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Kinetic theory and the general gas equation
1 a Describe the changes that occur in the closeness and motion of the particles when:
i a gas changes to a liquid [4]
ii a solid changes to a liquid. [4]
b State the name given to each of the changes in part a. [2]
c What energy change occurs when:
i a gas changes to a liquid? [1]
ii a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below the boiling point of the liquid? [1]
2 a Under what conditions do the properties of an ideal gas differ from those of a real gas? [2]
b For the conditions you stated in part a, explain how an ideal gas would behave. [4]
c Explain why the properties of ideal gases differ from those of real gases. [5]
In questions 3 and 4 you will need to use the gas constant, R. You will find this value in Data sheet 1.
3 The relative molecular mass of a volatile liquid can be found by vaporising the liquid in a
gas syringe. 0.0750 g of a hydrocarbon vapour occupies 25.0 cm 3 at 77.0 °C. Atmospheric
pressure is 101.3 kPa.
a What is the value of the temperature in kelvins? [1]
b What is the atmospheric pressure in pascals? [1]
c What is the volume of the hydrocarbon vapour in m 3 ? [1]
d Use the general gas equation to calculate the relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon. [3]
4 A hydrocarbon with relative molecular mass 58.0 exists as a vapour at 100 °C and atmospheric
pressure 101 kPa. Under these conditions, 0.100 g of this hydrocarbon was present as vapour.
a Calculate the number of moles of the hydrocarbon. Give your answer to 3 significant
figures. [1]
b What is the value of the temperature in kelvins? [1]
c What is the atmospheric pressure in pascals? [1]
d What volume, in cm 3 , does this hydrocarbon occupy under these conditions? [4]
Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry 1
01
Worksheet 5.2
Giant structures
Giant metallic structures
1 A diagram of the structure of the metal sodium is shown below.
Using the diagram above, explain why metals are:
a good conductors of electricity [2]
b malleable and ductile. [2]
2 a Draw a diagram showing the particles in aluminium. [3]
b Use the diagram to explain why the melting point of sodium is less than that of aluminium. [3]
3 Potassium is a better electrical conductor than sodium. Explain why. [3]
Giant covalent structures
The diagrams below show the structures of diamond and graphite.
Use the diagrams and your knowledge of their structure to answer the following questions.
4 Explain why both diamond and graphite have high melting points. [2]
5 Explain why graphite is a good conductor of electricity whilst diamond is a poor conductor. [5]
6 a Why is graphite used in making shafts for squash racquets? [3]
b Why have graphite fishing rods sometimes proved to be dangerous accessories? [1]
7 a Explain why graphite is soft and slippery whilst diamond is the hardest natural substance. [4]
b Give one use each for graphite and diamond which depends on these properties, and
explain why it has this use.
i graphite [2]
ii diamond [2]
Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry 1
02
Worksheet 5.3
Bonding and structure 1
1 The structures of diamond and silicon dioxide are shown below.
a Of which type of structure are they examples? [1]
b Describe their physical properties and for each one explain it in terms of their structure:
i electrical conductivity [4]
ii melting point. [4]
c The diagram below shows a giant metallic structure.
i Use this diagram to explain the main features of metallic bonding. [3]
ii Explain why metals are good electrical conductors. [2]
iii Explain why, in general, metals have high melting points. [2]
iv Explain why metals are malleable and ductile. [2]
v Explain why potassium is a better electrical conductor than lithium. [4]
2 An incomplete drawing of the lattice of sodium chloride is shown below.
Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry
03
Worksheet 5.4
Bonding and structure 2
Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain the following statements.
1 The iodine atoms in iodine molecules are joined together by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds
are strong but iodine has low melting and a boiling points. [3]
2 Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon – they are allotropes.
a Diamond is hard but graphite is soft and slippery. [5]
b Diamond does not conduct electricity but graphite does. [3]
3 Hydrogen chloride is a gas at room temperature. [3]
4 a Iodine dissolves in hexane but not in water. [5]
b Sodium chloride is soluble in water but not in hexane. [5]
5 Sodium chloride does not conduct electricity when solid but is a good electrical conductor
when molten or in aqueous solution. [2]
6 Potassium has a lower melting point than sodium. [5]
7 Magnesium is a better electrical conductor than sodium. [4]
8 Metals are ductile. [2]
9 Neon can be liquefied at low temperatures. [4]
10 Ceramics such as aluminium oxide are used as furnace linings and as electrical insulators. [5]
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