POPULATION GENETICS

By :
Name : Mellya Rizki Pitriani
Student ID : B1B017031
Group :V
Subgroup :A
Assistant : Salsabila Pratiwi

PRACTICAL REPORT OF GENETICS

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
Calculation data group V :
Blood type A : 5
Blood type B : 4
Blood type AB : 1
Blood type O : 9
(p+q+r)2 = p2+2pr+q2+2qr+2pq+r2

A B AB O

 Phenotypic frequency
Blood type A : 5/19 = 0,26
Blood type B : 4/19 = 0,21
Blood type AB : 1/19 = 0,05
Blood type O : 9/19 = 0,47
 Allele frequency
r = Io = √0, 4 = 0,63

p+q+r=1 p+q+r=1
p + r = 1-q p + 0,15 + 0,68 = 1
(p+r)2 = (1 - q)2 p + 0,83 = 1
p2 + 2pr + r2 = (1-q)2 p = 1 – 0,83
0,26 + 0,47 = (1-q)2 p = 0,17
0,73 = (1 q)2
√0, 73 = 1 - q
q = 1- 0,85
q = 0,15

 Genotypic frequency
p+q+r=1
(p + q + r) = 12
P2 + 2pr + q2 + 2qr + 2pq + r2 = 1
 A = p2 + 2pr B = q2 + 2qr
A = IAIA = P2 B = IBIB = q2
IAIO= 2pr IBIO = 2qr
AB = 2pq O= r2
AB = IAIB = 2pq O= IOIO = r2

 Blood type A = p2 + 2pr

A = IAIA = P2 = (0,17)2 = 0,029
IAIO= 2pr = 2 x 0,17 x 0,68 = 0,231
 Blood type B = q2 + 2qr
B = IBIB = q2 = (0,15)2 = 0,022
IBIO = 2qr = 2 x 0,15 x 0,68 = 0,204
 Blood type AB = 2pq
AB = IAIB = 2pq = 2 x 0,17 x 0,15 = 0.051
 Blood type O = r2
O= IOIO = r2 = (0,68)2 = 0,47
Tabel 1. Blood Type Data ABO
Number Group
of Blood I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Types
A 5 6 3 7 5 5 5 2
B 7 8 9 3 4 6 7 7
AB 3 1 2 4 9 1 4 2
O 10 10 11 10 1 14 9 9
Total 25 25 25 24 19 26 25 20

Tabel 2. Fenotypic Frequency

Fenotypic Group
Frequenc I II III IV V VI VII VIII
y
A 0,2 0,24 0,12 0,29 0,26 0,19 0,2 0,1
B 0,28 0,32 0,36 0,125 0,21 0,23 0,28 0,35
 AB 0,12 0,04 0,08 0,16 0,05 0,038 0,16 0,1
O 0,4 0,4 0,44 0,416 0,47 0,53 0,36 0,45

Tabel 3. Allele Frequency

Allele Group
Frequenc I II III IV V VI VII VIII
y
IA 0,14 0,17 0,08 0,2 0,17 0,12 0,15 0,07
IB 0,23 0,2 0,26 0,16 0,15 0,15 0,25 0,26
IO 0,63 0,63 0,66 0,64 0,68 0,72 0,6 0,67

Tabel 4. Genotypic Frequency

Genot Group
ypic
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Frequ
ency

IAIA 0,0196 0,0289 0,0064 0,04 0,0289 0,0144 0,0225 0,0049

IAIO 0,1764 0,2142 0,0528 0,0256 0,2312 0,0864 0,18 0,0938

IB IB 0,0529 0,04 0,0676 0,0256 0,0225 0,0225 0,0625 0,0676

IB IO 0,2898 0,252 0,1716 0,2048 0,204 0,219 0,3 0,3484

IAIB 0,0644 0,068 0,0208 0,064 0.051 0,036 0,075 0,0364

IOIO 0,3969 0,3969 0,4356 0,4096 0,4624 0,5329 0,36 0,4489

Chart 1. Fenotypic Frequency of Group I – VIII

FENOTYPIC FREQUENCY
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 0.53
0.44 0.47 0.45
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.416
0.36 0.36 0.35
0.3 0.32 0.29
0.28 0.26 0.28
0.24 0.21 0.23
0.2 0.2 0.19 0.2
0.16 0.16
0.1 0.12 0.12 0.125 0.1
0.08 0.05
0.04 0.038
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

A B AB O

Chart 2. Allele Frequency of Group I – VIII

ALLELE FREQUENCY
0.9
0.8
0.7 0.72
0.66 0.68 0.67
0.63 0.63 0.64
0.6 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23 0.26 0.25 0.26
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.14 0.17 0.16 0.17
0.15 0.15 0.15
0.1 0.12
0.08 0.07
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

I^A I^B I^O

Chart 3. Genotypic Frequency of Group I - VIII

 GENOTYPIC FREQUENCY
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 0.5329
0.4356 0.4624 0.4489
0.4 0.3969 0.3969 0.4096
0.36 0.3484
0.3 0.2898 0.3
0.252 0.256 0.2312
0.2 0.2142 0.2048 0.204 0.219
0.1764 0.1716 0.18 0.18
0.1 0.0938
0.0529 0.04 0.0676
0.0528 0.04 0.0625 0.0676
0 0.0196 0.0289 0.0064 0.0256 0.0289
0.0225 0.0225
0.0144 0.0225 0.0049
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

