See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/266376169

Production and Surface characterization of Banana fibers from Banana (Trunk)

Waste for oil recovery

Conference Paper · June 2014

CITATIONS READS

0 1,109

1 author:

Ali Nazakat Khoso

Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences
28 PUBLICATIONS   18 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Design and Development of PEDOT:PSS/rGO Nano- Composites as Flexible and High-Performance Energy Harvesting systems View project

material engineering View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ali Nazakat Khoso on 15 December 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED BANANA FIBERS FOR THE
SORPTION OF OIL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Nazakat Ali-1a, Dr. Abdul Malik Rehan-1b , Zamir Ahmed-2a, Ahmer Hussain-2b, Hafeezullah Memon-3a
1*a Assistant Professor, 1*b Associate Professor, 2*a Assistant Professor, 2*b Lecturer,
Department of Textile engineering,
Baluchistan University of Information Technology,
Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan.
Corresponding Authors
E-mail: Nazakatali88@gmail.com
Tel: +861355710470

ABSTRACT
Oil spills are considered as a major source of fresh and seawater pollution. The problem occurs due to the accidental discharge of crude oil from
tankers, marine engines, ships, oil rigs and underwater oil transportation lines. The need of oil cleaning by using natural biosorbent materials is
increasing day by day. Therefore the use of cheap and environmental friendly sorbent materials for oil spill cleanup cannot be overemphasized. The
present work focuses on the production of banana fibre as a promising sorbent material. The effects of oil volume (OV), fibre weight (FW), shaking
speed and contact time were studied on batch scale. Further the adsorption capacity of banana fibre was evaluated on Acid and alkali treatment with
untreated fibers by using new engine oil form as model oil. All the cellulosic natural fibers have great potential to absorb the oil from water surface.
Studies showed that the oil sorption capacity (O.S.C) of BF increased with the increase of oil volume, fiber weight, immersion time and shaking speed
respectively. However, sorption capacity decreased beyond fiber weight (2.0-10.0 g/L) and oil volume of (1.0-5.0 ml/L) in aqueous solution of oil and
water. Additionally chemically modified banana fibre showed ideal oil sorption efficiency 2.5 g/g within 2-3 days of immersion time as compared to
unmodified banana fibers.
Keywords: Steam; Nano fibrils; Banana trunk; Hydrophilic; Hydrophobic.
material is disposed in fields and fired; this poses environmental
INTRODUCTION challenge (Yu, 2009). It is reported that banana waste has been used for
Adsorbent are ingredients with high attractions for oil and repellent for decades for the removal of different effluents from water and waste
water due to their surface characteristics, and molecular composition water as a filtration medium (Likon, 2013). However, very limited study
such as amorphous and crystalline nature (Sun, 2003). The materials are of the use of empty fruit bunch fibre as oil sorbent and factors affecting
used to remove oil from oil spills and sea shores, and water either by its absorption capacity has been reported throughout the literature to the
done through adsorption or absorption (Lehr, 1974). The adherence to best of our knowledge (Abdullah, 2010).
oil property of materials implicates the capacity of sorbent material,
which can be established upon the viscosity of the oil (Johnson, 1973).
The use of commercially adsorbent materials is limited and restricted RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
due to their chemical nature and non-biodegradability (Smith, 1983).
The powdered activated and granular activated carbons have greater Materials
potential to adsorb the oil from water but the materials are difficult to The banana trunk (BT) waste was obtained from the local fields of
handle and sink in water after oil retention (Anthony, 1994). The Hyderabad City, Tando Jam, Tando Adam, Badin, Mir Pur Khas and
material settled at the bottom of sea and remains for long time under the Tando Allahyar districts Sindh Province of Pakistan for this study. New
water, causing harmful effects on marine life (Chang, 2001). Therefore engine oil with the characteristics shown in Table.1 was used for the
