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Power quality report

Prepared for
A
Manufacturing Plant
6 May 2016
by
Dr Angelo De Francesco
Power Quality Consultant
CHK Power Quality Pty Ltd, Power quality report - Manufacturing plant, 1 October 2016
Address: Unit 1, 3 Tollis Place, Seven Hills, NSW 2147, Sydney, Australia
Telephone: +61 2 8283 6945; Fax: +61 2 8212 8105 Page 1
Website: www.chkpowerquality.com.au; Enquiries: sales@chkpowerquality.com.au
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Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 4
2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 5
2.1 SITE MONITORED .............................................................................................. 5
2.2 MOTIVATION FOR MONITORING ...................................................................... 5
2.3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................... 5
2.4 INSTALLATION ................................................................................................... 5
3 POWER QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 7
3.1 LOGGED DATA................................................................................................... 7
3.1.1 Data range .......................................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Usable data set .................................................................................................. 7
3.1.3 Data aggregation ................................................................................................ 7
3.1.3.1 10 cycle time interval ................................................................................. 7
3.1.3.2 Average and Min/Max values .................................................................... 7
3.1.4 Flagging .............................................................................................................. 7
3.2 MAINS STEADY STATE VOLTAGE .................................................................... 7
3.2.1 Steady state voltage – average .......................................................................... 7
3.2.2 Steady state voltage - frequency distribution ..................................................... 8
3.2.3 Steady state voltage - Min/Max ........................................................................ 11
3.2.4 Steady state voltage – Earth voltage ............................................................... 12
3.3 MAINS POWER FREQUENCY ......................................................................... 13
3.4 UNBALANCE .................................................................................................... 14
3.5 FLICKER ........................................................................................................... 16
3.6 HARMONICS .................................................................................................... 18
3.6.1 Total harmonic distortion (THD) ....................................................................... 18
3.6.2 Harmonic spectra ............................................................................................. 19
3.7 VOLTAGE DISTURBANCES AND EVENTS ..................................................... 21
3.7.1 Mains signalling ................................................................................................ 21
3.7.2 Transients ......................................................................................................... 21
4 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 24
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Figures
Figure 1: Main distribution box (left); Sub distribution cabinet (middle); Miro installed within
the sub distribution cabinet (right) ......................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Mains voltage – graphed over time ........................................................................ 8
Figure 3: Mains voltage – frequency distribution with flagged values .................................... 9
Figure 4: Mains voltage – frequency distribution without flagged values.............................. 10
Figure 5: Min of mains voltage – graphed over time ............................................................ 11
Figure 6: Max of mains voltage – graphed over time ........................................................... 12
Figure 7: Earth voltage – graphed over time ....................................................................... 13
Figure 8: Power frequency – graphed over time .................................................................. 14
Figure 9: Voltage Unbalance – graphed over time .............................................................. 15
Figure 10: Voltage Unbalance – graphed over time ............................................................ 16
Figure 11: Flicker PST – graphed over time ........................................................................ 17
Figure 12: Flicker PLT – graphed over time ........................................................................ 18
Figure 13: Voltage THD ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 14: Mains voltage – frequency spectra ..................................................................... 20
Figure 15: Mains voltage transient ...................................................................................... 21
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1 Executive Summary
Motivation for investigation:
A recently purchased Test Instrument failed after it was plugged into a General Purpose
Outlet (GPO).
Findings:
The average (nominal) RMS voltage measured was approximately 251V. When ignoring
flagged values the voltage limits complied with the appropriate Australian Standard [1].
When considering flagged values, the maximum measured RMS voltage was 259V, which
exceeds the value of 253V as provided in the Australian Standard [1].
The Test Instrument user manual refers to an upper operating line voltage which is 245V
RMS. It is noteworthy that the upper limit of 245V RMS suggests that the Test Instrument is
not designed to accommodate the limits of the Australian LV electricity supply and therefore
not suitable to directly connect it to the GPO.
All other steady state measurements are considered normal and unlikely to affect the normal
operation of the Test Instrument.
Transients have been observed, exhibiting repetitive surge voltage events, with the highest
recorded value of 1024.3Vpk and duration of less than 52µs. It is very likely that transients
were the cause of the Test Instrument failure.
Recommendations:
Install a device between the GPO and the Test Instrument that can simultaneously lower the
nominal RMS voltage such that the upper limit does not exceed 245V RMS and suppress
voltage spikes. A device of choice is the constant voltage transformer (CVT).
Post implementation review:
The author understands that the client has since implemented the recommendations and
experienced no other issues with the Test Instrument.
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2 Introduction
2.1 Site monitored
Address of the site.
2.2 Motivation for monitoring
The recently purchased Test Instrument failed after it was plugged into a GPO. It is
suspected that the mains supply is the culprit and has commissioned this power quality
investigation, to monitor the supply voltage feeding the GPO where the instrument was
connected.
This report analyses the mains voltage to identify events and disturbances that can affect the
normal operation of the Test Instrument.
2.3 Background information
The client has an onsite 11kV/415V step down distribution transformer which feeds a
number of distribution boards. The main distribution board feeds a sub distribution board
located at least 10m away.
Figure 1: Main distribution box (left); Sub distribution cabinet (middle); Miro installed within the sub
distribution cabinet (right)
2.4 Installation
Power quality data was recorded using a Miro PQ45 power quality instrument:
 Serial Number: 15749008

