Alternating Current Type 2 PART 1 of 3 ENG

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ALTERNA
ALTERNATING
TERNATING CURRENT
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1. AC AND DC CURRENT :
A current that changes its direction periodically is called alternating current (AC). If a current maintains its
direction constant it is called direct current (DC).
page 1
i i
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c onstant dc periodic dc
i i i
variable dc ac ac
If a function suppose current, varies with time as i = Ιmsin (ωt+φ), it is called sinusoidally varying function.Here
Ιm is the peak current or maximum current and i is the instantaneous current. The factor (ωt+φ) is called
phase. ω is called the angular frequency, its unit rad/s.Also ω =2π f where f is called the frequency, its unit
s-1 or Hz. Also frequency f = 1/T where T is called the time period.
2. AVERAGE VALUE :
t2
∫ fdt t2
Average value of a function, from t1 to t2, is defined as <f> =

t1
t 2 − t1
. We can find the value of ∫ fdt
t1
graphically if the graph is simple. It is the area of f-t graph from t1 to t2 .

Ex. 1 Find the av erage v alue of current shown graphically, f rom t = 0 to
t = 2 sec. i
(Amp)
10
0 1 2
t(sec)
Sol. From the i – t graph, area from t = 0 to t = 2 sec
1
= × 2 × 10 = 10 Amp. sec.
2
10
∴ Average Current = = 5 Amp.
2
2π
Ex. 2 Find the average value of current from t = 0 to t = if the current varies as i = Ιmsin ωt .
ω
2π
ω ↑
Ιm  2π 
∫
0
Ι m sin ωtdt
ω
1 − cos ω 
ω
i
Sol. = = 2π =0 +
2π 2π/ω
π/ω
ω ω 0 t→
–
It can be seen graphically that the area of i – t graph of one cycle is zero.
∴ in one cycle = 0.
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Ex. 3 Show graphically that the average of sinusoidally varying current in half cycle may or may not be zero
↑
i
Sol.
page 2
+ +
0 – t→
Part A Part B
Figure shows two parts A and B, each half cycle. In part A we can see that the net area is zero
∴ in part A is zero.
In part B, area is positive hence in this part ≠ 0.
π π 3π
Ex. 4 Find the average value of current i = Ιmsin ωt from (i) t = 0 to t = (ii) t = to t = .
ω 2ω 2ω
3π
π 2ω
∫Ι
ω
sin ωtdt
∫Ι Ιm  π m
m sin ωtdt 1 − cos ω  π
0 ω ω 2Ι 2ω
Sol. (i) = = = m (ii) = = 0.
π π π π
ω ω ω
Ex. 5 Current in an A.C. circuit is given by i = 2 2 sin (πt + π/4), then the average value of current during
time t = 0 to t = 1 sec is:
1
∫ i dt 1
 π 4
∫ sin πt + 4  =
0
Sol. = =2 2 Ans.
1 π
0
3. ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE:

t2
∫f
2
dt
Root Mean Square Value of a function, from t1 to t2, is defined as f rms = t1 .
t 2 − t1
2π
Ex. 6 Find the rms value of current from t = 0 to t = if the current varies as i = Ιmsin ωt .
ω
2π
ω
∫Ι
2
m sin2 ωtdt
2
0 Ιm Ιm
Sol. irms = = =
2π 2 2
ω
π π 3π
Ex. 7 Find the rms value of current i = Ιmsin ωt from (i) t = 0 to t = (ii) t = to t = .
ω 2ω 2ω
3π
π 2ω
ω
∫Ι
2
sin 2 ωt dt
∫Ι
2 2 m
m sin ωtdt π
Ιm
2 Ιm 2
Ιm Ιm
0 2ω
Sol. (i) irms = = = (ii) = = =
π 2 2 π 2 2
ω ω
page 3
Note: The r m s values for one cycle and half cycle (either positive half cycle or negative half cycle) is same.
From the above two examples note that for sinusoidal functions rms value (Also called effective value)
Ιm
peak value Ιrms =
= or
2 2
Ex. 8 Find the effective value of current i = 2 sin 100 π t + 2 cos (100 π t + 30º).
Sol. The equation can be written as i = 2 sin 100 π t + 2 sin (100 π t + 120º)
so phase difference φ = 120º
Ι m )res = A 12 + A 22 + 2A 1A 2 cos φ
 1
= 4 + 4 + 2 × 2 × 2 –  = 2, so effective value or rms value = 2 / 2 = 2A
 2
Ques. The peak voltage in a 220 V AC source is

