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Structural motifs
Space lattice: pattern formed by points
(iv) We add the 3rd dimension – the unit cell has a length c in the z-
direction planes intersect the z-axis at
Observation:
(i) The smallest the absolute value of h (or k or l) in (hkl), the more nearly
parallel the plane is to the a-axis (b-or c-axis)
(ii) When h (k or l) equals 0, the plane is parallel to the a-axis (b- or c-axis)
(iv) The notation {hkl} denotes the set of planes parallel to the plane (hkl)
The separation of planes
Separation of the {hkl} planes in the square 2D lattice
h2 k 2 a
1
or d hk 0
2
d hk 0 a2 h2 k 2
h2 k 2 l 2 a
1
or
d hkl
2
d hkl a2 h2 k 2 l 2
Expression for a general orthorhombic lattice
1 h2 k 2 l 2
2
2 2 2
d hkl a b c
Investigation of structure
X-ray generation:
(i) Bombardment of a metal with electrons of high KE
1
EK me v 2
2
Application:
(i) Identification of a solid substance by
comparison of the diffraction lines and their
intensities with a data bank (diffraction patterns)
(ii) Determination of phase diagrams
(iii) Determination of relative amounts of each
phase in the substance
Bragg‘s Law (used a single crystal and a monochromatic x-ray and rotate the
crystal until a reflection was detected)
Application of Bragg‘s Law: determination of the spacing between the layers in the
lattice