English Grammar Notes

ABSTRACT
This work is based on the application of second law of thermodynamics for energy efficient
design and operation of the conventional coal fired power generating station. The steam power
plant has been used for the analysis at present working condition.
The energy assessment must be made through the energy quantity as well as the quality. But the
usual energy analysis evaluates the energy generally on its quantity only. However, the exergy
analysis assesses the energy on quantity as well as the quality. The primary objectives of this
project are to analyse the system components separately to identify and quantify the sites having
largest energy and exergy losses. In addition, the effect of varying the reference environment
state on this analysis will also be presented the aim of the exergy analysis is to identify the
magnitudes and the locations of real energy losses to improve the existing systems processes or
components.
This project deals with an exergy analysis performed on an operating 210MW unit of NTTPS.
The exergy losses occurred in the various subsystems of the plant and their components have
been calculated. The distribution of the exergy losses in several plant components during the
real time plant running conditions has been assessed to locate the process irreversibility.
1
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
2
1.2 Components of steam power plant
 Boiler
 Air preheater
 Economizer
 Super heater
 Turbine
 Condenser
 Cooling tower
 Feed water pump
 Chimney
1.2.1 Boiler
The equipment used for producing steam is called steam generator or boiler. The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M.E.) gives the following definition of the steam
generating unit:
A combination of apparatus for producing, furnishing or recovering heat together with the
apparatus for transferring the heat so made available to the fluid being heated and vaporized.
The fluid (water) is contained in the boiler drum called shell and the thermal energy released
during combustion of fuel, which may be solid, liquid or gas, is transferred to water and this
converts water into steam at the desired temperature and pressure. The steam thus generated is
used for the following purposes:
Power generation: For generating power in steam engine or steam turbine.
Heating: The steam is utilized for heating the residential and industrial buildings in cold weather
and for producing hot waters for hot water supply.
Utilization of steam for industrial processes such as for sizing and bleaching etc. in textile
industries and many industries like sugar mills and chemical industries.
3
1.2.2 Air pre heater
An air preheater (APH) is any device designed to heat air before another process (for
example, combustion in a boiler) with the primary objective of increasing the thermal efficiency
of the process. They may be used alone or to replace a recuperative heat system or to replace a
steam coil.
The combustion air preheaters used in large boilers found in thermal power stations
producing electric power from e.g. fossil fuels, biomass or waste.The purpose of the air preheater
is to recover the heat from the boiler flue gas which increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler
by reducing the useful heat lost in the flue gas. As a consequence, the flue gases are also
conveyed to the flue gas stack (or chimney) at a lower temperature, allowing simplified design of
the conveyance system and the flue gas stack. It also allows control over the temperature of
4
gases leaving the stack (to meet emissions regulations, for example).It is installed between the
economizer and chimney.
1.2.3 Economiser
Economizers are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform

useful function such as preheating a fluid. In simple terms, an economizer is a heat exchanger.
Economizers are commonly used as part of a heat recovery steam generator in a combined
cycle power plant. In an HRSG, water passes through economizer, then boiler and then super
heater. The economizer also prevents flooding of the boiler with liquid water that is too cold to
be boiled given the flow rates and design of the boiler. A common application of economizers in
steam power plants is to capture the waste heat from boiler stack gases (flue gases) and transfer it
to the boiler feed water. This raises the temperature of the boiler feed water, lowering the needed
energy input, in turn reducing the firing rates needed for the rated boiler output. Economizers
5
lower stack temperatures which may cause condensation of acidic combustion gases and various
equipment corrosion damage if care is not taken in their design and material selection.
1.2.4 Super heater
A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into superheated steam or
dry steam. Superheated steam is used in steam turbines for electricity generation, steam engines,
and in processes such as steam reforming. There are three types of super heaters: radiant,
convection, and separately fired. A superheater can vary in size from a few tens of feet to several
hundred feet (a few metres to some hundred metres).
1.2.5 Turbine
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir
Charles Parsons in 1884.
Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive
an electrical generator – about 90% of all electricity generation in the use of steam turbines.
The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement
in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam,
which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process.
6
The steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle where due to fall in pressure of steam, thermal
energy of steam is converted in kinetic energy of steam, resulting in the emission of a high
velocity jet of steam which impinges on the moving vanes or blades, mounted on a shaft, here it
undergoes a change in direction of motion which gives rise to a change in momentum and
therefore, a force. This constitutes the driving force of the machine.
Shrouds are used to reinforce the turbine blades free ends to reduce vibration and leakage. This is
done by reverting a flat end over the blades refer figure. In some cases especially at the early
stages, the shroud may be integral with the blade. When the blades are very long as in the case of
the last stage of LP turbine. The rotor blades are further reinforced by using lacing wires which
circumferentially connects all the blades at a desired radius and shrouding is eliminated.
7
1.2.6 Condenser
Condenser is a closed vessel in which exhaust steam from steam turbine is condensed by cooling
water, and vacuum is maintained, resulting in an increase in work done and thermal efficiency of
steam turbine plant and use of condensate as feed water to the boiler.
Condenser is one of the essential components of steam power plants as it facilitates condensation
of steam at given conditions with minimum expenditure of energy and minimum loss of heat and
finally gives condensate which can be recirculated by feed pump to boiler for steam generation.
Condenser generally operates at pressure less than atmospheric pressure. In the steam power
plant the use of condenser permits expansion in steam turbine even up to less than atmospheric
pressure and subsequently condensing steam to yield condensate for recirculation thus improving
plant efficiency and output. Expansion in steam turbine engine cannot be extended to pressures
less than atmospheric in the absence of condenser.
Condenser can be defined as device used for condensation of steam at constant pressure.
Generally pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. Condenser is thus a closed vessel which is
generally maintained at vacuum and cold fluid is circulated for picking heat from steam to cause
its condensation. Use of Condenser offers advantages such as hotter feed water for being sent to
boiler, removal of air and non-condensable dissolved gases from feed water, recovery of
condensate reduces treated water requirement, expansion up to sub-atmospheric conditions and
capital cost is reduced by recycling of feed water’ etc.
8
1.2.7 Feed water pump
Boiler feed water pump is a specific type of pump used to pump feed water into a steam boiler.
The water may be freshly supplied or returning condensate produced as a result of the
condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are normally high pressure units
that take suction from a condensate return system and can be of the centrifugal pump type or
positive displacement type.
Feed water pumps range in size up to many horse power and the electric motor is usually
separated from the pump body by some form of mechanical coupling. Large
industrial condensate pumps may also serve as the feed water pump. In either case, to force the
water into the boiler, the pump must generate sufficient pressure to overcome the steam pressure
developed by the boiler. This is usually accomplished through the use of a centrifugal pump.
Another common form of feed water pumps run constantly and are provided with a minimum
flow device to stop over pressuring the pump on low flows. The minimum flow usually returns
to the tank or deaerator.
9
1.2.8 Cooling tower
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the
cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation
of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air
temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the
working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
10
Applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and
other chemical plants, thermal power stations for cooling buildings. The classification is based
on the type of air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural
draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that
can be up to 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be
over 40 metres tall and 80 metres long. The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated
with nuclear power plants, although they are also used in some coal-fired plants and to some
extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants. Although these large towers are very
prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed
on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
11
1.2.9 Chimney
A chimney is a structure that provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke from
a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or
as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the
combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney effect. The space inside a chimney is
called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the United
States, the term smoke stack is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship
chimneys, and the term funnel can also be used.
The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the external environment
via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their
impact on the immediate surroundings. In the case of chemically aggressive output, a sufficiently
tall chimney can allow for partial or complete self-neutralization of airborne chemicals before
they reach ground level. The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce their
concentrations and facilitate compliance with regulatory limits.
12
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE
[1] Kataria Mahendra B., Khunt Hardik A, Ghodasara Pooja A “Energy Analysis Of Thermal
Power Plant ” IJEDR | Volume 4, Issue 3, 2016
In this paper, Exergy analysis indicates that the waste-heat emissions from the condenser,
although great in quantity, are low in quality (i.e., have little exergy) because their temperatures
are near to that of the environment. Therefore, condenser improvements can typically yield only
slight increases in plant exergy efficiency.
Second, the most (approximately 70%) of the total exergy destruction occurs in the boiler and
feed water heater, while the remainder occurs in other devices (approximately 10% in the
turbine, 17% in the condenser, 3% in the feed pump). Steam generator and Feed water heater are
thus the most inefficient plant device. As a result, significant potential exists for improving plant
efficiency by reducing steam-generator irreversibility, by modifying the combustion and heat
transfer processes occurring within it.
[2] G.U.Akubu, S.O.Enibe, H.O.Njoku and G.O.Unachukwu “Exergy Analysis of a Steam

