Carlos P.
Romulo Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio
AUTHORS
Jose Garcia Villa
 August 5, 1908-February 7, 1997
 Poet, literary critic, fiction writer,
and painter
 From Singalong, Manila
 Non-Conformist (Pre-Med to Pre-
Law to Literature Student)
 “First, a poem must be magical,
then as musical as a seagull”
 Master of Style
 Poet – creator of experience.
 Edward Estilin Cummings –
recognized him as an influence.
 Nat’l Artist for Literature (1973)
 Penguin Classics
 The Emperor’s New Sonnet
Bienvenido Lumbera
 PA for Journalism (1975)
 RMS for Journalism, Literature,
and Creative Communications
(1993)
 Cynthia Nograles-Lumbera
 His work is the staring point of
Post-Colonialism
 His words depict how the PH was
conditioned into embracing
colonizing cultures.
 A Eulogy of the Roaches
Cirilo Bautista
 Carlos Palanca Award Hall of
Fame (1995)
 The Palanca Hall of Fame –
awarded to one with 5 first prizes.
 Poet who taught by example;
theorist of poetry.
 “Poetry is the crown of all literary
genres” (because its like music)
 For him, there are 2 POEMS:
 the actualized poem
(Poem on the Parchment)
 the poem in the mind
(Rubber Tower)
 Once the poem is written, it is no
longer of the poet. It detaches
itself and its survival will depend
on how well the poet has
prepared it for testing in the real
world.
 Pedagogic
 National Artist of the Philippines
Hall of Fame in Literature (1982)
 Pulitzer Prize in Journalism
 Asian President of UN Gen
Assembly
 Philippine Ambassador to W, DC

Minister of Foreign Affairs
 50 yrs in public service as
educator, soldier, university
president, journalist, and
diplomat.
 18 books:
 The United (novel)
 I Saw the fall of the Philippines
 I Saw the Philippines Rise
 I Walked with Heroes (autobio)
 Mother America
 I Am a Filpino
Carmen Guerero-Nakpil
 Prolific writer, Journalist, author,
historian, and public servant
 Ermita, Manila
 Came from a clan of painters,
poets, scientists, and doctors.
 Staff member, editor, columnist of
 The Evening News
 The Philippine Herald
 The Manila Chronicle
 The Manila Time
 Asia Magazine
 Malaya
 Awards:
 Gawad Pambansang Alagad
Ni Balagtas Award [GPAB] for
English Fiction from UMPIL
(1988)
 South East Asian Writers
Award [SEA WRITE] (1990)
 National Book Award for
Anthropology
* The Philippines: The Land and
the People
 Where’s the Patis?
 Narita M. Gonzales – compilation
of narratives by wives of well-
known literary figures
 Christina Pantoja Hidalgo –
Pinay: Autobiographical Narratives
by Women Writers (English)
 Rosario Torres Yu –
Sarilaysay: Tinig ng 20 Babae sa
Sariling Danas bilang Manunulat
(Tagalog)
 Playwright, writer, set designer
 Binondo, Manila
 8th of 10 offsprings
 Father: Gregorio Bañez
 Mother: Pax Mercado Lirag
 Founded & managed
Teatrong Mulat ng Pilipinas
 “The Great Dame of Southeast
Asian Children’s Theater”
 official UP’s children theater &
puppetry troupe.
 Professor Emeritus
English Professor
@ UP
 Lifetime Achievement Award
given by Pres. GMA
(July 7, 2005)
 Changes
Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo
 Writer, editor, teacher
 Started writing at the age of 15
 Philosophy @ UST
 Comparative Literature @ UP
 Written over 40 books
 Carlos Palanca Grand Prize
 Awards
 Gawad Balagtas
 Manila Critics Circle
 Palanca Award
 Director of the UP Press, UST
Publishing House, etc.
 Currently Director of UST Center
for Creative Writing and Literary
Studies
 Professor Emeritus @ UP
 Some Books are Forever
Nikki Alfar
 Contributing fiction writer for the
US-based e-zine Our Own Voice
 Core member of the LitCritters
Writing & Literary Criticism Group
 2 Palanca Awards
 1 National Book Award
 Citation in the International
Year’s Best Fantasy & Horror.