the use of biodegradable and reuseable agricultural sorbents is study. Distilled water, Alkali, Common Salt of analytical were used for
considered as an approach towards green technology (Choi, 1996) washing and preparation of water and oil mixture. Oscillating shaker,
because the materials are cheap, efficient, environmentally friendly, and Beakers, Conical Flasks, Oven Dryer, Fabric Screen, Electronic
easy to deploy (Huang, 2007). There are several commercially available Weighing Balance and Crude Engine oil were used in this study.
adsorbent, such as organic and inorganic chemicals (Abdullah, 2010).
The agriculture biosorbent have been used for decades for the recovery
of different chemicals ( Kunagai, 2007) dyes, colorants and dissolved Preparation of Adsorbent
solids from wastewater and underground water , for example cotton, Banana trunk waste was obtained from local fields and chopped into
straws, corn cobs, coconut shells, kenaf, kapok fibres, rice husk, and small pieces with different, staple length (1-3 cm) size. The chopped
silkworm cocoon, hay, sawdust, bagasse, gorse, and dried palm samples were soaked in hot and deionized water with adding Alkali
(Sathysiyam, 2010). These materials are oleophilic because of waxy (NaOH) for 24 hrs. The samples were rinsed several times with distilled
nature and become light in weight when dried that improves the water to remove all debris and then air-dried at the ambient temperatures
buoyancy effect in water (Adebajo, 2006). However, the efficiency of in the oven at 250C for next 24 hours.
adsorbent materials is dependent on sorption capacity, density,
wettability, retention rate and recyclability (Suni, 2004). On the other Table.1 Composition and characteristics of banana (trunk) waste (Li,
hand, absorption mechanism totally relies on capillary reaction; oil fills 2010])
the pores within the material and moves upward (uptake) into the S.No Property Details
material due to capillary rise (Shinoj, 2011). Banana fibers from banana
trunk waste can float on the water surface due to its light weight and 1. Fiber diameter (um) 80-250
floating for a very long period of time to collect oil sufficiently.
Similarly, some other fibrous and porous materials such as kapok, rice
husk, date palm trunk fibre, saw dust, and sugarcane bagasse, have also 2. Moisture 8.7
been reported to be efficient as oil sorbents (Moriwaki, 2009). Pakistan
is one of the world largest producers of banana fruit after Brazil, India,
Bangladesh, Philippines and Sri Lanka (Hussein, 2011). The crop grows 3. Ash 4.14
in tropical regions of Pakistan like other countries of Asia; plantation of
banana fruit forms a massive source of fibrous biomass. The empty fruit 4. Cellulose 65/5
bunches usually left to naturally decompose or dispose at a land fill; and
mostly cut after each single crop after fruit. Disposal of is one of the 5. Lignin 17.44
major concerns to increase in agriculture waste (Lui, 2007). The
 6. Hemicellulose 0.77-0.19 Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies
Batch adsorption studies were carried out on laboratory scale, by mixing
7. Elastic Modulus(GN/m2) 8-20 2.0-10.0 g/L of engine oil with 1000 ml of Water in flasks. The mixture
was shacked with oscillating dyeing machine for initially 15 minutes
and left for oil slicking on the surface of water. The diluted solution was
8. Tenacity(MN/m2) 529-754
poured in glass beaker for adsorption studies. The samples of water were
placed in a 250 mL glass beaker, 1.0-5.0 mL oil was added to the
9. Crystallinity Index 39.0 beaker, and the mixture was shaken. Initially the dried fibre sample of
(2.0 g) was weighed in a steel mesh and then poured into the beaker
containing the oil mixture of saline water. Initially the immersion time
10. Elongation (%) 1.0-3.5 of 60 minutes was used for 40 cycles/min. Thereafter, the wetted fibre
was weighed after being drained for 5-10 minutes in the oven dryer. The
tests were repeated thrice in order to obtain the average values on
different operational parameters. The oil sorption over modified and un-
treated fibers sample was evaluated by weighing the samples before and
after the absorption and sorption percentage was determined by using
Eq. 1.
The amount of adsorption was measured by using formula in Eq.1,

(1)

Where Wg/g is adsorption oil in grams/gram of fiber weight, W2 is final

weight, W1 is initial weight.