Boiler Plant in a brewery in Nigeria” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 5, Issue 5, May-2014
In this paper, the exergy method was used to evaluate the performance of a 10,000 tonnes/hr oil
fired steam boiler plant in a brewery in Nigeria. The exergy losses in the various subsystems of
the plant: combustion chamber, mixing region and heat exchanger were calculated based on
energy and exergy balance equations. The distribution of the exergy losses in the plant
subsystems during the real time plant running conditions has been assessed to locate process
irreversibilities. The First and the Second law efficiencies of the plant have also be calculated.
Comparison between exergy losses of the subsystems based on the calculated values shows that
the maximum exergy losses of 36% occur in the combustion chamber in real time whereas a
minimum of 3.51% occur in the mixing region and 33.60% was in the heat exchanger.
13
The average energy and exergy efficiencies recorded were 95.34% and 24.45% respectively.
Therefore, exergy losses are particularly high in the subsystems; plant manufacturers must give
considerations to measures for enhanced heat transfer, and waste energy recovery.
[3] Rakesh Kumar Singh, Dr. Jitendra Kumar Tiwari “ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS
OF A 26MW THERMALPOWER PLANT” International Journal For Technological Research In
Engineering Volume 3, Issue 9, May-2016
In this paper, energy and exergy analysis was performed on Nakoda Ispat Pvt. Ltd., Raipur at 26
MW output of the steam power plant components have been calculated. In this study an energy
and exergy analysis as well as effect of varying environment temperature on the exergy analysis
of a power plant has been represented. For the increase of 20ºC from temperature of 15 ºC to
35ºC there is an increase of 3.95% in energy and 2.97% in exergy efficiencies of turbine and
there is no variation of efficiencies for increase in temperature for boiler because of refractory
lining in boiler. Similarly for condenser there is an increase of 0.9061% in energy and decrease
of 76.21% in exergy efficiency. There is an increase of 3.863% in energy efficiency and decrease
of 34.81% in exergy efficiency for CEP(Condensate Extraction Pump) , there is an increase of
3.643% in energy and 37.41% in exergy efficiency. In the considered power cycle, the maximum
exergy loss of 76.21% was found in condenser in the present working condition of the input
energy was lost to the environment. The exergy analysis of the plant showed that lost energy in
the condenser is thermodynamically significant due to its low quality.
14
Chapter-3
EXERGY ANALYSIS
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO EXERGY
In thermodynamics, the exergy of a system is the maximum useful work possible during
a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir. When
the surroundings are the reservoir, exergy is the potential of a system to cause a change as it
achieves equilibrium with its environment. Exergy is the energy that is available to be used.
After the system and surroundings reach equilibrium, the exergy is zero. Determining exergy
was also the first goal of thermodynamics. The term "exergy" was coined in 1956 by Zoran
Rant (1904–1972) by using the Greek and ergon meaning from work, but the concept was
developed by J. Willard Gibbs in 1873.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed during a process. Energy changes from one form to
another. In contrast, exergy is always destroyed when a process is irreversible, for example loss
of heat to the environment. This destruction is proportional to the increase of the system together
with its surroundings.
Exergy is a combination property of a system and its environment because it depends on the state
of both the system and environment. The exergy of a system in equilibrium with the environment
is zero. Exergy is neither a thermodynamic property of matter nor a thermodynamic potential of
a system. Exergy and energy both have units of joules. The internal energy of a system is always
measured from a fixed reference state and is therefore always a state function. Some define the
exergy of the system to be changed when the environment changes, in which case it is not a
state function. Some other prefer a slightly alternate definition of the available energy or exergy
of a system where the environment is firmly defined, as an unchangeable absolute reference
state, and in this alternate definition exergy becomes a property of the state of the system alone.
However, from a theoretical point of view, exergy may be defined without reference to any
environment. If the intensive properties of different finitely extended elements of a system differ,
there is always the possibility to extract mechanical work from the system.
15
The term exergy is also used, by analogy with its physical definition, in information
theory related to reversible computing. Exergy is also synonymous with availability, available
energy, essergy, utilizable energy, reversible work .
The exergy destruction of a cycle is the sum of the exergy destruction of the processes that
compose that cycle. The exergy destruction of a cycle can also be determined without tracing the
individual processed by considering the entire cycle as a single process and using one of the
exergy destruction equation.
3.2 Operating parameters of various components of Vijayawada Thermal