(A) 220 V (B) about 160 V (C) about 310 V (D) 440 V
Ans. (C)
Ques. An AC source is rated 220 V, 50 Hz. The average voltage is calculated in a time interval of 0.01 s. It
(A) must be zero (B*) may be zero (C) is never zero (D) is (220/√2)V
Ans. (B)
Ques. Find the effective value of current i = 2 + 4 cos 100 π t .
Ans. 2 3 A
Ques. The peak value of an alternating current is 5 A and its frequency is 60 Hz. Find its rms value. How long will the
current take to reach the peak value starting from zero?
T 1
Ans. i= = s
4 240
Ques. An alternating current havingpeak value 14 A is used to heat a metal wire. To produce the same heating
effect, a constant current i can be used where i is
(A) 14 A (B) about 20 A (C) 7 A (D) about 10 A
Ans. (D)
4. AC SINUSOIDAL SOURCE:
SOURCE
Figure shows a coil rotating in a magnetic field. The flux in the coil changes ω
as ϕ = NBA cos (ωt + φ). Emf induced in the coil, from Faraday’s law is
−dϕ
= N B A ω sin (ωt + φ). Thus the emf between the points A and B will B
dt
S
vary as E = E0 sin (ωt +φ) .The potential difference between the points A
and B will also vary as V = V0 sin (ωt + φ). The symbolic notation of the
above arrangement is A B. We do not put any + or – sign on
the AC source. A B
5. POWER
POWER CONSUMED OR SUPPLIED IN AN AC
AC CIRCUIT
CIR CUIT:
CUIT
Ai
B
devic e
Consider an electrical device which may be a source, a capacitor, a resistor, an
inductor or any combination of these. Let the potential difference be v = VA–VB = Vm
sinωt. Let the current through it be i = I sin(ωt + φ). Instantaneous power P consumed
by the device = v i =(Vm sin ωt ) (Ιm sin(ωt + φ))