 The Stranded Star
 CONCEPTS LESSON #2:  Derivative words – words LESSON #6
formed by adding prefixes and
LESSON #1: Order of National Artists suffixes. VOCABULARY
(Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining)  Philippine Literature in the year 1. Anguish – pain or suffering
VOCABULARY: 2000 welcomed Filipino 2. Conception – idea of someone
1. Vanity – nonsense; no value  the highest national recognition women writers and works or something else like
2. History – past; something that accorded to Filipinos who made about woman 3. Culling – reducing or controlling
repeats itself noteworthy contributions to the  Narita M. Gonzales – 4. Desist – cease; refrain from
3. Prejudice – e.g. Showing advancement of Philippine arts. compilation of narratives by 5. Immensely – something
irrational dislike for someone  NCCA & CCP (Nat’l Commission wives of well-known literary big/huge
4. Tradition – passed from for Culture & Arts; Cultural Center figures 6. Indulgence – treating
generation to generation of the Philippines)  Pinay: Autobiographical someone/feeling something good
Narratives by Women 7. limpid – free/clear
Tradition (Likhaan Literary History – branch of literary Writers 8. Plumage – bird’s feathers
concerned with getting an overview of (Christina Pantoja Hidalgo) collectively
literary pieces and how they contribute to  Sarilaysay: Tinig ng 20 9. Pompous – pontifical; something
Work (likha) the bigger literary landscape. Babae sa Sariling Danas grand
bilang Manunulat 10. Sojourn – temporary stay
(Rosario Torres Yu)
Author (Lumikha) Reader  Elder Generation –  Creativity – one of the distinct
(kalikha) LESSON #3: Genoveva edroza Matute, characteristics of Filipinos.
aan Liwayway Arceo, Amelia
VOCABULARY  Creative Non-Fiction
1. Defiance – putting in opposition Lapena-Bonifacio
Text (nilikha)  simple, succinct, and
2. Frail – lacking even normal  Middle Generation –
accurate as a literary genre;
Fanny Garcia, Ruth Elynia
strength or force “true stories well told”
3. Glorious – extremely pleasant Mabanglo, Lualhati
 Author – person who wrote the piece. Bautista, Marra Pl. Lanot,  uses literary techniques to
4. Inheritor – heir give life pn real persons, etc
 Text – work that is at hand. 5. Vindication – gaining Lilia Quindoza-Santiago
* Analysis – makes sense of “how the  Third Generation – Joi  fastest growth of literary
justification or support. genre.
text was written”; entails that you have Barrios, Benilda Santos,
a grasp of the genres, conventions, etc Rebecca Anonuevo  Stands for both personal &
 Canonical Writers – voiced out their public history.
 Reader – YOU. The totality of a dreams through writing.
reader’s experiences affect how CRITIQUING AN ESSAY [C.O.C.S] * aka Literary Non-Fiction –
he/she reads. Content – appropriateness of topic encompasses travel writing,
 Archetype (archeim, logos) – nature writing, science writing,
* Interpretation – entails that you also introduced by Carl Gustav Jung, and its value to readers.
describe how you are affected as a Organization – how it was sports writing, research paper,
means “original pattern” autobiography etc.
reader by the text that you read. introduced/concluded; how it is
 The Family archetypes (Father,
Mother, Child) structured.
 Literary Tradition – body of work Correctness – grammar, punctuation, ELEMENTS OF CREATIVE NON-FICTION
 The Story Archetypes (Hero,  Personal Presence – person’s
done in the past; showcases history in format of the essay.
Maiden, Wise Old Man) ability to motivate themselves;
which it belongs. Style – tone and the use of sufficient
* Metaphysical Poets – for them, the challenge  The Innocent, The Explorer, The know whats going on, reach far
and appropriate variety; overall style of
is to tease out a certain truth about life from Rebel places, and go beyond
mundane objects.
the essay.
imagination.
* Imagists – paint a picture with fidelity so the LESSON #4:
LESSON #5:  Self-discovery & Self
message will come out.
Motivation – ability of a person to
 Intertextuality – principle that texts VOCABULARY: recognize his/her strengths &
VOCABULARY
gives life to each other; 1. Despedida – farewell/goodbye weaknesses.
interrelationship party 1. Cacophony – discordance.  Flexibility of Form – must see
 Jose Rizal’s El Filibusterismo 2. Hors d’oeuvres – small savory 2. Immense – boundless. the content and figure out the real
 Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo dish; appetizer 3. Inquisitive – curious. meaning and message of a
 Allusion – reference to something that 3. Consommé - soup literary piece
4. Infirm – weak.
4. Bouillabaisse – broth made by  Literary approaches – models
is outside of the text. 5. Chattered – talk rapidly
stewing meat, fish, or vegetables by which a writer presents their
5. Tournedos – fillet of beef * Change is inevitable. Nothing is topic or conveys ideas.
permanent in this world except change.