The kinetic studies were matching to the stability tests for isotherms.
After pouring fibers in oil and water solution on different time interval
and the concentrations of oil were measured. The oil sorption capacity at
time t, qt (mg/g) of Modified Banana Fibers (MBF) was calculated by
using Eq. 2,
Fig.1 Schematic Diagram for the Production of Banana Fibers
(biosorbent) from Banana (trunk) waste (2)

Preparation of Adsorbate Where Ct is (mg/L) is the liquid phase concentration of oil at unit time.
The stock solution of synthetic oil/water was prepared adding salt in
water and by mixing 2.0-10.0 ml of engine oil with 1000 ml of water.
The mixture was then stabilized in oscillating machine with shaking
Desorption Studies
The fibre was removed from the water/oil mixture systems with the aid
speed of 40 rpm initially for 15minutes.
of the mesh screen. The oil was then drained by squeezing the absorbed
oil from the test cells manually after the amount of absorbed oil was
Table 2. Composition of Crude Engine Oil (Rossel, 1985) determined. The weight of the test cells and the squeezed oil were
S.No Constituents Weight% measured in each cycle. The process was repeated until the sorption
capacity result was less than 50% from the first cycle. The same
procedure was repeated on different oil volume ( 10.0-2.0 ml/L), weight
1. Carbon 83-87 of fiber as adsorbent dose (2.0-10.0 g/L), Immersion time (15-75
minutes) and Shaking speed of (40, 60,80, 100 and 120) respectively.
2. Hydrogen 10-14 The same procedure was adopted for chemically modified banana fibers,
the effect of surface characterization on oil sorption capacity of
3. Nitrogen 0.1-2.0 modified banana fibers were conducted.
4. Oxygen 0.1-1.5
ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS
5. Sulphur 0.5-6.0 Langmuir Isotherm
The Langmuir isotherm is used to measure the amount of a material to
6. Metals 0.1 -0.2 be adsorbed and equilibrium state reached in prescribed concentration
on constant temperature of 25 0C. In this study, the adsorption data were
analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models to
describe the sorption equilibrium (Reddad, 2002) . The adsorption study
Chemical Treatment was made by comparing the correlation coefficients, R 2 values for both
The material was later on modified with chemical treatment and thermal isotherms. Langmuir isotherm is used for the hypothesis that justifies the
treatment by using Alkali (NaOH) followed by oven drying in the maximum monolayer adsorption of solute on the adsorbent surface (Ai,
absence of oxygen, for surface characterization of dried fibers as shown 2011). The linear form of Langmuir is represented as follows in Eq. 3.
in Fig.1.
Adsorption / Oil Sorption Capacity (3)
Oil sorption capacity was measured by pouring surface characterized
-1
fibers in oil/water mixture on different volume of oil, fiber weight, Where Ce is the equilibrium oil concentration (mg L ), qe the amount of
shaking speed and shaking time. After adsorption fiber samples were oil adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mg g-1), Qo and b is Langmuir
taken, and squeezed over fabric screen mesh, for the removal of oil constants related to adsorption capacity and rate of adsorption,
adsorbed on the banana fibers. The same procedure was repeated over respectively. The values of maximum adsorption capacity can be
modified and unmodified banana fibers. obtained from the slope of the plot of Ce/qe versus Ce (Fig. 2). The
maximum adsorption capacity of oil by BF was 1.69E+02 as shown in
Table 1. The correlation coefficient of Langmuir isotherm, R 2 is 0.99.
The dimensionless constant separation factor RL was used for essential
characteristics of the Langmuir isotherm as given in Eq. 4:
RL = 1/ (1+bCo) (4)
The value of RL indicates the type of the isotherm to be either favorable
(0 < RL< 1), unfavorable (RL> 1), linear (RL = 1) or irreversible (RL = 0).
All the value of RL lies between 0.014 and 0.065 for the initial oil
concentration range from 20% to 100 % v/v. The R L values show that
favorable adsorption of oil on BF takes place; therefore BF is favorable
for adsorbent.
Freundlich Isotherm
Multilayer adsorption studies were carried about by using the Freundlich
isotherm, which is applicable for heterogeneous surface, is given as in
Eq. 5.
The plot of ln qe versus ln Ce in Fig. 2 shows a straight line with a
correlation coefficient of 0.748. The constant KF and 1/n value was
determined from the plot. The value calculated was listed in Table 1.
The value of n determined from Freundlich isotherm was 2.88. As it can
be seen in Table 1, very low regression for correlation coefficient of
0.345 was shown by Freundlich model. It is clear from results that
Freundlich model was suitable for describing the sorption equilibrium of
oil by Banana fibers. Similar results were reported for oil adsorption on
powder and flakes chitosan ( Ferianto, 2009). Therefore in adsorption
phenomenon Freundlich isotherms clarify that the adsorption does not
lies under heterogeneous surface for the recovery of oil.
KINETIC STUDIES
For studying sorption kinetics of oil on Banana fibers, two simplified
kinetic model were applied to the experimental data. First, the kinetic
adsorption was analyzed by the Lagergren pseudo-first and second-order
equations were used as despicted in Eq. 6:

