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Hybrid Micro Grids for rural

electrification: Developing
Appropriate Technology
Antoine Graillot, TTA

TRAMA TECNOAMBIENTAL, S.L.


Avda. Meridiana 153
08026 Barcelona
Tel: + 34 934 463 234
Fax: + 34 934 566 948
tta@tramatecnoambiental.es

AIE Event
Maputo, June 10th 2009
Relevant aspects in rural electrification

 Cost-effectiveness
 The needs: demand analysis and segmentation
 The technologies and design practice
 Ownership and operational scheme
 User and operator training/capacity building
 Monitoring and performance assessment
 Lessons learned in demonstration projects
What is a Hybrid Mini Grid with RE?

 A combination of different but complementary energy generation


systems based on renewable energies or mixed (RES- genset)
 Hybrid powered mini-grids can provide steady community-level
electricity service, such as village electrification, offering also the
possibility to be upgraded through grid connection in the future
 Total installed power up to 100 kW (according to IEC)
 Distribution line in Low Voltage (up to 1.000V) (only distribution)
 Single or 3-phases

PV Hybrid Mini Grid in West Bank, Palestine


Classification of Hybrid Mini Grids
DC coupling

All electricity generating Photovoltaics Wind Energy Genset Hydro Power

components are connected to


a DC bus line from which the
battery is charged.

AC generating components ~ ~ ~ AC/DC Converters


= = =
need an AC/DC converter.

The battery, controlled and


Charge Controllers
protected from over charge
and discharge by a charge
DC bus
controller, then supplies power linebar
DC Loads
to the DC loads in response to
Optional
the demand.

AC loads can be optionally


Battery Inverter AC Loads
supplied by an inverter.
Classification of Hybrid Mini Grids
AC coupling
All electricity generating
components are connected to Photovoltaics Wind Energy Genset Hydro Power
an AC bus line.

AC generating
components may be directly
connected to the AC bus line or ~ ~
may need a AC/AC converter = = AC/DC Converters

to enable stable coupling of the


components. Inverters

In both options, a bidirectional


master inverter controls the AC bus line 230 or 400 V

Master Inverter
energy supply for the AC loads and AC Loads
Battery charger
and the battery charging.
Optional

DC loads can be optionally


supplied by the battery. Battery DC Loads
Classification of Hybrid Mini Grids
DC and AC coupling
DC and AC electricity
generating components are Photovoltaics Wind Energy Genset Hydro Power
connected at both sides of a
master inverter, which controls
the energy supply of the AC
loads.
~
DC loads can be optionally = AC/DC Converter

supplied by the battery.


AC bus line 230 or 400 V
Charge Controllers
On the AC bus line, AC
AC Loads
generating components may Master Inverter
and
be directly connected to the AC Battery charger

bus line or may need a AC/AC


converter to enable stable
coupling of the components.
DC bus
linebar
DC Loads
PV cheaper than grid extension for
remote areas
100
MILES DE EUROS

90

80

70
Red Media Tensión

60

50

40

FV autónoma 6325 Wh/día (3,2-4,0 HSP)


30

20 FV autónoma 3300 Wh/día (3,2 -4,0 HSP)

10
FV autónoma 2200 Wh/día (3,2 -4,0 HSP)
Red Baja Tensión
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Kilómetros

Comparison of investment costs between grid extension and off-grid PV in Spain


PV more sustainable than fossil
fuelled Gensets
1,00
0,90
Combustible G&O&M Inversión microrred 20,0

0,80

€/mes usuario medio


0,70 16,0

0,60
€/kWh

12,0
0,50
0,40
8,0
0,30
0,20 4,0
0,10
0,00 0,0
Grupo electrógeno Grupo electrógeno + FV híbrida (25% FV híbrida (80% FV (100% fracción
directo baterías fracción solar) fracción solar) solar)

Levelized costs for PV and Diesel technologies in microgrid for 340 users in Peru
(D.R. 5%, Diesel: 0,57 €/l)
Source: http://www.esmap.org/filez/pubs/620200785630_Peru_Solar-Diesel_Amazon_111-07.pdf
PV more sustainable than fossil
fuelled Gensets
Combustible G&O&M Inversión (microplanta + microrred)
1,00
0,90 20

0,80
16

€/mes usuario medio


0,70
0,60
€/kWh

12
0,50
0,40
8
0,30
0,20 4
0,10
0,00 0
Grupo electrógeno Grupo electrógeno FV híbrida (25% FV híbrida (80% FV (100% fracción
directo + baterías fracción solar) fracción solar) solar)

Levelized costs for PV and Diesel technologies in microgrid for 340 users in Peru
(D.R. 5%, Diesel: 1 €/l)
Source: http://www.esmap.org/filez/pubs/620200785630_Peru_Solar-Diesel_Amazon_111-07.pdf
VISION: Universal electrification-individual plants
and micro grids under one operational scheme

MSG

MSG Individual Micro-Power Plants


From individual PV autonomous power
plants to microgrids
Application types Types of uses

Home applications Lighting


Audio/video
Refrigerator(s)
Small household appliances
Washing machine
Individual PV micro
Irons
plants in Europe
Freezer(s)
Odd jobs

Public areas applications The same appliances as above are


(places of collective life: worship used, but more and more powerful.
halls, community centre, health Multi-user
centre, etc.) Public lighting. microgrids in
Developping
Village water pumping. Countries

Economic activities applications Process equipment supply (mainly


motors)
Comparison of PV Individual and Micro grids
Advantages Disadvantages

Individual • Consumption is user managed on • Limited surge power capacity.