 Calibration date: 25-02-2016
 Firmware version: 0.37
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The Miro PQ45 was installed within the sub distribution cabinet. Four voltage channels,
phases A, B C and Earth (referenced to Neutral) were wired to the terminal blocks using
tinned ends.
Single phase loads are connected via a number of external general purpose outlets (GPO)
which are wired back to the sub distribution cabinet.
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3 Power Quality Data Analysis
3.1 Logged data
Data is logged at 10 seconds (frequency only), 30 seconds, 10 minutes and 2 hour intervals.
3.1.1 Data range
The full data set of logged data spans twenty one days, one hour, forty three minutes and
fifty nine seconds [21 days, 1:43:59].
First record: 2016-03-15 14:45:00

Last record: 2016-04-05 15:29:00
3.1.2 Usable data set
The data set contains logs of data prior and post to installation and which are effectively
removed from the analysis by constricting the data set by altering the first and last records
via the date filter. The entered records are:
First data record: 2016-03-15: 15:37:33

Last data record: 2016-04-05: 15:24:00
3.1.3 Data aggregation
3.1.3.1 10 cycle time interval
The 10-cycle time interval (200ms) is the basic measurement for supply voltage, harmonics,
interharmonics and unbalance.
3.1.3.2 Average and Min/Max values
The average value is equal to the aggregated value. The Min and Max values are the
minimum and maximum 10-cycle values which occur during the log interval.
3.1.4 Flagging
During a dip, swell, or interruption, the measurement algorithm for other parameters (for
example, frequency measurement) might produce an unreliable value. The flagging concept
therefore, avoids counting a single event more than once in different parameters; for
example, counting a single dip as both a dip and a frequency variation.
Flagging is only triggered by dips, swells, and interruptions. The detection of dips and swells
is dependent on the threshold selected by the user, and this selection will influence which
data are flagged.
3.2 Mains Steady state voltage
3.2.1 Steady state voltage – average
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The graph shown in figure 2 displays all aggregated voltage data (includes flagged values)
logged at 10 minute intervals.
Mains Voltage (RMS)

Average [10 minute intervals]
258
257.14
256
254
Mains Voltage (V)
252
250
248
246
245.26
244
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250
Time index
VA-RMS-AVG VB-RMS-AVG VC-RMS-AVG
Figure 2: Mains voltage – graphed over time
Measure Min Max Delta Average

VA-RMS-AVG 246.03 256.27 10.24 251.41
VB-RMS-AVG 245.26 257.08 11.82 251.84
VC-RMS-AVG 246.11 257.14 11.03 252.01
Table 1: Steady state voltage metrics
The average RMS voltage for all three phases is just above 251V.
3.2.2 Steady state voltage - frequency distribution
The frequency distribution of mains voltage (histogram) with and without flagged values, are
respectively shown in figures 3 and 4 together with their steady state voltage metrics given
by tables 2 and 3.
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Figure 3: Mains voltage – frequency distribution with flagged values
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Figure 4: Mains voltage – frequency distribution without flagged values
Parameter V1% V50% V99%