Power Station
Component Pressure (bar) Temperature(°c)

Boiler 150 360
Superheater inlet 130 350
Super heater outlet 130 540
HP turbine inlet 130 540
HP turbine outlet 26 330
Reheater inlet 26 330
Reheater outlet 26 540
IP turbine inlet 26 540
IP turbine outlet 2 195
LP turbine inlet 2 195
LP turbine outlet 0.2 44
Condenser inlet 0.2 44
Condenser outlet 0.2 46
Exergy equation, ε = [(h-ℎ0 )-𝑇0 𝑠 − 𝑠0 )]𝑚𝑠
16
3.3 Exergy of Boiler
At drum pressure, p = 140 bar
0
For steam temperature, T = C
Enthalpy, h = 2754.2 kJ/kg
Entropy, s = 5.562 kJ/kgK
0
Ambient temperature, 𝑇0 = c = 298K
Enthalpy, ℎ0 = 104.8 kJ/kg
Entropy, 𝑠0 = 0.367 kJ/kgK
Mass flow rate of steam, 𝑚𝑠 = 660 tons/hr = 183.33 kg/s
Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2754.2-104.8)-298(5.562-0.367)] 183.33
=201.776 MW
0
For steam temperature, T= C
=206.986 MW
0
For steam temperature, T = c
=211.961 MW
0
= 216.934 MW
17
At drum pressure = 150 bar
0
= 197.26 MW
0
= 201.46 MW
0
Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2808.8-104.8)-298(5.6234-0.367) ]183.33
= 208.52 MW
0
= 214.29 MW
At drum pressure = 160 bar
0
Entropy, s = 5.311kJ/kgK
18
= 191.124 MW
0
=197.636 MW
0
Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2753-104.8)-298(5.5162-0.367)] 183.33
=204.148 MW
0
= 210.648 MW
3.4 Exergy of Superheater
At steam pressure = 130 bar
0
Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3417.8-104.8)-298(6.5451-0.367)] 183.33
= 269.95 MW
0
= 272.417 MW
19
0
= 275.141 MW
0
= 278.011 MW
0
For Steam temperature, T = C
= 270.253 MW
0
= 273.15 MW
0
= 276.375 MW
0
= 279.504 MW
20
At steam pressure, p = 150 bar
0
Enthalpy, h = 3391.36kJ/kg
= 270.462 MW
0
= 273.59 MW
For steam temperature, T = 550 °C
Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3445.2− . − .512-0.367)] 183.33
= 276.78 MW
0
= 278.430MW
3.5 Exergy of High Pressure Turbine outlet
At steam pressure = 24bar
0
Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3036.8-104.8)-298(6.7092-0.367)] 183.33
= 194.042 MW
21
0
= 196.23 MW
0
= 198.404 MW
0
Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3107-104.8)-298(6.8268-0.367)] 183.33
= 200.474 MW
0
= 202.655 MW
0
= 197.55 MW
0
= 199.762 MW
22
0
= 201.97 MW
0
= 204.184 MW
At steam pressure =28 bar
0
= 196.762 MW
0
= 198.876 MW
0
Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3073.66-104.8)-298(6.70320.367)] 183.33
=201.124 MW
0
= 203.334 MW
23
0
=204.184 MW
3.6 Exergy of Intermediate Pressure Turbine outlet
At steam pressure = 1.5 bar
0
Enthalpy, h=2842.78 kJ/kg ;
Entropy, s=7.578 kJ/kgK
Exergy of intermediate pressure turbine, ε = [2842.78-104.8)-298(7.578-0.367)] 183.33
=109.64 Mw
0
= 110.96 MW
0
= 112.33 MW
0
=113.82 MW
24
0
= 115.29 MW
At steam pressure =2bar
0
For steam temperature, T= C
Exergy of intermediate pressure turbine, ε = [2839.9-104.8)-298(7.434-0.367) ] 183.33
= 117.08 Mw
0
= 118.11 MW
0
= 119.5 MW
0
= 120.974 MW
25
0
= 122.45 MW
At steam pressure = 2.5 bar
0
= 122.31 MW
0
Exergy of ip turbine, ε = [2857.65-104.8)-298(7.3770.367)]183.33
= 123.45 MW
0
For steam temperature,T = C
Exergy of ip turbine, ε = [2878.6-104.8)-298(7.42-0.367)]183.33
= 125.07 MW
0
= 126.49 MW
0
For steam temperature,T = C
= 128.01 MW
26
Chapter 4
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Exergy comparison of boiler
Exergy (MW)
Temperature(0C)
Pressure(bar)
350 360 370 380
140 201.776 206.986 211.961 216.934
150 197.26 202.96 208.52 214.648
160 191.129 197.636 204.14 210.648
BOILER
220
215
210
Exergy (MW)
205
140 bar
200
150 bar
195
160 bar
190
185
340 350 360 370 380 390
Temperature (°C)
From the graph, it is observed that exergy is high at high temperature.
27
Exergy comparison of super heater:
Exergy In (MW)
Temperature(0C)
Pressure(bar)
530 540 550 560
140 269.95 272.417 275.141 278.011
150 270.253 273.149 276.375 279.504
160 270.462 273.59 276.78 278.43
SUPERHEATER 140 Bar
282 150 Bar
280 160 Bar
278
Exergy (MW)
276
274
272
270
268
520 530 540 550 560 570
Temperature (°C)
28
Exergy comparison of HPT:
Exergy In (MW)
Temperature(0C)
Pressure(bar)
310 320 330 340 350
24 194.042 196.23 198.404 200.479 202.655
26 195.34 197.55 199.762 201.97 204.189
28 196.762 198.876 201.124 203.334 205.62
26 Bar
HP TURBINE 28 Bar
208 24 Bar
206
204
Exergy (Mw)
202
200
198
196
194
192
300 310 320 330 340 350 360
Temperature (°C)
29
Exergy comparison of IPT:
Exergy In (MW)
Temperature(0C)
Pressure(bar)
185 195 205 215 225
1.5 109.64 110.96 112.33 113.82 115.29
2 117.08 118.11 119.5 120.974 122.45
2.5 122.31 123.55 125.07 126.49 128.01
IP TURBINE 1.5 Bar