Electrification a day to day basis. • Monitoring individual systems can
Micro plants • System black outs affect just one be expensive and difficult.
user. • Maintenance and repair service
• Systems can be easily moved to a complex to organize in rural areas.
new location.

Multiuser Solar • Improved quality (surge power, • If the power plant fails, everybody is
Grids (MSG) load shedding, etc). cut off.
• Lower investment for compact • Social rules required to distribute
villages. energy availability.
• Energy saving can be practiced • Local management required.
using improved management tools. • Systems generally need to be
• Lower maintenance costs. serviced on site.
• Telemetry can be economic for
monitoring system status.

 Challenge: sharing the energy available without conflicts

 Energy distribution and metering problem!


Energy Availability
 General scheme for tariff: users pay for consumed kWh

 In stand-alone electrification with RE, Key aspect is the available


energy and not the installed power

 Tariffs must reflect this idea

 Tariff based on the Energy Availability (similar to fee for service ≠


prepayment)

 Clearer and easier financial planning and vision


BACKGROUND: Typical Design approach
 Experience in Design and Project management of PV-hybrid micro-
power plants in rural areas of southern Europe, Africa, Latin America,
Pacific …
 Technical specification for PV-hybrid micro-power plants (<100 kW, LV)
partially adapted from IEC 62257 TS series

 Demand analysis and segmentation

 Standardized technical solutions with high PV penetration

 10 yr. Service horizon with local operator and local capacity building

 Monitoring of systems to validate technology and the service


BACKGROUND: Typical Technical Specification

 DC coupled topology, high fraction of Renewable Energy generation

 System bus-bar voltage: < 75V DC (SELV)

 Battery: Pb-tubular, vented, DODmax=75%, A>3 days, 48V

 PV Charge controller: MPPT

 Inverter: sinusoidal > 85% +25W pilot inverter

 PV modules: crystalline CEI 61215 - 2


 Data logging: based on CEI 61724 (JRC guidelines)
 Load electrical supply: Mainly standard AC quality single phase
 Load Management: user interface, automatic load disconnect
 Etc.
From single user to villages: MSG (Multi user
Solar Grid) up to 150 kW.h/day

Typical layout (DC bus-bar micro power plant+AC single phase grid )
Typical load profiles
Profile 1- Daily Cycle rigid slim loads

Profile 2- Base Load


2a-Base Load 2b- Base Load Interruptible 2c- Base Load- Stand-by

MODULABLE
AVOIDABLE

DEFERABLE

INTERRUPT.
TYPIC AL DAILY
PROFILE LOAD RANGE
(Wh/ da y)

2a
275 275

NO NO NO NO
A
550 1100

2b

NO NO YES NO 550 1100


A

2c

YES NO YES YES 0 1100


Typical load profiles
Profile 3- Daily Deferrable load

Profile 4- Periodical Deferrable load

Profile 5- “ Dump or ballast” load


Two key points

 The main actor for


load management is the user
• Training needed

 Load management requires measurement and


broadcast of information on system status
• Power and Energy generation
• Power and Energy consumption
• Energy availability
• Battery status
Load management tools

 User information interface + training

 Automatic total load disconnect

 Automatic selective load switching

 Individual Energy limitation (multi user


system)
User interface
 Active display
 Remote display
 Data logging
RESULTS OF INDIVIDUAL LOAD SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS (careful user: good operator)

SL05028

Wh/d
2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hp
Spring Summer Autum Winter DD (Wh)
Spring-06 Summer-06 Autum-06 Winter-07
Electricity Dispenser / meter

 Metering and invoicing interface

 Energy and power limitation and guidance


according to tariff contracted and generation
status

 User pays for availability of energy, not for the


consumed energy
Sharing of energy among users

• Application and control of new Progressive tariff scheme

tariff systems (progressive 1

Tariff variable charge (€/kWh)


tariffs, EDA,...) 0,8

0,6

• Energy limitation according 0,4

to tariff contracted 0,2

• Low consumption energy 0


17 33 66 134 >134

meters Consumption blocks (kWh/month)

• Incentives for active load


management
• Flexibility in energy use –
sharing of energy between
neighbours
Sharing of energy among users
Monitoring
Combination of user questionnaires and data logger

• User records:
– Satisfaction ??
– Electrolyte level in battery
– Black outs ?