2π
ω
∫ Pdt 1
page 4
Average power consumed in a cycle = o = V Ι cos φ
2π 2 m m
ω
Vm Ιm
= . . cos φ = Vrms Ιrms cos φ.
2 2
Here cos φ is called power factor.
Ιcosφ
φ V
Note : Ιsinφ is called “wattless current”. Ι
Ιsinφ
Ex. 9 When a voltage v s = 200 2 sin (ω t + 15º) is applied to an AC circuit the current in the circuit is found
to be i = 2 sin (ω t + π/4) then average power concsumed in the circuit is
(A) 200 watt (B) 400 2 watt (C) 100 6 watt (D) 200 2 watt
Sol. Pav = v rms Ιrms cos φ
200 2 2
= . cos (30º) =100 6 watt
2 2
Ques. Find the average power concumed in the circuit if a voltage v s = 200 2 sin ω t is applied to an AC
circuit and the current in the circuit is found to be i = 2 sin (ω t + π/4) .
Ans. 200W
6. SOME DEFINITIONS:
The factor cos φ is called Power factor.
Ιm sin φ is called wattless current.
Vm Vrms
Impedance Z is defined as Z = =
Ιm Ι rms
ωL is called inductive reactance and is denoted by XL.
1
is called capacitive reactance and is denoted by XC.
ωC
7. PURELY
PURELY RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
CIR CUIT:
CUIT:
Writing KVL along the circuit, vs = Vm sin ωt
v s - iR = 0
v s Vm sin ωt
or i=
R
=
R
= Ιm sin ωt i
⇒ We see that the phase difference between potential difference across resistance,
R v R and iR is 0.
Vm
Ιm =
R
Vrms
Ιrms =
R
2
Vrms
 = VrmsΙrmscos φ =
R
8. PURELY
PURELY CAPA
CAPA CITIVE CIRCUIT
CIR CUIT:
CUIT: vs = Vm sin ωt
Writing KVL along the circuit,
q i
vs - =0
C
C
dq d(Cv ) d(CVm sin ωt ) Vm V
or i = = = =CVmωcos ωt = cos ωt = m cos ωt = Ιm cos ωt.
dt dt dt 1 XC
ωC
page 5
1
XC = and is called capacitive reactance. Its unit is ohm Ω.
ωC v
From the graph of current versus time and voltage versus time , it is clear V
T
T t
that current attains its peak value at a time before the time at which
4
i
T I
voltage attains its peak value. Corresponding to the phase difference
4 t
2π T 2π π
= ω∆t = = = . iC leads v C by π/2 Diagrammatically (phasor
T 4 4 2
Ιm
diagram) it is represented as .
Vm
Since φ =90º, = Vrms Ιrmscos φ = 0
Ques. A capacitor acts as an infinite resistance for
(A) DC (B) AC (C) DC as well as AC (D) neither AC nor DC
Ans. (A)
Ex. 10 An alternating voltage E = 200 2 sin (100 t) V is connected to a 1µF capacitor through an ac ammeter (it
reads rms value). What will be the reading of the ammeter?
Sol. Comparing E = 200 2 sin (100 t) with E = E0 sin ωt we find that,
E0 = 200 2 V and ω = 100 (rad/s)
1 1
So, XC = = = 10 4 Ω
ωC 100 × 10 −6
And as ac instruments reads rms value, the reading of ammeter will be,
Erms E0  E0 
Ι rms = = as Erms = 
XC 2 XC  2
200 2
i.e. Ι rms = = 20mA Ans
2 × 10 4
Ques. A 10 µF capacitor is connected with an ac source E = 200 2 sin (100 t) V through an ac ammeter (it reads
rms value) . What will be the reading of the ammeter?
Ans: 200 mA
Ques. Find the reactance of a capacitor (C = 200 µF) when it is connected to (a) 10 Hz AC source, (b) a 50 Hz AC
source and (c) a 500 Hz AC source.
Ans. (a) 80 Ω for 10 Hz AC source, (b) 16 Ω for 50 Hz and (c) 1.6 Ω for 500 Hz.
9. PURELY
PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
CIR CUIT:
CUIT:
Writing KVL along the circuit, v s = Vm sin ωt
di di
vs - L =0 ⇒ L =Vmsin ωt
dt dt
i
Vm
∫ Ldi = ∫ V m sin ωt dt i=–
ωL
cos ωt + C L
=0 ⇒ C=0
Vm Vm
∴ i=– cosωt ⇒ Ιm = X
ωL L v
From the graph of current versus time and voltage versus time , it is clear V
T
T t
that voltage attains its peak value at a time before the time at which
4
i
page 6
T I
current attains its peak value. Corresponding to the phase difference =
4 t
2π T 2π π
ω∆t = = = . Diagrammatically (phasor diagram) it is repre-
T 4 4 2
Vm
sented as . i lags behind v L by π/2.
Ιm L
Since φ = 90º, = VrmsIrmscos φ = 0
Summary :
AC source connected with φ Z Phasor Diagram

v R is in
same Im
Pure Resistor 0 R Vm
phase with
iR
Vm
Pure Inductor π/2 v L leads iL XL
Ιm
Ιm
Pure Capacitor π/2 v C leads iC XC
Vm
Ques. An inductor (L = 200 mH) is connected to an AC source of peak current. What is the intantaneous voltage of
the source when the current is at its peak value?
Ans. zero
10. RC SERIES CIRCUIT WITH AN AC SOURCE : vS= Vm sinωt
Let i = Ιm sin (ωt + φ) ⇒ v R=iR= ΙmR sin (ωt+φ)
π
v C= Ιm XCsin (ωt + φ − ) ⇒ v S=v R + v C
2
C R
π
or Vm sin (ωt+φ)= ΙmR sin (ωt + φ) + Ιm XCsin (ωt + φ − )
2
Vm = (Ι mR )2 + (Ι m XC )2 + 2(ΙmR)(Ιm XC) cos π