2 Bar
130
2.5 Bar
125
Exergy (MW)
120
115
110
105
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (°C)
30
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
 Various components of steam power plant is studied. Exergy analysis is conducted on

boiler, super heater, High pressure turbine and intermediate pressure turbine.
 Exergy of all components is more at high temperature.Maximum exergy is available at

superheater outlet and lower exergy is available at intermediate pressure turbine.
 Exergy of steam power plant components is compared and graphs plotted at different
pressures and temperatures.
31
REFERENCE
1. P. Regulagadda, I. Dincer, and G. F. Naterer, "Exergy analysis of thermal power plant with
measured boiler and turbine losses," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 970-976, 2010.
2. Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP), Pakistan Energy Year Book.

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan, 2013.
M. Asif, Energy crises in Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2011.
3. Z.K. Pal, H. chandra, and A. Arora, "Thermoynamic analysis of existing coal fired
conventional steam power plant using cycle tempo," International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Research and Studies, 2015.
4. Erc, In how to save energy and money in boiler and furnace systems. South Africa: Energy
Research Centre (ERC), University of Cape town, 2004.
5. W. L. R. Gallo and L. F. Milanez, "Choice of reference state for energetic analysis," Energy,
vol. 15, pp. 113-121, 1990.
6. A. Cihan, O. Hacihafijoglu, and K. Kahevi, "Energy and Exergy analysis and modernization
suggestions for a combined power plant," Int. J of Energy Res., vol. 30, pp. 115-126, 2006.
7. V. Amir, F. Alireza, V. Sadegh, N. E. Hasan, B. Azam, and N. R. Roya, "Improvement

