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1 (2015) 075
ABSTRACT
Estimation of Darcy friction factor and pipe network analysis are essential ingredients in the design and
distribution of potable water. Common formulae for friction factors estimate include Colebrook-White, Moody,
Swamee and Jain, Barr, Haaland, Tsal and Wood formulae. Accuracy of pipe network analysis depends on Darcy
friction factor, but little is known on update of these formulae and their performance in developing countries.
In this paper, as a follow up on our previous studies, Oke (2007); Babatola et al. (2008) an overview and
performance evaluation of these formulae is presented using statistical methods (model of selection criterion
and statistical errors). Darcy Friction factor formulae were obtained from archive. These formulae were used to
estimate friction factors in pipes at various Reynolds number and relative roughness. Estimated friction factors
were evaluated statistically using absolute error, total error, mean error and model of selection criterion using
Colebrook-White friction factor as the reference friction factor. Colebrook-White was used as reference because
it is widely recommended formulae and has a wide range of Reynolds number. The study revealed that friction
factor in pipes varies with the formulae and varies from 0.0157 to 0.0727. In all cases Tsal formula has the
smallest friction factors. Based on the mean error, accuracy were in order of Newton Raphson > Prandtl and
Nikurdse > Zingrang and Sylvester > Serghide > Barr > Swamee and Jain > Eck > Haaland > Brkic > Wood >
Moody > Chen (1979) > Buzzelli > Sonnad and Goudar > Vatankhah and Kouchakzadeh > Monzon et al >
Churchill (1973)> Jain > Round > Manadilli > Evangleids et al > Avci Kargoz > Tsal > Churchill (1977) > Chen
(1985). It is concluded that Newton Raphson ; Prandtl and Nikurdse; Zingrang and Sylvester ; Serghide ; Barr;
Swamee and Jain; Eck ; Haaland ; Brkic ; Wood and Moody are first choice friction formulae based on the values
of model of selection criterion.
Keywords: Darcy Friction Factor, Pipe Flow, Statistical Methods, Darcy Friction Formulae.
(20)
è ø l = ê- 2 log10 ç
ê ç 3.77 D
-
Re ç
log10 ê - ílog10 çç + ÷ ýú
Re ÷øïþûú ÷ ÷ú
ë è è ëê 3.77 D Re îï è 3.77 D ø øû
The work by Prandtl and Nikurdse (1982) on Özger and Yıldırım (2009a and b) stated that the
smooth and artificially roughness pipes revealed other widely used explicit expressions for Darcy
equations (15 and 16) for smooth, turbulent and friction factor determination are Churchill (1973;
rough turbulent respectively. 1977), Jain (1976), Chen (1979; 1985), Manadilli
æR l ö (1997), Romeo et al. (2002); Sonnad and Goudar
1 (15)
= 2 log10 çç e ÷
÷
(2004; 2006). Equations (21 to 27) present these
l è 2.51 ø explicit expressions respectively.