I^A I^A I^A I^0 I^B I^B I^B I^O I^A I^B I^O I^O
B. Discussion
Population genetics is a branch of genetics that studies genes in a population,
which describes mathematically the consequences of offspring at the population level.
The population is a group of one kind of organism, and from there a sample can be
taken. All beings are a society as a result of marriage between species and have the
same gene curvature. Gene arch (gene pool) is the sum of all different alleles or genetic
information in members of the population that breed mating (Afandi, 1994).
To study the pattern of inheritance at the population level, it is necessary to
understand the meaning of the population in the sense of genetics or commonly called
the mendelian population. The mendelian population is a group of individuals of a
species that reproduce sexually, live in certain places at the same time and among them
occur interbreeding so that each will contribute genetically to the gene pool, which is a
collection of genetic information carried by all individuals in the population. In certain
populations there are three kinds of genotypes, namely AA, Aa and aa, then the
proportion or percentage of genotypes AA, Aa and aa will describe the genetic makeup
of the population in which they are located (Campbell, 2002).
Hardy-Weinberg’s states that if a population is in a balanced state, then allele or
genotype frequencies will be constant from generation to generation. Furthermore, the
findings of the scientists are referred to as Hardy-Weinberg's balance principle. As is
well known, different phenotypes often have different economic values, and if this
happens it is expected to change the frequency of the phenotypic alleles, increasing the
frequency of the allele controlling the desired phenotype and reducing unwanted alleles.
If the desired allele is set (f = 100%) and the undesired allele is removed (f = 100%), the
population will produce pure lines and will be valuable such as brood stock (Suryo,
2005).
The possibility of an allele frequency in a population can be predicted using the
Hardy-Weinberg equation, which is expressed as p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. p states the
dominant allele frequency and q denotes the recessive allele frequency for a property
governed by the allele pair, for example M and m . p is an allele in homozygous
dominant individuals and half of heterozygous individuals. q is an allele in homozygous
recessive individuals and half of heterozygous individuals (Sofro, 1994).
Factors affecting gene frequency and genetic diversity (variability) include
mutations, natural selection, migration, recombination and genetic drift. If there are one
or more mutated eating genes, there will be a change in the balance of genes in the
population. Individuals who cannot face natural selection will reduce alleles in the
population because the individual does not have offspring who inherit the allele.
Individuals who leave the population (emigration) will bring out alleles and individuals
who enter the population (immigration) will bring alleles that have the potential to
become new alleles (Dwisang, 2008).
Hardy - Weinberg's law applies if there is no mutation, no migration, random
mating, no natural selection, and a large population. However, in reality this condition is
difficult to find, causing Hardy-Weinberg's law to be invalid. Conditions commonly
encountered in nature are mutations, migration, nonrandom mating, natural selection
and genetic drift. Common conditions that occur in nature are mutations, migration,
nonrandom mating, natural selection, gene flow, and gene drift.
Hardy - Weinberg's law does not apply if mutations occur because there will be
a change in allele frequency in the population. Migration also makes Hardy -
Weinberg's law invalid. Migration is the movement of individuals from one population
to another. This causes an increase in alleles or loss of alleles so that changes in allele
frequencies occur. Nonrandom mating is a marriage with individuals who are still
relatives. The marriage causes an allele to become very abundant while the other alleles
experience a reduction. Natural selection also makes Hardy-Weinberg's law invalid.
Natural selection is a selection related to the existence of an individual in a population
because the reproductive success rate is higher than the others (Hartl, 2005).
Genetic drift is a sudden change in the frequency of genes. Sudden changes in
gene frequency usually occur in small groups of livestock that are moved for the
purpose of breeding cattle or breeding. If a group of livestock is isolated from the
original herd group, the frequency of the genes formed in the new population can
change. Changes in sudden gene frequency can also be caused by natural disasters, for
example the death of most of the livestock that have certain genes.
Gene drift is considered as bottle neck effect and founder effect. Bottle neck
effect is a condition when only a few individuals survive due to a random event.
Individuals who are able to survive are likened to individuals who are close to the neck
of a bottle. If the contents of the bottle are spilled, then the person who comes out first is
the person near the mouth of the bottle or the neck of the bottle. Individuals who are
unable to survive are likened to individuals who are at the bottom of the bottle and far
from the neck of the bottle. If the contents of the bottle are shed, the individual who is at
the very bottom of the bottle will find it difficult to get out. Bottle neck effect causes the
change of allele frequency between the population before and after bottle neck effect.
Based on the observation of blood group for group data obtained phenotypic
frequency values for blood group A as many as 5 people is 0.26, blood type B as many
as 4 people is 0.21, blood type AB only 1 person is 0.05 and for blood type O 9 people
are 0.47. The results of blood group observation for group data were obtained from
homozygous 0.029 genotype frequency values and heterozygous 0.231. Blood type B is
homozygous 0.02 and heterozygous 0.204. Blood type AB is 0.051 and blood type O is
0.47. For the blood group allele frequency used Handy-Weinberg formula (p + q + r) =
1 where p = 0.17, q = 0.15 and r = 0.68. When compared with other groups (I-VIII) the
genotypic frequency, phenotypic frequency and allele frequency have a constant
tendency.
 REFFERENCES
Afandi, M., 1994. Dasar-Dasar Genetika Edisi Kedua. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Campbell, Neil A., 2002. Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid I. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Hartl, D.L. Jones, E.W., 2005. Genetics: analysis of genes and genomes. America:
Jones and Bartlett publishers.
Dwisang, E., 2008. Intisari Biologi. Tangerang : Scientific Press.
Safiro, 1994. Keanekaragaman Genetik. Yogyakarta : Andi Offset.
Suryo, 2005. Genetika Strata I. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press.