Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Bruce J. MacFadden
Science 307, 1728 (2005);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1105458
If you wish to distribute this article to others, you can order high-quality copies for your
colleagues, clients, or customers by clicking here.
Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by
following the guidelines here.
Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright
2005 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a
registered trademark of AAAS.
PERSPECTIVES
from 12 patients with recessive dystrophic production of NC1 enhances the invasive- However, a therapeutic molecule that binds
epidermolysis bullosa. They show convinc- ness of transformed keratinocytes from nor- to the NC1 domain must block the molecu-
ingly that susceptibility to developing inva- mal individuals, and of keratinocytes from lar interactions required for tumor invasion
sive SCC, both clinically and experimen- patients with other skin diseases. A central while leaving intact those required for
tally, depends strictly on the retention of regulator of collagen VII expression is anchoring the epidermis to the dermis. We
part of the collagen VII protein. Keratin- transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) (7), are faced with a possible Pyrrhic victory as
ocytes from patients carrying mutations which enhances invasion and metastasis of we contemplate the epithelial-stromal inter-
that abrogate the deposition of collagen VII established squamous cell tumors and other face: perhaps winning the battle against
do not develop into invasive SCC, whereas epithelial neoplasms (8). The new work SCC but losing the battle against the disfig-
those from patients with mutations that suggests that the relationship between col- uring skin defects of dystrophic epidermol-
result in deposition of a crucial fragment of lagen VII and TGF-β is worth exploring fur- ysis bullosa.
collagen VII do become cancerous. ther. There are also two possible clinical
Collagen VII is produced primarily by applications of the current study. Attempts References
keratinocytes, with perhaps a small contri- to restore collagen VII locally using gene 1. S. Ortiz-Urda et al., Science 307, 1773 (2005).
2. L. Pulkkinen, J. Uitto, Matrix Biol. 18, 29 (1999).
bution from dermal fibroblasts. The colla- therapy in patients with dystrophic epider- 3. J. L. Arbiser et al., Mol. Med. 4, 191 (1998).
gen VII molecule has a characteristic cen- molysis bullosa are under active investiga- 4. J. L. Arbiser et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 788 (2004).
tral glycine-rich, triple-helical collagenous tion (9). The authors caution that for certain 5. M. Dajee et al., Nature 421, 639 (2003).
6. M. M. Mueller, N. E. Fusenig, Nature Rev. Cancer 4, 839
domain, with noncollagenous domains at its patients, restoration of collagen VII con- (2004).
amino and carboxyl ends. Keratinocytes taining the NC1 domain could increase their 7. M. J. Calonge, J. Seoane, J. Massague, J. Biol. Chem. 279,
from patients with mutations that specifi- risk of developing SCC, particularly in 23759 (2004).
cally leave intact the amino-terminal non- those who lack production of collagen VII. 8. A. B. Glick, Cancer Biol. Ther. 3, 276 (2004).
9. D. T. Woodley et al., Nature Med. 10, 693 (2004).
collagenous domain (NC1) of collagen VII, On the other hand, the good news is that the 10. J. R. McMillan, M. Akiyama, H. Shimizu, J. Dermatol. Sci.
and more specif ically the f ibronectin NC1 domain could be a therapeutic target 31, 169 (2003).
III–like repeats within the NC1 domain for treating invasive SCC and other cancers. 10.1126/science.1110346
(FNC1) that bind to laminin 5, developed
into invasive SCC. Furthermore, introduc- E VO L U T I O N
tion of either the NC1 or FNC1 domains
into patient keratinocytes deficient in colla-
gen VII restored a predisposition to tumori-
genesis, whereas introduction of NC1 with-
Fossil Horses—
out the f ibronectin repeats did not.
Interestingly, antibodies that specifically
recognized the FNC1 domain of collagen
Evidence for Evolution
VII either prevented tumor development or Bruce J. MacFadden
suppressed tumor invasion when adminis-
tered to mice with SCC tumors caused by homas Huxley, an early advocate of tion evidenced by fossil horses exemplify
Ras/IκB-transformed keratinocytes from
normal individuals. Invasion studies in vitro
confirmed the in vivo findings and further
T Darwinian evolution, visited the
United States in 1876 on a lecture tour.
Huxley had planned to talk about evidence
macroevolution.