2
  Feminism – focus on
treatment of women
characters
 Formalism – focus on the
elements of a literary genre.
 Fictional Narrative – focus
on the development of plot;
gives attention to setting &
character because it is
important in building up
conflict or suspense.
 Veracity – truthfulness and
accuracy; convey or perceive
truth.
LESSON #7:
IDIOMS – group of words with meanings of
their own; different from the meaning of
each separate word.
EXERCISE: IDIOMS
1. Straight from a horse’s mouth
 came from a reliable person
2. Labor of love
 task one does without pay
3. Milestone to one’s life
 a very significant event in
one’s life
4. Tough act to follow
 an excellent performance that
could not be duplicated
5. Bear fruit
 produce results
SPECULATIVE FICTION
 asks and answers the question
“What if?”
 fantasy, science fiction, horror,
magical realism, surrealism
 a type of story that deals with
observations of human condition
but offers the experience through
a different lens (Dean Francis
Alfar, 2012)
 can teach, entertain, or provoke
thoughts.
 Can speak to us & challenge us
to see what tomorrow could be
like (Alfar & Alfar, 2013).
3
STORIES
1. THE EMPEROR’S NEW SONNET
By Jose Garcia-Villa
 republished by Penguin Classics in
2008)
 inspired by Hans Christian Andersen’s
The Emperor’s New Clothes.
 There was nothing written.
1. What distinguishes Jose Garcia-
Villa from other authors?
He is a non-conformist.
2. What is the “Emperor’s New
Clothes” by Hans Christian
Andersen about?
It is about an Emperor who was tricked
by 2 swindlers who pretended to sew
an invisible robe for him. The robe was
said to be visible to the people who
were fit for their position when in
reality, there was no robe at all.
3. Why did the people pretend to see
the clothes?
To hide their foolishness and prevent
themselves from looking stupid or unfit
4. Describe the academic or literary
scene during Villa’s “The Emperor’s
New Sonnet”
5. What could have led Villa to write
such work?
It could be his surrounding. Because
he wanted to correct how the society
was acting.
6. Who is being referred to as
“Emperor” in today?
People who think high of themselves;
the elites, people who are high in
power.
7. What is the reason for “Sonnet”
being the title?
 because of the measurement of a
sonnet. It made the poem more
intriguing.
8. What does the nakedness of the
Emperor signify? How can it be
related to the blank after Villa’s
work? How can it be related to
vanity?
That we are all equal. Through Villa’s
work, we all felt and saw the same
thing, we were all looking for
something that wasn’t there. We were
reminded that we are all indeed, equal,
regardless of our places and/or
positions in life. Vanity shouldn’t be
something promoted.
9. Is Villa’s reminder still relevant
nowadays? Do we still have
“Emperors” who would have “new
clothes” and “new sonnets” every
now and then?
Yes, because people are always about
rankings and statuses in life.
2. A EULOGY OF THE ROACHES
By Bienvenido Lumbera
 Discussed how roaches were so
blessed for:
 being the citizens who last
- having a daily fest laid for
them in rooms & kitchens
(they don’t need to sow nor
reap)
 they settle where they wish
(they have no rent to pay
and eviction is a
meaningless word to them)
 they don’t know dearth or
taxes, they just increase and
multiply.
 survival is assured even for
the jobless roach; his
opportunity pile up where
garbage throws.
 dying is brief & cheap. A
swift descent of pain is final
death.
 “their annals may be short
but when the simple poor
have starved to simple
death, roaches will circulate
in cupboards of the rich, the
wise, the dead”
3. PEDAGOGIC
By Cirilo Bautista
About someone who taught people
who were going through tough times.
 Setting: the poem was written
somewhere with many trees
during he early sunrise.
4. I AM A FILPINO
By Carlos P. Romulo
 Published in The Philippine
Herald (August 1941)
 explains national identity
through examination of the
Filipino’s ardent dream for
liberation from
colonization.
 2 Tasks:
 Meeting my responsibility to the
past
 Performing my obligation to the
future.
1. Explain the scenario.
for me the scenario of the essay
describes a Filipino of the present that
was brought back to the past. A
scenario of the past wherein brown-
skinned Malayan men were sailing in
their ships headed towards a new land
that they hope to be theirs’ and their
inheritors’ home.