2
OR Ι m =
Vm Ιm
⇒ Z= R 2 + XC 2
ΙmR Ιm
φ
2
R + XC 2
Using phasor diagram also we can find the above result.

Ι m XC XC ΙmXC Vm Vm
tan φ= = .
Ι mR R
Ques. An AC source producing emf ξ = ξ0[cos(100 π s -1)t + cos(500 π s -1)t]
is connected in series with a capacitor and a resistor. The steady-state current in the circuit is found to
be i = i1 cos[(100 π s -1)t + ϕ1]+i2 cos[(500 π s -1)t+ ϕ1]
(A) i1 > i2 (B) i1 = i2 (C) i1 < i2
(D) the information is insufficient to find the relation between i1 and i2
Ans. (C)
Ex. 11 In an RC series circuit, the rms voltage of source is 200V and its frequency 220V,50HZ
100
is 50 Hz.If R =100 Ω and C= µF, find
π
page 7
(i) Impedance of the circuit (ii) Power factor angle
(iii) Power factor (iv) Current C R
(v) Maximum current (vi) voltage across R
(vii) voltage across C (viii) max voltage across R
(ix) max voltage across C (x) 
(xi) < PR > (xii) < PC >
10 6
Sol. XC= =100 Ω
100
( 2π50)
π
XC
(i) Z= R 2 + XC 2 = 100 2 + (100) 2 =100 2 Ω (ii) tan φ= =1 ∴ φ=45º
R
1 Vrms 200
(iii) Power factor= cosφ = (iv) Current Ιrms= = = 2Α
2 Z 100 2
(v) Maximum current =Ιrms 2 =2Α

(vi) voltage across R=VR,rms=ΙrmsR= 2 ×100 Volt
(vii) voltage across C=VC,rms=ΙrmsXC= 2 ×100 Volt
(viii) max voltage across R= 2 VR,rms= 200 Volt
(ix) max voltage across C= 2 VC,rms= 200 Volt
1
(x) =VrmsΙrmscosφ =200 × 2 × =200 Watt
2
(xi) <PR> = Ιrms2R = 200 W (x) <PC> = 0
Ex. 12 In the above question if v s(t) = 220 2 sin (2π 50 t), find (a) i (t), (b) v R and (c) v C (t)
Sol. (a) i(t) = Ιm sin (ωt + φ) = 2 sin (2π 50 t + 45º)
(b) v R = iR . R = i(t) R = 2 × 100 sin (100 πt + 45º)
(c) v C (t) = iCXC (with a phase lag of 90º) = 2 ×100 sin (100 πt + 45 – 90)
Ex. 13 An ac source of angular frequency ω is fed across a resistor R and a capacitor C in series. The current
registered is Ι. If now the frequency of source is changed to ω/3 (but maintaining the same voltage), the
current in the circuit is found to be halved. Calculate the ratio of reactance to resistance at the original
frequency ω.
Sol. According to given problem,
V V
Ι= = ... (1)
Z [R 2 + (1/ Cω)2 ]1/ 2
Ι V
and, = ...(2)
2 [R 2 + (3 / Cω)2 ]1/ 2
Substituting the value of Ι from Equation (1) in (2),
 1  9 1 3 2
4  R 2 + 2 2  = R 2 + 2 2 . i.e., 2 2 =
R
 C ω  C ω C ω 5
1/ 2
3 2
 R 
X (1/ Cω)  5  3
So that, = = = Ans.
R R R 5
11. LR SERIES CIRCUIT WITH AN AC SOURCE :