Lower bound 225
Upper bound 244
1
LIMITS 216 253
Table 4: Steady state voltage limits from AS 61000.3.100-2011 [1].
By inspection the metrics provided in table 3 for the histogram shown in figure 4, which
excludes flagged values, fall within the limits stated in table 4 and is hence compliant with
the Australian Standard [1].
According to the power quality measurement methods standard [2] flagged values should be
ignored when considering voltage compliance, as the measurement cannot be relied upon.
Nevertheless the author has included this information as table 2 shows that the voltage can
exceed 256V, above the maximum of 253V provided in table 4.
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3.2.3 Steady state voltage - Min/Max
The graphs in figures 5 and 6 display the minimum and maximum aggregated voltages that
occurred within the 10 minute log interval.
Mains Voltage (RMS)

Min [10 minute intervals]
260
255
250
Mains Voltage (V)
245
240
235
230
225
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250
Time index
VA-RMS-MIN VB-RMS-MIN VC-RMS-MIN
Figure 5: Min of mains voltage – graphed over time
Measure Min
VA-RMS-MIN 228.58
VB-RMS-MIN 229.10
VC-RMS-MIN 228.84
The minimum values are well above the minimum value of 216V as provided in table 4.
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Mains Voltage (RMS)

Max [10 minute intervals]
260
258
256
Mains Voltage (V)
254
252
250
248
246
244
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250
Time index
VA-RMS-MAX VB-RMS-MAX VC-RMS-MAX
Figure 6: Max of mains voltage – graphed over time
Measure Max
VA-RMS-MAX 257.86
VB-RMS-MAX 258.58
VC-RMS-MAX 258.83
The maximum logged value is just under 259V.
3.2.4 Steady state voltage – Earth voltage
Figure 7 shows the average RMS Earth voltage. The voltage is below 0.6V and is within
expectation.
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Earth Voltage (RMS)

[10 minute intervals]
0.7
0.6
0.5
Earth Voltage (V)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250
Time index
VGND-RMS-AVG
Figure 7: Earth voltage – graphed over time
3.3 Mains Power frequency
The graph shown in figure 8 displays all aggregated frequency data (includes flagged
values) logged at 10 second intervals.
The normal operating frequency band as provided by the Australian Electricity Market
Commission (AEMC) is set at 49.85Hz - 50.15Hz [4]. Frequency excursions outside these
levels will occur from time to time.
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Mains Voltage Power Frequency

[10 second intervals]
50.2
50.15
50.1
50.05
Frequency (Hz)
50
49.95
49.9
49.85
49.8
49.75
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 200000
Time index
VA-FREQ-AVG
Figure 8: Power frequency – graphed over time
Measure Min Max Delta Average

VA-FREQ-AVG 49.78 50.18 0.40 50.00
The measured frequency and deviations as observed in the above graph are within
expectation.
3.4 Unbalance
Figures 9 and 10 show graphs of Min, Average and Max unbalance for Negative and Zero
Sequences. All are within expectation.
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Mains Voltage Unbalance

Negative Sequence [10 minute intervals]
2.5
2
Voltage Unbalance (%)
1.5
0.5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
-0.5
Time index
VABC-NS-MIN VABC-NS-AVG VABC-NS-MAX
Figure 9: Voltage Unbalance – graphed over time
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Mains Voltage Unbalance

Zero Sequence [10 minute intervals]
0.7
0.6
Voltage Unbalance (%)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Time index
VABC-ZS-MIN VABC-ZS-AVG VABC-ZS-MAX
Figure 10: Voltage Unbalance – graphed over time
3.5 Flicker
Short-term light flicker severity index, PST is based on voltage fluctuations that would annoy
50% of the population. The index is calculated every 10 minutes and normalised to a value
of 1.0.
During the logging period the PST only exceeded 1.0 on three occasions.
Long-term light flicker severity index, PLT is based on the fact that people's tolerance to
flicker over longer periods is less than for the short term. For this reason the second index is
introduced. It is evaluated over a 2 hour period. It is recommended the value be less than
0.65 [5] or 0.8 [6] in low voltage systems.
During the logging period the PLT only exceeded 0.65 once.
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Mains Voltage Flicker