“this land I received in trust from them
and in trust will pass it to my children,
and so on until the world is no more”
2. Describe the land the invaders
found.
the land consisted of hills, mountains,
and plains which had black and fertile
soil. Its forests were rich in wild life and
timber. There were also seas, rivers,
lakes, abounding with fish. Green and
purple colors were all over the place.
The land, in general, seemed
promising of a plentiful lifestyle ahead.
 Lapu-Lapu
 Lakandula vs. alien foe
 Diego Silang & Dagohoy vs. foreign
oppressor
 Jose Rizal @ Bagumbayan
 Bonifacio @ Balintawak
 Gregorio del Pilar @ Tirad Pass
 Antonio Luna @ Calumpit
 Emilio Aguinaldo @ Palanan (sad
heart)
 Manuel L. Quezon @ the threshold of
ancient Malacanang Palace --- in the
symbolic act of possession and racial
vindication.
 Seed buried @ Tomb of Tutankhamen
“My generation is but a stage in the
unending search of my people for
freedom and happiness”
3. What did the Filipino-inheritor
realize?
there are intangible things that we
have to fight for (like freedom &
independence) and sometimes these
intangible things are all that matters.
 Child of the Marriage of East & West
 
East (mother)
 languor & mysticism
 passivity & endurance
 eager participant in spirit
 struggles for liberation from the
imperialist yoke
 West (father)
 Cross, Sword, Machine
 vigorous people who destroyed
the peace & quiet that was once
ours.
4. How are we a child of the East?
Japan
5. How are we a child of the
West?
America, Spain
4
* 7,000 islands, 16 million people
* peasants in Pampanga
“I am a Filipino born to freedom, and I shall
not rest until freedom shall have been
added unto my inheritance – for myself and
my children and my children’s children –
forever”
6. What is the purpose of the
essay?
for me, the purpose of the essay
is to awaken and/or inspire
nationalism among Filipinos by
reminding them of their past and
responsibility to the future.
7. What is the tone or the emotion
revealed in the essay?
nationalistic with a sense of pride
& responsibility at the end.
8. Explain what this line means: “I
am a Filipino, child of the
marriage of the East and the
West”
Who we are now is a product of
our Eastern (Japan) and Western
(Spain & America) invaders.
9. What role did Carlos P. Romulo
play as a Filipino writer for us
to discover the real situation of
our country?
History teacher – re-educating
us and reminding us of the past
that we may have forgotten and
an Influencer – inspiring us to be
better and do better for the future
of our country.
10. What three important
realizations did you get from
the essay?
1) I was made aware of my
responsibility to the country,
to preserve our culture,
liberty, etc.
2) I learned to appreciate the
sacrifices of our ancestors
and value what I have today.
3) I realized how much I love
the country and how much I
am willing to be of service to
it.
5. Explain what makes a Filipino
always a Filipino.
5. WHERE’S THE PATIS?  His/her stomach. His/her
By Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil love for Filipino food.
 Travel has become the great Filipino
* Patis = Filipino cuisine.
dream but it becomes a nightmare
when the Filipino is deprived of Filipino
food/cuisine.
6. CHANGES
1. Give some changes that may By Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio
happen to Filipinos when they
travel 1. Why do you think the title
 They change clooks/outfits of the essay is changes?
(from barong to western  because it described the
suit), manners (hand-kissing different changes occurring in
& do you minds?) , ourselves and in our
surroundings.
language/accent.
2. Give 3 experiences of Pinoys 2. What were the sounds the
author heard as she
when they enter restaurants
abroad. looked at the sunflower?
 There is no rice, sinigang, or  there were no sounds, she just
a saucer of patis. imagined that there must be
sounds too quiet for the human
 Food were never even half
ear to even hear.
as good as what we have sa
Pinas.
3. Why do you think the
author gives significance
3. Give 2 discoveries of Pinoys
to the different sounds
about food in other countries.
that a human ear could
 Clear Consomme – was like
hear? What does she want
a soup we sip when we are
to tell the readers about
convalescing from “tifus” or
this?
“trancazo”
 change would be more evident
 Tomato soup is emetic
if we could hear it, She wants to
 Bouillabaisse – is like
make us aware of how change is
sinigang
happening all around us even if
Poulet – chicken
we can’t hear them.