Churchill (1973):
1 æ 3.7 D ö (16)
= 2 log10 ç ÷ æ æ
0.9
öö
l è k ø 1 ç ç æ k ö æç 7 ö÷ ÷ ÷ (21)
= -2ç log10 ç ç ÷+
The Swamee and Jain (1976) equation below is l ç ç è 3.71D ø çè (Re )÷ø ÷÷ ÷÷
used to solve directly for the Darcy-Weisbach è è øø
Darcy friction factor for a full-flowing circular Churchill (1977):
1
pipe. éæ ö12 ù 12
é ù 8 1 (22)
ê ú l = 8êçç ÷÷ + 3
ú
ê ú
êè Re ø (Bi + A ) ú
0.25 ë i 2 û
l = ê 2 ú or
êæ æ k 5.74 ö ö÷ ú 16
ç log
ê ç 10 ç ç + ÷ ú
0.9 ÷ ÷
è 3.7 D (Re ) ø ø
æ æ æ k ö æ 7 ö0.9 ö ö
ëê è ûú ç
= - 2.457 lnç ç ÷
Ai ÷ + ç ÷ ÷ (22a)
ç ç è 3.7 D ø çè Re ÷ø ÷ ÷
æ k 5.74 ö è è øø
l = -2 log10 çç + ÷
0.9 ÷
(17) 16
è 3. 7 D (Re ) ø Bi
æ 37530 ö
= çç ÷÷ (22b)
Like Swamee and Jain equation; Serghide (1984), è Re ø
Tsal(1989), and Zigrang and Sylester(1982)
equations are used to determine the Darcy- Jain (1976):
Weisbach Darcy friction factor for a full-flowing æ æ
0. 9
öö
circular pipe. Serghide (1984), Tsal(1989) , and 1 ç ç æ k ö æç 6.943 ö÷ ÷ ÷ (23)
= -2ç log10 ç ç ÷+ç
Zigrang and Sylester (1982) equations are as l ç ç è 3.715 D ø è Re ÷ø ÷÷ ÷÷
è è øø
follows (Mahendra, 2008):
Serghide (1984): Chen (1979):
-2 æ
2 æ æ 1 öæ k ö1.1098 æ 5.8506 ö ö ö ö÷
l
é
= êA -
(Bs - As ) ù (18)
1
l ç
ææ
= -2ç log10 ç ç
k ö æç 5.0452 ö÷
÷- log ç ç ÷ç ÷
ç è 3.7065 D ø çè Re ÷ø 10 ç è 2.8257 øè D ø
+ çç
è (Re )
÷÷÷
0.8981 ÷ ÷ ÷
ø ø ÷ø ø (24a)
ú è è è
266909000 0.031701 0.0584 0.0584 0.0585 0.0584 0.0300 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0501 0.0502
366909000 0.041701 0.0658 0.0658 0.0658 0.0658 0.0331 0.0659 0.0659 0.0659 0.0658 0.0659 0.0659 0.0584 0.0585
416909000 0.046701 0.0692 0.0692 0.0693 0.0692 0.0344 0.0693 0.0693 0.0693 0.0693 0.0693 0.0693 0.0622 0.0623
466909000 0.051701 0.0726 0.0726 0.0726 0.0726 0.0357 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727 0.0726 0.0727 0.0727 0.0658 0.0659
516909000 0.005679 0.0315 0.0315 0.0316 0.0315 0.0182 0.0316 0.0316 0.0316 0.0314 0.0316 0.0316 0.0692 0.0693
566909000 0.006179 0.0324 0.0324 0.0324 0.0324 0.0185 0.0324 0.0324 0.0324 0.0322 0.0324 0.0324 0.0725 0.0727
716909000 0.007679 0.0347 0.0347 0.0347 0.0347 0.0196 0.0347 0.0347 0.0347 0.0345 0.0347 0.0347 0.0332 0.0332
816909000 0.008679 0.0361 0.0361 0.0361 0.0361 0.0203 0.0362 0.0362 0.0362 0.0359 0.0362 0.0362 0.0347 0.0347
866909000 0.009179 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368 0.0206 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368 0.0366 0.0368 0.0368 0.0354 0.0355
Table 1: Estimated Darcy friction factor
Moody Wood Barr Prandtl and Swamee and Jain Serghide Tsal Zigrang and Haaland Brkic Eck Churchil Chen
Reynolds Number k/D
Nikurdse Sylvester (1977) (1985)
4000 0.000910 0.0402 0.0385 0.0401 0.0081 0.0405 0.0399 0.0069 0.0080 0.0400 0.0442 0.0425 0.0406 0.0399
9000 0.005910 0.0402 0.0385 0.0401 0.0081 0.0405 0.0399 0.0069 0.0080 0.0400 0.0442 0.0425 0.0411 0.0404
