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Experiment no. 4
Buffers
I. Introduction
A pH is used in everyday life as well as science and industry. It's used in
cooking (e.g., reacting baking powder and an acid to make baked goods rise), to
design cocktails, in cleaners, and in food preservation. It's important in pool
maintenance and water purification, agriculture, medicine, chemistry, engineering,
oceanography, biology, and other sciences.
A buffer is an aqueous solution that has a highly stable pH. If you add an
acid or a base to a buffered solution, its pH will not change significantly.
Similarly, adding water to a buffer or allowing water to evaporate will not change
the pH of a buffer.
A buffer is made by mixing a large volume of a weak acid or weak base
together with its conjugate. A weak acid and its conjugate base can remain in
solution without neutralizing each other. The same is true for a weak base and its
conjugate acid.
When hydrogen ions are added to a buffer, they will be neutralized by the
base in the buffer. Hydroxide ions will be neutralized by the acid. These
neutralization reactions will not have much effect on the overall pH of the buffer
solution.
A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands
for 'potential of Hydrogen'). A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as the
middle (neutral) point. Values below 7 indicate acidity which increases as the
number decreases, 1 being the most acidic. Values above 7 indicate alkalinity
which increases as the number increases, 14 being the most alkaline.
I.1 Objectives
These are the different things that the students will know after the experiment:
1. What are buffers and how they are being prepared.
2. The mechanism of buffering.
3. The different pH of different methods associated with buffers.
4. The changing of pH from the different methods being performed.
II. Flowchart
III. Data and Results
Following the given flowchart on Buffer experiment, we have listed the
difference of pH for each buffers named Buffer 1 and Buffer 2 with the outcome
on the different methods being performed. Figures shown below and table for the
overall result.
Table 1
Buffers
mL NaOH
mL NaOH
mL NaOH
Computed
pH with 3
pH with 3
pH with 3
indicators
indicators
NaCl and
pH paper
pH of 15
pH after
pH with
pH with
pH with
pH with
distilled
without
heating
heating
water
NaCl
mL
pH
pH
1 3.6 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4.5 4.5
2 8.0 8 7 8 8.5 8 8 8 8 10 11 12
Figure no. 3 pH with indicators of buffers Figure no. 4 pH of buffers with NaCl
Figure no. 7 pH of buffers without heating Figure no. 8 pH of buffers after heating
Buffer no. 1