(5)
(6)
Where qe and qt are the amount of oil adsorbed on adsorbent at
Table 3: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms constants for MBF equilibrium and time t in (mg/g), and k1 is the rate constant of first order
adsorption (min-1). Value of k1 at ambient temperature (25 0C) were
S.No Freundlich Langmuir calculated from the plots of log (qe –qt) versus t for different initial
Qo(mg/g) b (mg/L) 2
R Kf(mg/g) 1/n R2 concentration of oil. The parameters of pseudo-first-order model are
summarized in Table 2. The set of R2 valueobtained in all cases were
1. 1.64 0.286 0.70 6.9 0.27 0.28 poor and the experimental qe value did not agree with the calculated
value obtained from the linear plot. This suggests that the adsorption of
2. 1.76 0.269 0.72 6.16 0.24 0.29 oil onto MBF is not a first-order reaction, but a second order reaction.
3. 1.86 0.271 0.73 4.9 0.23 0.30
4. 1.92 0.255 0.74 3.44 0.27 0.32 Table 4: Kinetics for Pseudo-First and Second order constants for
Banana fibers
5. 1.98 0.246 0.78 1.84 0.25 0.34
S.No Pseudo First Order Pseudo Second Order
K1 Co(ml/L) R2 K2 R2
(min- (min- Co(ml/L)
1
) 102 1
) 103
1. 3.3 2.0 0.809 3.7 2.0 0.99
2. 3.4 4.0 0.79 3.4 2.0 0.98
3. 3.7 6.0 0.76 3.3 2.0 0.96
4. 3.8 8.0 0.73 2.9 2.0 0.94
5. 3.9 10.0 0.69 2.6 2.0 0.92

a)

a)
b)
Fig. 2: Plot of (a) Freundlich isotherm, (b) Langmuir isotherm for oil
sorption MBF
Where, KF and n related to adsorption capacity of adsorbent and to
measure the adsorption strength, respectively. The magnitude of the
exponent, 1/n, gives an indication of the favorability of adsorption.
Values of n > 1 represent favorable adsorption condition (Paul, 2010).
 From Figure 2, it is obvious that increment in oil quantity affects the
absorption rate of the fibre. The sorption capacity was below 22 % and
increased to 69 %, over 10.0 g/l. As the volume of was reduced to 2.0
ml/L removal percentage was increased to 49%-92% on different weight
of fibers ranging from 1.0 g/L to 5.0 g/L. However, as the volume of oil
was increased beyond 40 ml/L, the rate of absorption decreased
significantly and increased when reduced to 2.0 ml/L. The adsorption
capacity of banana fiber was found to be dependent on oil volume, as
the volume was decreased to 2.0 ml/L, the removal percentage was
increased. On the other hand, as the volume of oil was increased the
adsorbent dose fiber weight may also be increased. The sorption of oil
b)
on banana fibers was found to dependent on oil volume and fiber weight
respectively.
Fig. 3: a)Pseudo-first-order and b) Second order equations for sorption
kinetics of oil onto MBF
Effect of fibre weight
The effect of sorbent weight on sorption capacity is shown in Table 3.
While for pseudo-second-order equation based on equilibrium
and illustrated in Figure 5. It was observed that oil sorption increased
adsorption is expressed as in Eq. 7,
with increasing fibre weight. The efficiency of sorption capacity
depends on the fibre weight. The result showed that the sorption
capacity of (MBF) fibre increased significantly from 0.69 g/g, 0.77,
(7) 0.82 g/g 0.86 g/g 0.92 g/g at fibre weight increased from 2.0 g to 10.0 g,
respectively. This trend is similar to the effect of packing density on oil
absorption capacity as reported in past studies ( Zhu, 1999).
Effect of fiber weight and oil volume
The effect of oil volume on the sorption capacity of banana (BT) fibers Effect of shaking time and speed
was determined as shown in Table 2. The sorption capacity was Figure 6.Shows the relationship of time and absorption capacity of
evaluated on different volume of oil ranging from (1.0-5.0 ml/L) with banana fiber on different shaking speed and immersion time. The results
adsorbent dose of (2.0-10.0 g/L) for oil recovery. clearly show that there was no significant variation seen in oil sorption
within the first 60 minutes. However, there was a considerable increase
Table 5: Oil sorption capacity (O.S.C) on different volume of oil and in oil sorption from 1.64-1.98 g/g over maximum immersion time of 75
fiber weight minutes, with constant volume of oil 2.0 ml/L, with different adsorbent
Oil Vol 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 dose, shaking speed and shaking time.
(ml/L)
Fiber Table 6: Oil sorption capacity (O.S.C) on different shaking speed and
Wt. (g/L) shaking time
Shaking speed 40 60 80 100 120
2.0 0.22 0.42 0.58 0.65 0.69 (RPM) and
Time(Sec)
4.0 0.28 0.46 0.63 0.69 0.77 15.0 0.51 0.58 0.66 0.75 0.82