vS= Vsinωt ΙXL
page 8
V V
φΙ
ΙR
L R Ι
From the phasor diagram
= Ι (R ) + (XL ) =
2 2
V= (ΙR )2 + (ΙXL )2 ΙZ
ΙXL XL
tan φ = =
ΙR R
9
Ex. 14 A H inductor and a 12 ohm resistance are connected in series to a 225 V, 50 Hz ac source. Calculate
100 π
the current in the circuit and the phase angle between the current and the source voltage.
9
Sol. Here XL = ωL = 2π f L = 2π × 50 × =9Ω
100 π
12 2 + 9 2 = 15 Ω
2
So, Z= R 2 + XL =
V 225
So (a) I = = = 15 A Ans
Z 15
 XL   9 
and (b) φ = tan–1  R  = tan–1   = tan–1 3/4 = 37º
   12 
i.e., the current will lag the applied voltage by 37º in phase. Ans
Ex. 15 When an inductor coil is connected to an ideal battery of emf 10 V, a constant current 2.5 A flows. When the
same inductor coil is connected to an AC source of 10 V and 50 Hz then the current is 2A. Find out
inductance of the coil .
Sol. When the coil is connected to dc source, the final current is decided by the resistance of the coil .
∴ 10 = 4 Ω
r=
2.5
When the coil is connected to ac source, the final current is decided by the impedance of the coil .
10
∴ Z= = 5Ω
2
Z= (r ) + (XL )
2 2
But XL2 = 52– 42 = 9
XL= 3 Ω
∴ ωL = 2 π fL = 3 ∴ 2 π 50 L = 3
∴ L = 3/100π Henry
Ex. 16 A bulb is rated at 100 V,100 W , it can be treated as a resistor .Find out the inductance of an inductor (called
choke coil ) that should be connected in series with the bulb to operate the bulb at its rated power with the
help of an ac source of 200 V and 50 Hz.
2
Vrms
Sol: From the rating of the bulb , the resistance of the bulb is R= =100 Ω
P
200V ,50 Hz
1A
L R=100Ω
For the bulb to be operated at its rated value the rms current through it should be 1Α
Vrms 200 3
Also, Ιrms= ∴ 1= L= H
Z 100 + ( 2π50L ) 2
2
π
Ex. 17 A choke coil is needed to operate an arc lamp at 160 V (rms) and 50 Hz. The arc lamp has an effective
resistance of 5 Ω when running of 10 A (rms). Calculate the inductance of the choke coil. If the same arc
lamp is to be operated on 160 V (dc), what additional resistance is required? Compare the power losses in
both cases.
Sol. As for lamp VR = ΙR = 10 × 5 = 50 V, so when it is connected to 160 V ac source through a choke in series,
page 9
V2 = VR2 + VL2, VL = 160 2 − 50 2 = 152 V Ark lamp
and as, VL = ΙXL = ΙωL= 2πfLI
R
VL 152 L
So, L= = = 4.84 × 10–2 H Ans.
2πfΙ 2 × π × 50 × 10
Now the lamp is to be operated at 160 V dc; instead of choke if V V L R
additional resistance r is put in series with it,

V = Ι(R + r), i.e., 160 = 10(5 + r)
i.e., r = 11 Ω Ans.
In case of ac, as choke has no resistance, power loss in the choke ~
V = V sin ωt
will be zero while the bulb will consume, 0
P = Ι2 R = 102 × 5 = 500 W
However, in case of dc as resistance r is to be used instead of choke, the power loss in the resistance r will
be.
PL = 102 × 11 = 1100 W
while the bulb will still consume 500 W, i.e., when the lamp is run on resistance r instead of choke more than
double the power consumed by the lamp is wasted by the resistance r.
Ques. An alternating voltage of 220 volt r.m.s. at a frequency of 40 cycles/sec is supplied to a circuit containing a
pure inductance of 0.01 H and a pure resistance of 6 ohms in series. Calculate (i) the current, (ii) potential
difference across the resistance, (iii) potential difference across the inductance, (iv) the time lag, (v) power
factor.
Ans. (i) 33.83 amp. (ii) 202.98 volts (iii) 96.83 volts (iv) 0.01579 sec (v) 0.92
12. LC SERIES CIRCUIT WITH AN AC SOURCE :
vS= Vsinωt ΙXL

V
V 90 0 Ι
Ι
L C
V= Ι (XL − XC ) = ΙZ φ = 90º
Ques. Which of the following plots may represnet the reactance of a series LC combination ?
Ans. D
13. RLC SERIES CIRCUIT WITH AN AC SOURCE :
ΙXL Ι(XL – XL)