PST [10 minute intervals]
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Flicker PST (ratio)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250
-0.2
Time index
VA-PST-AVG VB-PST-AVG VC-PST-AVG
Figure 11: Flicker PST – graphed over time
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Mains Voltage Flicker

PLT [2 hour intervals]
0.8
0.7
0.6
Flicker PLT (ratio)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
Time index
VA-PLT-AVG VB-PLT-AVG VC-PLT-AVG
Figure 12: Flicker PLT – graphed over time
3.6 Harmonics
Voltage harmonics in the system voltage will tend to distort the voltage waveform. Voltage
harmonics have been recorded to include harmonic numbers from 1 to 100.
Only the significant odd harmonics up to the 49th are presented for analysis.
3.6.1 Total harmonic distortion (THD)
The graph in figure 13 displays voltage THD for the logging period. The THD is defined as
V2  V3  ...  Vn
2 2 2
VTHD  ,
V1
where n is the harmonic index or harmonic number. In this work n is equal to 49.
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Mains Voltage
Total Harmonic Distortion
[10 minute intervals]
5
4.5
Maximum Mains Voltage THD (%)
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Time index
VA-THD-MAX VB-THD-MAX VC-THD-MAX
Figure 13: Voltage THD
Measure Max Average

VA-THD-MAX 4.27 1.70
VB-THD-MAX 4.00 1.66
VC-THD-MAX 4.32 1.68
The maximum measured THD is 4.27% which is well below the compatibility level of 8% as
provided in Australian Standard [7].
3.6.2 Harmonic spectra
The total harmonic distortion for the logging period can be decomposed into the constituent
harmonics to display the frequency spectra as shown in figure 14. The graph shows the
maximum value as a percentage of the fundamental of all the 10 minute logged values.
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Again, the percentages fall within the compatibility levels as provided in Australian Standard
[7].
It is noteworthy that:
(a) the 5th and 7th harmonics dominate the spectra, followed by the 3rd, 11th, and 9th
harmonics; and that
(b) the site contains a mix of single and three phase loads including motors. Most
lighting consists of fluorescent lamps.
Odd harmonics are characteristic of a single phase full bridge rectifier with a shunt capacitor
filter which is readily found in all modern electronic office equipment. In this case the
dominate harmonic includes the 3rd, followed by the 5th, 7th etc.
Fluorescent lighting and three phase induction motors are also sources of odd harmonics
containing significant harmonics at the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th and can explain the overall
dominance by the 5th and 7th harmonics.
Mains Voltage (odd harmonics only)

Frequency Spectra [10 minute intervals]
2.3
Maximum Percentage of Fundamental (%)
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
Harmonic index
VA VB VC
Figure 14: Mains voltage – frequency spectra
The local electricity distributor also superimpose signals on the 50Hz mains to automatically
control/switch street lights, hot water heaters and underfloor heaters, on and off at different
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times during the day. The signalling frequency used is in the vicinity of 750Hz which lines up
with the 15th harmonic.
In summary, the measured harmonics and THD are within expectation and should not
significantly impact the normal operation of the Test Instrument.
3.7 Voltage disturbances and events
3.7.1 Mains signalling
A typical capture of the Mains Signalling is shown in figure 15. The voltage is approximately
6Vpk and within expected values.
Mains Signalling capture at 2016-03-17 23:04:37
Figure 15: Mains voltage transient
3.7.2 Transients
The analyser incorporates an anti-aliasing filter at the front end to band limit signals. This
together with the sampling rate set to approximately 52µs limits the capture of fast
transients.
A number of transients exceeding 500Vpk were observed on all three phases and the
highest are shown in figures 16 to 19. The rise and fall of each transient is contained within a
104µs timeslot, suggesting that the transients are faster than 52µs. The highest captured
transient measured 1024.3Vpk and whose actual magnitude is likely to be higher for the
reasons given in the paragraph above.
The short duration of the transients is unlikely to significantly raise the RMS voltage.
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Waveform capture at 2016-03-30 10:15:44