59000 0.010910 0.0333 0.0325 0.0332 0.0192 0.0333 0.0331 0.0043 0.0191 0.0325 0.0359 0.0338 0.0334 0.0332
159000 0.020910 0.0391 0.0402 0.0398 0.0390 0.0398 0.0396 0.0053 0.0388 0.0392 0.0400 0.0396 0.0398 0.0398
209000 0.025910 0.0433 0.0457 0.0451 0.0446 0.0451 0.0449 0.0067 0.0443 0.0445 0.0452 0.0450 0.0451 0.0451
259000 0.030910 0.0468 0.0506 0.0498 0.0495 0.0498 0.0497 0.0080 0.0491 0.0492 0.0498 0.0497 0.0498 0.0498
309000 0.035910 0.0498 0.0551 0.0541 0.0538 0.0541 0.0540 0.0092 0.0534 0.0535 0.0541 0.0540 0.0541 0.0541
359000 0.040910 0.0524 0.0594 0.0581 0.0579 0.0581 0.0580 0.0104 0.0574 0.0575 0.0581 0.0580 0.0580 0.0581
909000 0.014100 0.0570 0.0675 0.0655 0.0653 0.0655 0.0654 0.0125 0.0648 0.0648 0.0654 0.0653 0.0290 0.0290
1409000 0.019100 0.0367 0.0376 0.0368 0.0367 0.0368 0.0368 0.0045 0.0365 0.0365 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368 0.0368
1909000 0.024100 0.0416 0.0435 0.0428 0.0427 0.0428 0.0428 0.0061 0.0424 0.0424 0.0428 0.0427 0.0428 0.0428
2409000 0.029100 0.0454 0.0487 0.0478 0.0478 0.0478 0.0478 0.0075 0.0475 0.0474 0.0478 0.0478 0.0478 0.0478
2909000 0.034100 0.0486 0.0534 0.0523 0.0523 0.0523 0.0523 0.0087 0.0519 0.0518 0.0523 0.0523 0.0523 0.0523
3409000 0.039100 0.0514 0.0578 0.0565 0.0565 0.0565 0.0565 0.0099 0.0560 0.0560 0.0564 0.0564 0.0564 0.0565
3909000 0.044100 0.0539 0.0620 0.0604 0.0603 0.0604 0.0604 0.0111 0.0599 0.0598 0.0603 0.0603 0.0603 0.0604
4409000 0.049100 0.0562 0.0661 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0121 0.0635 0.0635 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640
9909000 0.010419 0.0602 0.0737 0.0710 0.0710 0.0710 0.0710 0.0142 0.0703 0.0703 0.0709 0.0709 0.0302 0.0303
10409000 0.010919 0.0376 0.0386 0.0378 0.0378 0.0378 0.0378 0.0048 0.0376 0.0375 0.0378 0.0378 0.0378 0.0378
10909000 0.011419 0.0381 0.0392 0.0384 0.0384 0.0384 0.0384 0.0049 0.0382 0.0381 0.0384 0.0384 0.0384 0.0384
11409000 0.011919 0.0386 0.0398 0.0391 0.0391 0.0391 0.0391 0.0051 0.0388 0.0387 0.0390 0.0390 0.0390 0.0391
11909000 0.012419 0.0391 0.0404 0.0397 0.0397 0.0397 0.0397 0.0053 0.0394 0.0393 0.0396 0.0396 0.0397 0.0397
12409000 0.012919 0.0396 0.0410 0.0403 0.0403 0.0403 0.0403 0.0054 0.0400 0.0399 0.0402 0.0402 0.0402 0.0403
12909000 0.013419 0.0401 0.0416 0.0409 0.0408 0.0409 0.0408 0.0056 0.0406 0.0405 0.0408 0.0408 0.0408 0.0409
13909000 0.014419 0.0410 0.0428 0.0420 0.0420 0.0420 0.0420 0.0059 0.0417 0.0416 0.0419 0.0419 0.0420 0.0420
14409000 0.014919 0.0414 0.0433 0.0425 0.0425 0.0425 0.0425 0.0060 0.0422 0.0421 0.0425 0.0425 0.0425 0.0425
14909000 0.015419 0.0418 0.0439 0.0431 0.0431 0.0431 0.0431 0.0062 0.0428 0.0427 0.0430 0.0430 0.0431 0.0431
15909000 0.016419 0.0427 0.0449 0.0441 0.0441 0.0441 0.0441 0.0064 0.0438 0.0437 0.0441 0.0441 0.0441 0.0441