V V
vS= Vsinωt
φ
ΙXR ΙR
Ι
L R C
ΙXC
(ΙR)2 + (ΙXL − ΙXC)2 = Ι (R) + (XL − XC) Z= (R ) + (XL − XC )

2 2
V= = ΙZ 2 2
Ι(XL − XC ) (XL − XC )
tan φ = =
ΙR R
page 10
Ques. A series AC circuit has resistance of 4 Ω and a reactance of 3 Ω. the impedance of the circuit is
(A) 5 Ω (B) 7 Ω (C) 12/7 Ω (D) 7/12 Ω
Ans. (A)
13.1 Resonance :
Amplitude of current (and therefore Irms also) in an RLC series circuit is maximum for a given value of Vm and
R , if the impedance of the circuit is minimum, which will be when XL-XC =0. This condition is called
resonance.
So at resonance:
XL-XC =0.
1
or ωL=
ωC
1
or ω= . Let us denote this ω as ωr.
LC
Z Ιm
Ιm/max
Zm in
ωr ωr
Ex. 18 In the circuit shown in the figure , find 200V,50Hz

(a) the reactance of the circuit .
(b) impedance of the circuit 2Η 100 µF
(c) the current
π 100Ω π
(d) readings of the ideal AC voltmeters
(these are hot wire instruments and V1 V2 V3
read rms values). V4
V5
2
Sol: (a) XL = 2 π f L = 2π × 50 × = 200 Ω
π
1
XC = 100 = 100 Ω
2π50 × 10 − 6
π
∴ The reactance of the circuit X = XL–XC = 200-100 = 100 Ω
Since XL > XC ,the circuit is called inductive.
(b) impedance of the circuit Z = R 2 + X 2 = 100 2 + 100 2 =100 2 Ω
Vrms 200
(c) the current Irms= = = 2A
Z 100 2
(d) readings of the ideal voltmeter
V1: ΙrmsXL = 200 2 Volt
V2: ΙrmsR = 100 2 Volt
V3: ΙrmsXc =100 2 Volt

2
V4: Ιrms R 2 + XL = 100 10 Volt
page 11
V5: ΙrmsZ = 200 Volt ,which also happens to be the voltage of source.
13.1 Q VAL
VALUE
AL UE (QUALIT
(QU ALIT Y FA
FA CTOR)
CTOR) OF LCR
LCR SERIES CIRCUIT
CIR CUIT (NOT
(NO T IN IIT SYLLA
S YLLA-
YLLA -
BUS) :
XL
Q value is defined as where XL is the inductive reactance of the circuit, at resonance.
R
More Q value implies more sharpness of Ι VS ω curve
more Q value
i less Q value
ωr ω

Alternating Current Type 2 PART 1 of 3 ENG

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Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.

Average value of a function, from t1 to t2, is defined as <f> =

graphically if the graph is simple. It is the area of f-t graph from t1 to t2 .

3. ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE:

Ques. The peak voltage in a 220 V AC source is

by the device = v i =(Vm sin ωt ) (Ιm sin(ωt + φ))

AC source connected with φ Z Phasor Diagram

Vm = (Ι mR )2 + (Ι m XC )2 + 2(ΙmR)(Ιm XC) cos π

Using phasor diagram also we can find the above result.

(v) Maximum current =Ιrms 2 =2Α

11. LR SERIES CIRCUIT WITH AN AC SOURCE :

additional resistance r is put in series with it,

12. LC SERIES CIRCUIT WITH AN AC SOURCE :

vS= Vsinωt ΙXL

13. RLC SERIES CIRCUIT WITH AN AC SOURCE :

ΙXL Ι(XL – XL)

(ΙR)2 + (ΙXL − ΙXC)2 = Ι (R) + (XL − XC) Z= (R ) + (XL − XC )

Ex. 18 In the circuit shown in the figure , find 200V,50Hz

(b) impedance of the circuit Z = R 2 + X 2 = 100 2 + 100 2 =100 2 Ω

V2: ΙrmsR = 100 2 Volt

V3: ΙrmsXc =100 2 Volt

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