The sequence from the Eocene “dawn
horse” eohippus to modern-day Equus has
revealed that interaction of FNC1 with for evolution based on a fragmentary been depicted in innumerable textbooks and
laminin 5 was required for the invasive phe- sequence of fossil horses from Europe. One natural history museum exhibits. In Marsh’s
notype to develop. of Huxley’s first stops was at Yale, where he time, horse phylogeny was thought to be lin-
What do these results tell us about epi- studied the fossil horse collection assembled ear (orthogenetic), implying a teleological
dermolysis bullosa and SCC? First, they by the paleontologist O. C. Marsh during destiny for descendant species to progres-
suggest an explanation for why chronic expeditions to the western territories. Huxley sively improve, culminating in modern-day
wounds seldom develop into SCC in patients was so taken with the definitive evidence Equus. Since the early 20th century, however,
with mutations in adhesion complex pro- provided by Marsh’s fossil horse collection paleontologists have understood that the pat-
teins that are closer to the epidermis (for that he used this evolutionary sequence as the tern of horse evolution is a more complex tree
example, laminin 5, hemidesmosomal pro- focal point for his subsequent talk to the New with numerous “side branches,” some leading
teins, and intermediate filament proteins). York Academy of Sciences (1). to extinct species and others leading to
Keratinocytes harboring such mutations Since the late 19th century, the 55-million- species closely related to Equus. This
lack an intact adhesion complex between the year (My) phylogeny of horses (Family branched family tree (see the figure) is no
NC1 domain of collagen VII and laminin 5 Equidae)—particularly from North America— longer explained in terms of predestined
and the hemidesmosomes. Hence, these ker- has been cited as definitive evidence of long- improvements, but rather in terms of random
atinocytes are not tethered to the dermis and term “quantum” evolution (2), now called genomic variations, natural selection, and
may not receive the stromal signals that they macroevolution. Macroevolution is the study long-term phenotypic changes (3).
would need to migrate to and invade the der- of higher level (species, genera, and above) The Equidae, a family within the odd-
mal layer. Laminin 5 is the ligand for α6β4 evolutionary patterns that occur on time toed ungulate Order Perissodactyla (which
integrin, a signaling receptor on the surface scales ranging from thousands to millions of includes rhinoceroses, tapirs, and other
of basal keratinocytes. Hence, interactions years. The speciation, diversification, adap- closely related extinct groups), consists of
between collagen VII and laminin 5 may be tations, rates of change, trends, and extinc- the single extant genus Equus. Depending
the conduit for stromal signals that direct the upon interpretation, it also includes several
migratory and invasive behaviors of epider- The author is in the Florida Museum of Natural
subgenera, 8 to 10 species, and numerous
mal tumors (6). History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, subspecies (4). On the basis of morphological
Ortiz-Urda et al. also show that boosting USA. E-mail: bmacfadd@flmnh.ufl.edu differences, Equus is separated into two or
Plio. Quat.
caballines (domesticated
horse, E. caballus); zebras
Equus
Onohippidium
(three species recognized);
Astrohippus
related species. Recent 5
studies of mitochondrial
Dinohippus
Nannippus
Pseudhipparion
Cormohipparion
DNA indicate two deep
Neohipparion
clades within Equus,
namely, the caballines and
Calippus
Protohippus
10
Sinohippus
the zebras/asses (5). These
Hipparion
Pliohippus
Miocene
deep clades split ~3 mil-
Merychippus I
Megahippus
Hypohippus
lion years ago (Ma) in
North America and subse- 15
quently dispersed into the
Archaeohippus
Parahippus
Old World. Equus became
extinct in the New World
Anchitherium
Merychippus II
~10,000 years ago, proba-
Kalobatippus
20
bly as a result of multiple
factors including climate
change and hunting by
Million years ago
Miohippus
Oligocene
Mesohippus
horse, E. caballus (some-
Haplohippus
52 Ma in North America and Europe (6). cally. They serve as objective evidence of (between 55 and 20 My) horses had short-
New genera have recently been proposed the macroevolution of the Equidae. Horse crowned teeth adapted for browsing on soft,
for the complex middle Miocene radiation teeth have undergone considerable changes leafy vegetation. During the later Miocene
(7), although the validity of these genera is over the past 55 My. The tempo of this mor- (between 20 and 15 Ma), horses underwent
still debated. phological evolution has sometimes been explosive adaptive diversification in tooth
Horse teeth frequently preserve as fos- slow and at other times rapid (2, 3). morphology. Shorter crowned browsers,
PHYSICS
Quantum mechanics has been highly
successful in predicting the structure of
Toward Creating atoms and molecules, giving birth to notions
such as quantum teleportation and quantum