Data logger:
built-in device in power conditioner
Hourly Data Storage (1 year):
Average and total hourly values
Parameters:
all relevant energy flows
solar irradiance
information on battery (voltage, SOC, etc.)
others
Typical monitoring data
Examples MSG

Akkan, Morocco
PV HYBRID POWER PLANT
PV GENERATOR
Installed PV capacity 5.760 Wp
Module type 80 Wp 36 cell – mono crystalline
Number of modules 72
Inclination / orientation 43º / +5º S
PV CHARGE CONTROLLER
Rated power 6.000 Wp
Control algorithm MPPT - Boost
BACK UP GENSET
Rated power 8,2 kVA single phase
Fuel Diesel
BATTERY
Number of elements (voltage) 24 (48V)
Model Hawker 2AT1500
Capacity (C100) 1.500 Ah
Autonomy 4 days
INVERTER
Voltage input / output 48 V DC / 230 V AC
Rated power 7.200 W
Harmonic distortion < 2,5%
DATA LOGGER
Memory / log frequency 300 kbyte / hourly
Type of data Energy, voltage, radiation, etc.
ELECTRICITY DISPENSER – METER
Input 230 V AC 50 Hz
Maximum current 10 A
Algorithm Configurable Daily Energy Deliverability
STREET LIGHTING
Number of lamps 13
Type 70 W hp sodium / 2 level electronic ballast
Total power - high 910 W
Total power - low 683 W
INDIVIDUAL LOADS
Households 275 Wh/day 23

Akkan, Morocco Households 550 Wh/day


School 550 Wh/day
3
1
Mosque 550 Wh/day 1
Technology-PV hybrid power plant
San Lorenzo, Ecuador (LA)
Technology-distribution microgrid

Typical household San Lorenzo, Ecuador (LA)


User interface and loads

San Lorenzo, Ecuador (LA)


Diakha Madina, Senegal
PV ARRAY
PV installed power 3.150 Wp
PV Module model PW750 75 Wp 12V
Nº PV modules 42
Orientation/Inclination 0º S / 10º S
PV Area 46 m2
AVAILABLE ENERGY
Available Energy (Wh/day) 4.803
Irradiation (ḠpHp) 5 HPS
Month of design December
BATTERY
Nº elements 24
Battery type Tudor 6 OPzS 420
Capacity (C100) 672 Ah
Day of autonomy 4 days
CHARGE CONTROLLER
Regulation capacity 4.000 Wp
Mode of charge control MPP Tracker
INVERTER
Input / Output voltage 48 V DC / 230 V AC
Nominal Power 3.600 W
DC/DC Converter (12 V) 10A máxima de corriente
Harmonic distorsion < 2%
DATA LOGGING
Memory / freq. of logging 300 kbyte / hourly
PUBLIC LIGHTING
Number 2
Type of lamp 70 W / electronic ballast
PUMPING SYSTEM
Power of the pump 1.100 W
Flow 5m3/h
Deep 49 m
Height of the tank 7m
Tank capacity 20 m3
BACK-UP GENSET

Diakha Madina, Senegal


Nominal power 4,2 kW single phase
Fuel Diesel
Current situation in SSA
Current situation in SSA

 Low population density

 Remoteness from the public grid

 Low demand in electricity

 High energy losses on the transmission lines

 High costs of grid extension and connection

 High Operation and Maintenance costs


Current situation in SSA
 Many villages and households and villages not connected to the grid

 Existing mini grids running with Genset (many are not working)

But essential to bring electricity, even basic needs (high value for the
first kWh)
Present and future potential

Short-term (0-2 years)


 Villages not connected to the grid, where the grid extension is too
expensive and not cost effective: micro-grid for basic needs (health,
school, water, etc)
 Villages with obsolete diesel generator because of the high running
costs (Operation and Maintenance): refurbishing distribution grid,
electrical installations, etc

Medium-term (5-6 years)


 Villages not connected to the grid: extension of the mini-grid to private
applications and productive uses

Long-term (10 years onwards)


 Villages not connected to the grid: interconnection of several mini-grids
between them or/and the national grid
Constraints and limitations

 Training and capacity building

 High costs of investment

 Critical number for maintenance

 Management of accumulated money

 Social organization may be a critical issue depending of the


management model

 Unfair regulation (unfair regulations that discriminate against


technologies that are especially suited to rural areas)
LESSONS LEARNED in 15 years of practice

 PV-hybrid micro grids are an acceptable long term option and


expanding market

 Public subsidies in rural electrification must be technology neutral

 Typical average energy consumption is low but very valuable to users

 Demand limitation not a problem if EE appliances available

 Generation technology more and more reliable and adequate but...


• Load management is an important issue
• Stand-by loads in appliances dramatically increasing !!

 Operator recommended for long term security. Fixed user fees better

 User interface is critical !


antoine.graillot@tta.com.es

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