6.0 0.35 0.48 0.71 0.73 0.82 30.0 0.57 0.64 0.73 0.82 0.88

8.0 0.42 0.56 0.78 0.81 0.86 45.0 0.65 0.72 0.77 0.89 0.93

60.0 0.74 0.78 0.81 0.94 0.96

10.0 0.49 0.64 0.82 0.88 0.92
75.0 0.86 0.84 0.87 0.96 0.99

Fig. 4 Oil Sorption Capacity (O.S.C) of banana fiber on different Fig. 5 Oil Sorption Capacity (O.S.C) of modified banana fiber on
adsorbent dose (g/L) and oil volume (ml/L). different shaking time and speed (Adsorbent dose (5.0 g/L)
Oil Volume (2.0 ml/L).
Maximum oil removal percentage of 99% was achieved on maximum
contact time of 75 minutes with shaking speed of 120 rpm, the removal
percentage of 82% reached within initially 15 minutes, with shaking
speed of 120 rpm, further increased with the increase of immersion time
of 75 minutes, where oil removal percentage was found to be (86-99%)
with fiber weight of 5.0 g/g with minimum engine oil concentration of
2.0 g/L. It can be seen from above Fig.5, that as the shaking speed and
immersion time were increased, the adsorption capacity of banana fibers
was increased over constant, volume of 2.0 ml/L.
SURFACE ANALYSIS
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The Banana fibers were observed by Philips XL-40 Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs revealed that unmodified BF
contained numerous pores, which can transport and hold oil as shown in
Fig.7. The pores vary in sizes and are distributed over the surface
modified with Chemical treatment as shown in Fi.8. The spiky whitish
materials are silica bodies, and underneath are perforations, which aid
oil sorption (Faruk, 2012).
Fig. 7 SEM results of Un-modified Banana (UBF) fibers
Fig. 8 SEM Analysis of modified Banana (MBF) fibers after
Chemical treatment
The SEM results showed that chemically treated fibers have porous
surface layer and more adsorption sites available for maximum
adsorption of oil on its surface. On the other hand chemically modified
banana fibers have greater surface porosity due to acid treatment, which
showed further increase in adsorption capacity as compared untreated
banana fibers (Cherian, 2008).
XRD Analysis
For surface morphology to study the crystalline and amorphous
structures in the banana fiber were studied by XRD analysis as pattern
of the UBF is shown in Figure 9. It was observed that two broad peaks
appear at 16° and 23° in the crystalline patterns which typify α-cellulose
XRD pattern. The diffraction patterns at 2θ positions, 16.5°, 22°, and
27° show the presence of microcrystalline cellulose and lignin as
reported (Hubble, 2013).
Fig.6 Surface characteristics of treated and untreated banana
fiber (BF) under XRD analysis
The surface morphology showed that the fiber have cellulose structure
and greater potential to attain oil/water from the mixture. Due to
hydrophilic in nature, the fibers have greater absorbency of oil through
wicking phenomena.
CONCLUSIONS
Banana fibers can be used as filtration mediums in reduction of different
chemicals, and substances from wastewater. The affinity of this fiber to
attract oil and repulsion to water when loaded with oil makes it as an
alternative filtration agent for municipal, industrial effluents and
recovery of oil spills from sea water. The fibres are light weight, which
promotes its buoyancy effect over the surface of water when released.
From the preliminary study of this fibre, it can be concluded that UBF
can be used for oil cleanup. The use of the trunk waste is
environmentally friendly and sustainable. The present study
demonstrated that banana trunk waste fibers (BF), are the efficient
sorbent for the removal of oil in water and it may be used an alternative
material instead of commercially available activated carbons. The batch
