)Job satisfaction : positive feeling about ones job resulting from
evaluation from its design
b) Job Involvement : the degree to which a person identifies with the job,
actively, participate in it.
c) Psychological empowerment : employee perceived autonomy in the
work.
 6. What is personality?

Ans: Personality is the sum total of the way we interact with an object or
situation.
7. What are the big 5 personality traits?

Ans: i) Extraversion ii) Agreeableness iii) conscientiousness iv)

emotional stability v) Openness to experience
8. What is perception?

Ans: A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory

impressions in order to give meaning to their environment

9. What are the factors influencing perception ?

ANs: Situation, Perceiver and Target
10. What is attribution theory?
ANs: Attribution theory suggests that perceivers try to “attribute” the
observed behavior to a type of cause, either internal or external.

11. There are three determinants of attribution and what are their
causes:
Ans: a) Distinctiveness: whether an individual displays different
behavior sin different situations. (Internal)
b) Consensus : do people respond the same way to similar situations.
No. (external
c) Consistency : does the person respond the same way over time.
(internal)
12. What are the attribution errors?
- Fundamental attribution errors: tendency to underestimate the
influence of external factors and overstimte that of internal factors.
- Self-serving bias : occurs when individuals overestimate their own
(internal) influence on successes and overtimate the external
influences on their failures.
- The basic process of attribtion apllies across cultures but Western
cultures tend be more individualist, while Asian cultures are more
group-oriented.
 13. List the rational decision making model?

ANs:
i) Define the problem
ii) Identify the decision criteria
iii) Allocate weights to the criteria
iv) Develop the alternatives
v) Evaluate the alternatives
vi) Select the best alternative

14. What is bounded rationality?

Ans: Bounded rationality is constructing simplified models that extract
the essential features from problems without capturing all their
complexity.

15. List 5 common biases and errors in decision making?

Ans: i) Randomness Error: believing that we can predict the outcome of
random events.
ii) Availability Bias: Basing judgments on information that is readily
available.
iii) Escalation of commitment: staying with a decision even when there is
clear evidence that it is wrong.
iv) Risk Aversion: Preferring a sure thing over a risky outcome.
v) Hindsight Bias : Believing falsely that we could have predicted the
event after the outcome is already known.