 Fillet de sole – fish though
recognizable as neither 4. Explain what the author
lapu-lapu or apahap. wants the reader to learn
 Steak – which when thin- in her prayer to God?
sliced can be like tapa “Dear God, help us to see and
 He would like to suggest hear them and be aware of the
tapang usa or escargots
things around us…”
(snails), or even frog legs.
 the author wants us to be
aware of change and appreciate
4. Why do Filipinos look for
it and care for everyone, young or
Chinese food abroad? old, small or little.
 It is the closest thing to
Filpino cuisine.
 5. What does the author
want to share about
change?
 change is all around us and it
is inevitable.
6. Explain this line: “Oh!
How wonderful it is to see
the changes happening
around”
 change is beautiful, its
amazing. Its growth.
7. SOME BOOKS ARE
FOREVER
By Crisina Pantoja-Hidalgo
 Siliman Journal, July-Dec
2013
 5.
It was hard for her to let go
of books more than her
jewelry
 She was segregating books
this time, what to keep and
what to let go.
 Amador’s Dona Flor & Her
Two Husbands (Bangkok
1975)
 “There are poets for every
season and mood. It is
nearly impossible to part
with poetry”
 Italo Calvino’s
“Why I Read the Classics”
* “Heminway and
Ourselves”
* Ernest Hemingway
 Ending: she came up with a
pretty good argument to
keep here books by her side
for a little longer.
8. THE STRANDED STAR
By Nikki Alfar
 Nova – not so beautiful. Half
star, half human.
 Nova’s Mom – fallen star.
 Nova’s Father – took away
the wings.
 Young man – Nova’s
Soulmate.
1. What are the phrases
used to describe the
beauty of Nova’s mother?
“most beautiful”
“lovelier by far than waves on the
ocean or flowers or sunlight”
“everybody knew”
2. Compare the
characteristics of Nova
and her mother.
“not so radiant”
“brown hair, black eyes, skin as
glowing as most precious pearls”
“hardworking”
“sweet-natured”
“shy”
3. Discuss the incident that
brought about Nova’s
discover of the hidden
feathers.
Nova was teering atop a stool,
with a walis tingting, was trying to
reach the most stubborn
cobwebs hiding in the corners of
the ceiling. She nearly fell and
then clutched at the nearest to
steady herself when she felt
something large and bulky that
raised dust in a cloud and made
a whispery rustling sound.
4. What was the result of the
discovery of the hidden
feathers?
Her mother found out that it was
Nova’s father who stole her wings
that’s why she was trapped on
the ground.
5. What were the
perceptions of the stars
about men and how did
Nova change these
perceptions?
The stars believed all men were
liars while Nova was trying to
explain how plants, animals, and
men were not the same and that * Literature – mirror of the society.
even men were not the same as
one another. * Practical Criticism – unveils the real
message, allowing us to uncover the
6. Describe how Nova felt purpose, and differentiate good poems from
while she was with the bad poems; to establish a standard.
stars in heaven. LITERARY DEVICES
* she felt lonely and mas panget 1. Simile – use of ‘like’ and ‘as’
7. What decision did she “He cries like a baby”
make after assessing her
2. Metaphor – comparison but without
feelings? the use of ‘like’ and ‘as’
* she flew back to her father and
talked to him about why he lied. 3. Hyperbole – exaggeration
8. Mention some realizations 4. Personification – using human
that Nova and her father attributes to non-living things
had after their “the flowers were begging for water”
conversation.
Onomatopoeia – sounds
* her mother wasn’t happy, her “Tweet! Chirp! Arf Arf! Meow”
father loved her mother so much
(umiyak) 6. Irony – word to word (contrast)
“This is the beginning of the end”
9. Discuss the difference
between Nova’s father 7. Paradox – ideas to Ideas (contrast)
and the young man Nova “she loved her enough to let her go”
met at the pond.
8. Metonymy – linked term to stand in for
* the young man appeared with an object or concept
the wings 15 heads = 15 persons
10. How did Nova encourage
IMAGERY
the young man to be
honest with this words
VISUAL
and action?
OLFACTORY (smell)
* he approached him and talked
GUSTATORY (taste)
to him
AUDITORY
11. Explain how Nova solved
their problem and kept her ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
family intact.
1) Characters
* They became friends (parents)
2) Settings
and she visited both sides
3) Conflict
12. What were the realizations
4) Theme
of Nova that contributed
5) Plot
to the happy ending of her
- Exposition
love story?
- Rising Action
* she gained TRUST, the guy had
- Climax
a pure intention.
- Falling Action
- Denguement (Resolution)