studies clearly suggest that MBF exhibits almost 99% adsorption at
greater concentration of oil with minimum fiber weight. Equilibrium
data fitted well with Freundlich Langmuir (FL) models, which suggests
both heterogeneous and homogenous coverage of oil molecules on the
surface of fibers. The kinetic data were best fitted to pseudo second-
order kinetic model. The oil sorption capacity of modified banana fiber
was slightly greater as compared to un-modified banana fiber. The study
suggests that the chemically modified banana fibers have great potential
to absorb oils from the surface of water, in rivers, lakes, and sea shores.
It was concluded from the results that banana fibers can be used as low
cost, bio-degradable, re-cycle able biosorbent material for oil recovery
from water.
REFERENCES
[1]. X.F. Sun, R. C. Sun, and J. X. Sun, (2003) “A convenient
acetylation of sugarcane bagasse using NBS as a catalyst for the
preparation of oil sorption-active materials,” Journal of Materials
Science, vol. 38, no. 19, pp. 3915–3923.
[2] W. E. Lehr, (1974) “Containment and recovery devices for oil
spill cleanup operations,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol.
26, pp. 375–380, 1974.
[3] R. F. Johnson, T. G. Manjrekar, and J. E. Halligan, (1973)
“Removal of oil from water surfaces by sorption on unstructured
fibers,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp.
439–443.
[4] J. W. Smith, (1983) “the Control of Oil Pollution”, Graham &
Trotman, London, UK.
[5] W. S. Anthony, (1994) “Absorption of oil with cotton products and
kenaf,” Applied Engineering in Agriculture, vol. 10, no. 3, pp.
357–361.
 [6] W. T. Tsai, C. Y. Chang, S. Y. Wang, C. F. Chang, S. F. Chien, composite beads”, Kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics.
and H. F. Sun, (2001) “Utilization of agricultural waste corn cob Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data,56 (8), 3475-3483.
for the preparation of carbon adsorbent,” Journal of Environmental [25] Febrianto, J., Kosasih, A. N., Sunarso, J., Ju, Y. H., Indraswati, N.,
Science and Health B, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 677–686. &Ismadji, S. (2009) “Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption
[7] H.-M. Choi, (1996) “Needlepunched cotton nonwovens and other of heavy metals using biosorbent: A summary of recent studies.
natural fibers as oil cleanup sorbents,”Journal of Environmental Journal of Hazardous Materials,162(2), 616-645.
Science and Health A, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1441–1457. [26] Paul, S. A., Joseph, K., Mathew, G. D., Pothen, L. A., & Thomas,
[8] T.-T. Lim and X. Huang, (2007) “Evaluation of kapok S. (2010). Influence of polarity parameters on the mechanical
(Ceibapentandra (L.) Gaertn.)As a natural hollow hydrophobic- properties of composites from polypropylene fiber and short
oleophilic fibrous sorbent for oil spill cleanup,” Chemosphere, vol. banana fiber. Composites Part A: Applied Science and
66, no. 5, pp. 955–963, 2007. Manufacturing, 41(10), 1380-1387.
[9] M. A. Abdullah, A. U. Rahmah, and Z. Man, (2010) [27] Zhu, X. X., Banana, K., Liu, H. Y., Krause, M., & Yang, M.
“Physicochemical and sorption characteristics of (1999). Cross-linked porous polymer resins with reverse micellar
MalaysianCeibapentandra (L.)Gaertn. as a natural oil imprints: factors affecting the porosity of the polymers.
sorbent,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 177, no. 1-3, pp. Macromolecules, 32(2), 277-281.
683–691. [28] Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H. P., &Sain, M. (2012).
[10] S. Kumagai, Y. Noguchi, Y. Kurimoto, and K. Takeda, (2007) Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010.