Source: Transient; Channel: VB

Source: Transient; Channel: VB
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Source: Transient; Channel: VA

Source: Transient; Channel: VC
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4 References
[1] AS 61000.3.100-2011, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), Part 3.100: Limits – Steady
state voltage limits in public electricity systems.
[2] IEC 61000-4-30; AS/NZ 61000.4.30:2012, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), Part

4.30: Test and measurement techniques - Power quality measurement methods.
[3] “Test Instrument operating & maintenance manual, December 12, 2011.
[4] “Application of Frequency Operating Standards During Periods of Supply Scarcity”, Part
C application of rules terms; Reliability panel AEMC (Australian Energy Market commission);
(15 April 2009).
[5] IEC 61000-3-3:1995, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3: Limits – Section 3:

Limitation of Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker in Low-voltage Supply Systems for Equipment
with Rated Current ≤16A.
[6] AS/NZS 61000.3.7:2001, “Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 3.7: Limits –

Assessment of emission limits for fluctuating loads in MV and HV power systems”, Australian
Standards, 2001.
[7] ”Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Limits - Assessment of emission limits for the
connection of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems”, TR IEC
61000.3.6:2012, section 4.1; (24 April 2012).

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Power quality report

Post implementation review:

Address of the site.

2.2 Motivation for monitoring

2.3 Background information

 Serial Number: 15749008

3.1.1 Data range

First record: 2016-03-15 14:45:00

3.1.2 Usable data set

First data record: 2016-03-15: 15:37:33

3.1.3 Data aggregation

3.1.3.1 10 cycle time interval

3.1.3.2 Average and Min/Max values

3.2 Mains Steady state voltage

3.2.1 Steady state voltage – average

Mains Voltage (RMS)

VA-RMS-AVG VB-RMS-AVG VC-RMS-AVG

Figure 2: Mains voltage – graphed over time

Measure Min Max Delta Average

Table 1: Steady state voltage metrics

3.2.2 Steady state voltage - frequency distribution

Figure 3: Mains voltage – frequency distribution with flagged values

Table 2: Steady state voltage metrics

Figure 4: Mains voltage – frequency distribution without flagged values

Table 3: Steady state voltage metrics

Parameter V1% V50% V99%

Table 4: Steady state voltage limits from AS 61000.3.100-2011 [1].

3.2.3 Steady state voltage - Min/Max

Mains Voltage (RMS)

VA-RMS-MIN VB-RMS-MIN VC-RMS-MIN

Figure 5: Min of mains voltage – graphed over time

Table 5: Steady state voltage metrics

Mains Voltage (RMS)

VA-RMS-MAX VB-RMS-MAX VC-RMS-MAX

Figure 6: Max of mains voltage – graphed over time

Table 6: Steady state voltage metrics

The maximum logged value is just under 259V.

3.2.4 Steady state voltage – Earth voltage

Earth Voltage (RMS)

Figure 7: Earth voltage – graphed over time

3.3 Mains Power frequency

Mains Voltage Power Frequency

Figure 8: Power frequency – graphed over time

Measure Min Max Delta Average

Table 7: Steady state voltage metrics

Mains Voltage Unbalance

VABC-NS-MIN VABC-NS-AVG VABC-NS-MAX

Figure 9: Voltage Unbalance – graphed over time

Mains Voltage Unbalance

VABC-ZS-MIN VABC-ZS-AVG VABC-ZS-MAX

Figure 10: Voltage Unbalance – graphed over time

Mains Voltage Flicker

VA-PST-AVG VB-PST-AVG VC-PST-AVG

Figure 11: Flicker PST – graphed over time

Mains Voltage Flicker

VA-PLT-AVG VB-PLT-AVG VC-PLT-AVG

Figure 12: Flicker PLT – graphed over time

3.6.1 Total harmonic distortion (THD)

VA-THD-MAX VB-THD-MAX VC-THD-MAX

Figure 13: Voltage THD

Measure Max Average

Table 8: Steady state voltage metrics

3.6.2 Harmonic spectra