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Kathmandu University
1 March 2010
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
• Presenter: Rebat Kumar Dhakal
Presentation outline
1. 1. System
2. 2. Systems theory
3. 3. Systems approach to
management
4. 4. General systems theory
5. 5. Social systems theory
1. SYSTEM
•Contamination
Health Effects
•Temperature related Pathways Impact
illness and death •Transmission
dynamics •Regional weather
•Air pollution related
change
•Water and food
•Heat waves
borne disease •Changes in agro-
•Vector borne disease •Extreme weather
-ecosystem hydrology •Temperature
and water shortage •Socio-economic •Precipitation
•Mental, nutritional and and demographic
other health effects disruption
Climate Change& Human Health. NYSoCC, 2008.
Ideas of Systems View
all phenomena can be viewed as a web
of relationships among elements.
.
A cross-sectional approach
deals with the interaction
between two system.
A developmental approach
deals with the changes in a
system over time.
Approaches to evaluating subsystems
A holistic approach examines the system as
a complete functioning unit.
A reductionist approach looks downward
and examines the subsystems within the
system.
The functionalist approach looks upward
from the system to examine the role it plays
in the larger system.
All three approaches recognize the existence
of subsystems operating within a larger
system.
Equilibrium
When all forces in a system are balanced to the
point where no change is occurring, the system
is said to be in a state of static equilibrium.
Dynamic (steady state) equilibrium exists when
the system components are in a state of change,
but at least one variable stays within a specified
range.
Homeostasis is the condition of dynamic
equilibrium between at least two system
variables. Kuhn (1974) states that all systems
tend toward equilibrium, and that a
prerequisite for the continuance of a system is
its ability to maintain a steady state.
SUMMING UP
The concept of system appears throughout the
social and natural sciences and has generated a
body of literature of its own (‘general systems
theory’). A system is any pattern of relationships
between elements, and is regarded as having
emergent properties of its own, over and above
the properties of its elements. The system is seen
as possessing an inherent tendency towards
equilibrium and the analysis of systems is the
analysis of the mechanisms which maintain
equilibrium, both internally and externally, in
relation to other systems.
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