16409000 0.016919 0.0431 0.0455 0.0447 0.0446 0.0447 0.0447 0.0066 0.0443 0.0442 0.0446 0.0446 0.0446 0.0447
16909000 0.006701 0.0434 0.0460 0.0452 0.0452 0.0452 0.0452 0.0067 0.0448 0.0448 0.0451 0.0451 0.0451 0.0452
66909000 0.011701 0.0438 0.0465 0.0457 0.0457 0.0457 0.0457 0.0069 0.0453 0.0453 0.0456 0.0456 0.0225 0.0225
116909000 0.016701 0.0336 0.0340 0.0333 0.0332 0.0333 0.0333 0.0037 0.0331 0.0329 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0333
166909000 0.021701 0.0394 0.0408 0.0400 0.0400 0.0400 0.0400 0.0053 0.0397 0.0396 0.0400 0.0400 0.0400 0.0400
216909000 0.026701 0.0437 0.0463 0.0454 0.0454 0.0454 0.0454 0.0068 0.0451 0.0450 0.0454 0.0454 0.0454 0.0454
Oke et al.: Performance Evaluation for Darcy Friction Factor Formulae
266909000 0.031701 0.0471 0.0512 0.0502 0.0502 0.0502 0.0502 0.0081 0.0498 0.0497 0.0501 0.0501 0.0502 0.0502
316909000 0.036701 0.0501 0.0558 0.0545 0.0545 0.0545 0.0545 0.0094 0.0541 0.0540 0.0544 0.0544 0.0545 0.0545
366909000 0.041701 0.0527 0.0600 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0105 0.0580 0.0580 0.0584 0.0584 0.0585 0.0585
416909000 0.046701 0.0551 0.0641 0.0623 0.0623 0.0623 0.0623 0.0116 0.0618 0.0617 0.0622 0.0622 0.0622 0.0623
466909000 0.051701 0.0573 0.0681 0.0659 0.0659 0.0659 0.0659 0.0127 0.0653 0.0653 0.0658 0.0658 0.0658 0.0659
516909000 0.005679 0.0593 0.0719 0.0693 0.0693 0.0693 0.0693 0.0137 0.0687 0.0687 0.0692 0.0692 0.0693 0.0693
566909000 0.006179 0.0611 0.0757 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727 0.0147 0.0720 0.0720 0.0726 0.0726 0.0307 0.0307
716909000 0.007679 0.0336 0.0340 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0036 0.0330 0.0329 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332
816909000 0.008679 0.0350 0.0355 0.0347 0.0347 0.0347 0.0347 0.0040 0.0345 0.0344 0.0347 0.0347 0.0347 0.0347
866909000 0.009179 0.0356 0.0362 0.0355 0.0355 0.0355 0.0355 0.0042 0.0352 0.0351 0.0354 0.0354 0.0354 0.0355
081
082 Oke et al.: Performance Evaluation for Darcy Friction Factor Formulae
Figure 1: Moody Chart for Darcy Friction Factor Estimate (Source: Moody, 1944; Babatola et al.,
2008)
Statistical Evaluations: The model of selection Barr, Prandtl and Nikurdse, Swamee and Jain ,
criterion (MSC) is interpreted as the proportion of Serghide, Tsal, Zigrang and Sylvester, Haaland;
expected data variation that can be explained by Churchill (1979); Jain; Chen (1983); Round;
the obtained data. It is well known that the higher AvciKargoz; Buzzelli; Sonnad and Goudar;
the value of MSC, the higher is the accuracy, Manadilli; Evangleids et al.; Vatankhah and
validity and the good fitness of the method. MSC Kouchakzadeh; Monzon et al.; Brkic; Eck;
can be computed using equation (35) (Oke, 2007) Churchil (1977) and Chen (1985) respectively.
as follows : These MSC values revealed that Darcy friction
n 2 factor formulae can be grouped into three.
