LASERS

PRESENTED BY:
shivam pandey
L Light
A Amplification by
S Stimulated
E Emission of
R Radiation
WHAT IS A LASER ?
A laser is a device that
transforms light of various
frequencies into a chromatic
radiation in the visible, infrared,
and ultraviolet regions with all
the waves in phase capable of
mobilizing immense heat and
power when focused at close
range.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER

 COHERENCE
 HIGH INTENSITY
 HIGH DIRECTIONALITY
 HIGH MONOCHROMATICITY
1 COHERENCE :
The wave trains which are identical in phase and
direction are called coherent waves.

2 HigH iNtENsity :
Due to the coherent nature of laser, it has the ability
to focus over a small area of 10­

3 HigH diRECtiONality :
The angular spread of a laser beam 1mm/meter.
4 HigH mONOCHROmatiCity :

The light from a normal monochromaticity source

spread over a range of wavelength of the order
100nm.but, the spread is of the order of 1nm for
laser.
stimulatEd aNd spONtaNEOus

 Stimulated  Spontaneous
 It is not a random  It is random process.
process.  The photon do not get
 The photon get multiplied through chain
multiplied through reaction.
chain reaction.  It is a not controllable
 t is a controllable process.
process.  Less intense.
 More intense.  Polychromatic radiation.
 Monochromatic
radiation.
 LASER
9
Nd: yag lasER
CONSTRUCTION :

 Nd yag rod and krypton flash lamp are

enclosed inside in ellipsoidal reflector.
 In order to make the entire flash
radiation to focus on the laser rod.
 The nd yag rod is placed t one focal axis
and the flash lamp at the other focal
axis of the ellipsoidal reflector.
 Energy level Diagram
Non-radiative
E4
transition

E2
Metastable

1.064
E3 state
µm laser
0.80µm

0.73µm

E1
Non-radiative
transition
Ground State
E0
 wORkINg
 The flash lamp switched on.
 The optical pumping excites the ions from the
ground energy state E0 to the higher energy
level E3 and E4 by absorbing radiation .80µm
and .73µm,respectively.
 The energy level E4 to E2 is the non radiative
transition.
 The E2 state is meta stable state.
 Any of the spontaneously emitted photon will
make the excited ion to undergo a transition
between E2 E1 state.
 The transitions E2 E1 yields an intense and
coherent laser beam of wavelength 1.064µm.
 These laser give beam continuously.
 The ions then make a transition between E1 E0.
 The flash lamp is used to excite the ions, while the rest
heats up the crystal.
 Thus, the system can be cooled by either air or water
circulation.
 APPLICATION OF LASER
A) IN INdUSTRy :

1) For welding and melting.

2) For cutting and drilling holes.
3) To test the quality of the material.

B) IN mEdICINE :

1) Used for treatment of detached retinas.

2) Used in performing micro and bloodless surgery
C) Military appliCations :

1) The laser beam can serve as war weapon,

i.e. A power full laser beam can be used to destroy in
few second, the big size object like aeroplanes, missiles etc.

D) sCienCe anD engineering appliCation :

1)Fiber optic communication.

2)It is used to holography.
3)Communication between planets is possible with
laser.
4) It is used to accelerate some chemical reaction.
5) It is used to drill minute holes in cell walls without
damaging the cell itself.
Laser Output
Continuous Output (CW) Pulsed Output (P)

Energy (Joules)
Energy (Watts)

                       

Time Time
watt (W) - Unit of power or radiant flux (1 watt = 1 joule per second).
Joule (J) - A unit of energy 
Energy (Q) The capacity for doing work. Energy content is commonly used to characterize the output 
from pulsed lasers and is generally expressed in Joules (J).
Irradiance (E) - Power per unit area, expressed in watts per square centimeter.
Common Laser Signs and Labels
Thank you