MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

UNIVERSITY OF WASIT
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MASTER OF WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC JUMP THROUGH

SPILLWAY

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Hydraulic jump:-
Hydraulic jump is defined as arise in the level of water in an open channel,
often designed to occur over dam spillways .
- Hydraulic jump occur when a liquid at high velocity discharges into a
zone that has a lower velocity .
- Hydraulic jump occur when a supercritical flow Fr > 1 encounters a
submerged object such as a dam or weir throwing the water upward
and changing the flow from a supercritical flow to a subcritical flow Fr
< 1 , which cause “a jump” .
- The slowing of the liquid leads to an increase in height that changes
the kinetic energy of the liquid into potential energy .
- Some of the energy is dissipated in the form of heat due to turbulence
.
- An advantage of hydraulic jump is the ability to dissipate energy in
dams, channels, and similar structures .
- A disadvantage of hydraulic jump is the downstream turbulence
which can cause erosion and degradation of channels .

Example diagram of hydraulic jump :

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Types of Jumps:
● Weak (Undular) Jump
- Low energy dissipation rate
- Smooth downstream water surface
● Oscillating Jump
- Irregular fluctuations of flow
- Causes turbulence downstream
● Steady Jump
- Jump forms steadily at same location and is well balanced
- Turbulence is confined within the jump
● Strong Jump
- Large change in depth of the water surface
- High energy dissipation rate

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 Hydraulic Jump Classification

Advantages:
- Dissipates the energy of water over a spillway
- Prevents scouring on the downstream side of the dam structure
- Traps air in the water
- Useful for removing wastes and pollution in the water
- Reverses the flow of water
- Can be used to mix chemicals for water purification
- Maintains a high water level on the downstream side
- Useful for irrigation purposes

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Disadvantages:
- Downstream turbulence can cause damage and degradation of channel
banks
- May cause erosion on hydraulic surfaces
- Undesirable condition for fish passage

Energy Dissipation:
- Hydraulic jumps are one of the most effective options in dissipating
energy over water structures
- Energy is dissipated in the form of heat
- Turbulent flow and secondary waves cause most of the energy dissipation
- Applying the conservation of momentum equation, the energy loss can be
calculated by:
ΔE = (y₂ - y₁)³ / (4y₁y₂)
Where:
y₁ = Flow depth at supercritical flow
y₂ = Flow depth at subcritical flow

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 Energy Loss Diagram

The diagram above illustrates a hydraulic jump and the energy loss from
E1 to E2. The supercritical depth (y1) jumps to
a larger depth, subcritical depth (y2), as the velocity decreases from V1 to
V2.

Applications:
● Industrial
- Hydraulic jumps are commonly designed by engineers to dissipate energy
below dam spillways,
weirs and outlets.
● Recreational
- Hydraulic jumps in rivers are often used for fun/sport by kayakers,
canoers, and rafters.

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Well-Known Hydraulic Jumps:
- Hoover Dam
- Crystal Rapid in Grand Canyon
- Cache la Poudre River Spillways
- Your sink

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Governing Equation for a Hydraulic Jump:

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 REFERENCES

- http://www.aboutcivil.org/hydraulic-jump-calculations-effects-
applications.html

- http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/4_Calculations/_Hydr
aulic_Jumps.htm

- http://www.aboutcivil.org/hydraulic-jump-calculations-effects-
applications.html

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