å (Y obsi - Yobs ) 2p
Formulae with friction factor lower than
MSC = ln i =1
- (35) Colebrook –White (MSC value less than zero),
2
n n formulae with friction factor higher than
å (Y
i =1
obsi - Ycali ) Colebrook –White (MSC value greater than 1.5)
and formulae with friction factor closer to
Where; MSC is the model of selection criterion; n Colebrook –White (MSC value greater than zero
is the number of samples; p is the number of but less than 1.5).
parameters for MSC; Yobs is the mean calculated
Darcy friction factor for the Colebrook-White Total Error: The lower the value of total error,
model; Ycali is the calculated Darcy friction factor the higher is the accuracy, validity and good
for the models and Yobsi is the calculated Darcy fitness of the method. Total error (Err2) can be
friction factor for the Colebrook-White model computed using equation (36):
n 2
1.662; 4.381; 1.630; 1.683; -5.050; 4.325; 1.668; - Where; Err2 is total error ; Yobsi is observed value
0.42; - 0.040; -0.025; -0.042; -2.946; -0.025; -0.022; using Colebrook–White and Ycali is calculated
-0.023;; -0.029; -0.024; -0.024; 1.312; 1.476; -0.036 value using formular. Table 2 presents the values
and -0.025 for Newton Raphson, Moody, Wood, of total error for these equations.
Oke et al.: Performance Evaluation for Darcy Friction Factor Formulae 083
Absolute Error: The lower the value of absolute Mean Error: The lower the value of mean error
error the higher is the accuracy, validity and good the higher is the accuracy, validity and good
fitness of the method. Absolute error (AbErr) can fitness of the method. Mean error (MnErr) can be
be computed using equation (37): computed using equation (38):
n
n
AbErr = å (Y
i =1
obsi - Ycali ) (37)
å (Y
i =1
obsi - Ycali )
(38)
MnErr =
Where; AbErr is absolute error. Table 2 presents n
the values of absolute error for these equations.
Darcy friction Model of selection Total Mean Squared Root squared Absolute Mean Root
factor formulae criterion error error error error error error
Churchill -0.042 0.007 0.000 0.082 0.210 0.004 0.458
Where; MnErr is mean error. Table 2 presents the factor and their performance evaluation.
values of error for these equations. The study revealed that there are 25 Darcy
friction factor formulae which depend on
Root Squared Error: The lower the value of root Reynolds number and relative roughness.
squared error the higher the accuracy, validity and It can be concluded that accuracy of the
good fitness of the method. Root squared error formulae are in order of:
(RSErr) can be computed using equation (39): i. Newton Raphson > Prandtl and
Nikurdse > Zigrang and Sylvester >
n 2 Wood > Serghide > Haaland > Barr >
RSErr = å (Y
i =1
obsi - Ycali ) (39) Swamee and Jain > Eck > Brkic > Moody
> Sonnad and Goudar > Manadilli >
Where; RsErr is root squared error. Table 2 Monzon et al > Vatankhah and
presents the values of error for these equations. Kouchakzadeh > Chen (1985) based the
value model of selection criterion;
Root Absolute Error: The lower the value of ii. Newton Raphson > Prandtl and
root absolute error the higher the accuracy, validity Nikurdse > Zingrang and Sylvester >
and good fitness of the method. Root absolute Serghide > Barr > Swamee and Jain >
error (RabErr) can be computed using equation Eck > Haaland > Brkic > Wood >
(40): Moody > Chen (1979) > Buzzelli >
n
Sonnad and Goudar > Vatankhah and
RabErr = å (Y
i =1
obsi - Ycali ) (40) Kouchakzadeh > Monzon et al. >
Churchill > Jain > Round > Manadilli >
Evangleids et al. > Avci Kargoz > Tsal >
Where; RabErr is root squared error. Table 2 Churchill (1977) > Chen (1985) based on
presents the values of error for these equations. mean error; and
iii. Although, it might be argued that
Mean Squared Error: The lower the value of computation of friction factors using
mean squared error the higher the accuracy, these higher accuracy formulae might be
validity and good fitness of the method. Mean difficult, but availability of high speed
2
squared error (MnErr ) can be computed using computer and other devices have made it
equation (41): easier.
n 2