“Oil adsorbent produced by the carbonization of rice Progress in Polymer Science, 37(11), 1552-1596.
husks,” Waste Management, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 554–561. [29] Cherian, B. M., Pothan, L. A., Nguyen-Chung, T., Mennig, G.,
[11] K. Sathasivam and M. R. H. Mas Haris, (2010) “Adsorption Kottaisamy, M., & Thomas, S. (2008) A novel method for the
kinetics and capacity of fatty acid-modified banana trunk fibers for synthesis of cellulose nanofibril whiskers from banana fibers and
oil in water,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 213, no. 1-4, pp. characterization. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,
413–423. 56(14), 5617-5627.
[12] M. O. Adebajo, R. L. Frost, J. T. Kloprogge, and S. Kokot, (2006) [30] Hubbe, M. A., Rojas, O. J., Fingas, M., & Gupta, B. S. (2013).
“Raman spectroscopic investigation of acetylation of raw Cellulosic Substrates for Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous
cotton,” SpectrochimicaActa A, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 448–453. Systems: A Review. 3. Spilled Oil and Emulsified Organic
[13] S. Suni, A.-L.Kosunen, M. Hautala, A. Pasila, and M. Liquids. BioResources, 8(2).
Romantschuk, (2004) “Use of a by-product of peat excavation,
cotton grass fibre, as a sorbent for oil-spills,” Marine Pollution
Bulletin, vol. 49, no. 11-12, pp. 916–921.
[14] S. Shinoj, R. Visvanathan, S. Panigrahi, and M. Kochubabu (2011)
“Oil palm fiber (OPF) and its composites: a review,” Industrial
Crops and Products, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 7–22.
[15] H. Moriwaki, S. Kitajima, M. Kurashima (2009) “Utilization of
silkworm cocoon waste as a sorbent for the removal of oil from
water,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 165, no. 1–3, pp.
266–270.
[16] M. Hussein, A. Amer, and I. Sawsan, (2011) “Heavy oil spill
cleanup using law grade raw cotton fibers: trial for practical
application,” Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative
Fuels, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 132–140, 2011.
[17] K.-N. Law, W. R. W. Daud, and A. Ghazali, (2007)
“Morphological and chemical nature of fiber strands of Oil Palm
Empty-Fruit-Bunch (OPEFB),” BioResources, vol. 2, no. 3, pp.
351–362.
[18] C. T. Yu, W. H. Chen, L. C. Men, and W. S. Hwang, (2009)
“Microscopic structure features changes of rice straw treated by
boiled acid solution,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 29, no. 2-
3, pp. 308–315.
[19] M. Likon, M. Remškar, V. Ducman, and F. Švegl, (2013) “Populus
seed fibers as a natural source for production of oil super
absorbents,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 114, pp.
158–167.
[20] M. A. Abdullah, A. U. Rahmah, and Z. Man (2010)
“Physicochemical and sorption characteristics of
MalaysianCeibapentandra (L.)Gaertn. as a natural oil
sorbent,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 177, no. 1–3, pp.
683–691, 2010.
[21] Li, K., Fu, S., Zhan, H., Zhan, Y., & Lucia, L. A. (2010). Analysis
of the chemical composition and morphological structure of
banana pseudo-stem.BioResources.
[22] Rossell, J. B., King, B., &Downes, M. J. (1985) “Composition of
oil.Journal of the American Oil Chemists”, Society, 62(2), 221-
230.
[23] Reddad, Z., Gerente, C., Andres, Y., & Le Cloirec, P. (2002).
Adsorption of several metal ions onto a low-cost biosorbent:
kinetic and equilibrium studies.Environmental science &
technology, 36(9), 2067-2073.
[24] Ai, L., Li, M., & Li, L. (2011) “Adsorption of methylene blue from
aqueous solution with activated carbon/cobalt ferrite/alginate

View publication stats