power plant efficiency with condenser pressure," International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Sciences and Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 38-43, 2011.
8. Y. Dai, J. Wang, and L. Gao, "Exergy analyses and parametric optimizations for different
cogeneration power plants in Cement Industry," Applied Energy, vol. 86, pp. 941-948, 2009.
32
9. T.J. Kotas, "Exergy criteria of performance for thermal plant: Second of two papers on
exergy techniques in thermal plant analysis," International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,
vol. 2, pp. 123-130, 2009.
10. T. Ganapathy, N. Alagumurthi, R. P. Gakkhar, and K. Murugesan, "Exergy analysis of

operating lignite fired thermal power plant," Journal of Engineering Service and Technology
Review, vol. 2, pp. 123-130, 2009.
33

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ABSTRACT

1.1 LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT

Power generation: For generating power in steam engine or steam turbine.

Economizers are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform

1.2.4 Super heater

[2] G.U.Akubu, S.O.Enibe, H.O.Njoku and G.O.Unachukwu “Exergy Analysis of a Steam

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO EXERGY

3.2 Operating parameters of various components of Vijayawada Thermal

Component Pressure (bar) Temperature(°c)

Exergy equation, ε = [(h-ℎ0 )-𝑇0 𝑠 − 𝑠0 )]𝑚𝑠

At drum pressure, p = 140 bar

Enthalpy, h = 2754.2 kJ/kg

Entropy, s = 5.562 kJ/kgK

Enthalpy, ℎ0 = 104.8 kJ/kg

Entropy, 𝑠0 = 0.367 kJ/kgK

Mass flow rate of steam, 𝑚𝑠 = 660 tons/hr = 183.33 kg/s

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2754.2-104.8)-298(5.562-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2804.52-104.8)-298(5.6398-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2854.84-104.8)-298(5.7176-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2905.16-104.8)-298(5.7954-0.367)] 183.33

Enthalpy, h = 2674.8 kJ/kg

Entropy, s = 5.447 kJ/kgK

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2694.8-104.8)-298(5.447-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2743.82-104.8)-298(5.5352-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2808.8-104.8)-298(5.6234-0.367) ]183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2870.8-104.8)-298(5.7116-0.367)] 183.33

At drum pressure = 160 bar

Enthalpy, h = 2620.8 kJ/kg

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2686.1-104.8)-298(5.4136-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2753-104.8)-298(5.5162-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of boiler, ε = [(2818.9-104.8)-298(5.6188-0.367)] 183.33

3.4 Exergy of Superheater

At steam pressure = 130 bar

Enthalpy, h = 3417.8 kJ/kg

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3417.8-104.8)-298(6.5451-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3441.6-104.8)-298(6.5796-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3466.8-104.8)-298(6.6145-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3492.8-104.8)-298(6.6494-0.367)] 183.33

At steam pressure = 140 bar

Enthalpy, h = 3403.21 kJ/kg

Entropy, s = 6.4906 kJ/kgK

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3403.21-104.8)-298(6.4906-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3428.8-104.8)-298(6.5228-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3455.8-104.8)-298(6.555-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3482.2-104.8)-298(6.5872-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3391.36-104.8)-298(6.447-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3414.6-104.8)-298(6.48-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3445.2− . − .512-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of superheater, ε = [(3472.2-104.8)-298(6.5422-0.367)] 183.33

At steam pressure = 24bar

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3036.8-104.8)-298(6.7092-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3060.2-104.8)-298(6.7484-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3083.6-104.8)-298(6.7876-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3107-104.8)-298(6.8268-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3130.4-104.8)-298(6.866-0.367)] 183.33

At steam pressure = 26 bar

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3054.88-104.8)-298(6.7046-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3078.62-104.8)-298(6.7444-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3102.36-104.8)-298(6.7842-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3126.1-104.8)-298(6.824-0.367)] 183.33

Enthalpy, h = 3031.52 kJ/kg

Entropy, s = 6.6224 kJ/kgK

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3031.52-104.8)-298(6.6224-0.367)] 183.33

Exergy of high pressure turbine, ε = [(3049.54-104.8)-298(6.6628-0.367)] 183.33