•

•
• Incorporate into Roman History Notes.
•
•
• Latin Enjoyed Mint printing privileges post 1204 to 1453.p 916 cecile morrisson economic
history of byzantium
• increasingly became inflated moving towards the fall of constantinople by crusaders Trachy
1/184 in 1199.
• The first Troika in history.First loans of slavery to the west Anna of Savoy and John V a
loan at 5% over three years. It was a loan secured against the Crown jewels. The debt was
not repaid and the jewels remained in venice's possession until the fall of the empire. Also
gold was melted from church treasures tableware statues etc.
P942 Cecil morrisson from T bertele.
• Theophylaktos of Ohrid
• Nicolas oikonomides description the economy of byzantium is now seen as restraine by
the state in other words it was na economy hat functioned on the basis of the freedom of
transactions but in which the state intervened to prevent the excessive accumulation of
wealth , the suppression of the weakest and the exploitation of the citizens,. Where this
intervention is concerned the byxantine state was substantially different from the medieval
states of western europe,, which functioned under an effective system of decentralisation

Emperors Scrutiny 694 Emperor justinian 2 tortured or interrogated? Rich men and tax men to
increase state revenue according to Theodotus logothete of the genikon.
Emperor Nikephorus conceived to have rich farmers offset poor farmers so to ensure obligatio nwas
meant as a collective. P983 nicolas oikonomides

• Assumption that Kommerkiarioi was privatised temporarily until Isaurian Emperors

where it was incorporated into the state.Oikonomides makes no references.

• LEO IV Tax 1/12 Nomisma for each Nomisa of tax up to maximum of 9 nomisma per tax
payer. 24% Tax. 1/12 increment a basic tax rate introduced by Nikephorus I.

• Actes De lavra case of a farmer taxed at a rate of 1/24. p997 oikonomides.

•
• Rental Properties Miletos Prakikton of 1073 . Rental Yield 12/120 or 1/10th of land value.

• Tax on farmer approx 18-22%. sympatheia given as tax relief for varying circumstances.

• Paroikoi . CF Lefort speaks about a growing aristocracy in Rural Economy page 1006
Byzantine Economy. Exaggerated. Perhaps is only part of Basil 2 policy to increase assets of
state. State land given to people to farm.
• Peri Basileiou Taxeos. More accurate to speak of a concession or for consideration of titles
and official positions rather than the sales of offices.. emperors usually granted titles for free
in exchange of a reward promotion to a higher title. It was not a profitable office. Eg annual
Roga.
Roman Conception of Property. Not merchantilism. No slave markets.

CASE 114: Through Whom Do We Acquire?

Gaius, Institutiones 2.86–87

• (Gaius in the second book of his Institutes)

• (86) Moreover, we acquire (ownership of property) not only through ourselves but also
through those whom we have in our potestas, manus, or charge (mancipium). The same is
true for those slaves whose usufruct we have, as well as for free persons and slaves
belonging to others if we possess them in good faith. . . . (87) So whatever our children-in-
power and slaves take through formal conveyance or handover, or whatever they stipulate
for or acquire on any basis whatsoever, becomes our property. For a person in our power can
own no property of his own. For this reason, if he (our son-in-power or slave) is appointed
heir (by a third party), he cannot accept the inheritance unless we order him to do so, and if
he accepts an inheritance upon our order, the inheritance becomes our property just as if we
had been appointed heirs ourselves. In consequence, a legacy of course also accrues to us
through them.

Property law or family law peculium a real legal designation to describe what is within your
jurisdiction and power. Notice that a child is not the commodity of the state .

Obligation ties bonds within family Nucleus providing natural , and jus by nature of things,
safeguards against encroachments of state intervention and progressive ideologies.

Protection of sons to debt. Slaves also protected under family unit

Family a Unit protected by law. Conditions under peculium in administration. Father must
grant this to son and slave.
Ulpian says (D. 15.1.7.1): “It is otherwise with the free administration of a peculium, since this
must be expressly granted.” Ulpian here refers to what is usually the most generous form of
authorization, called “free” or “full administration” (liberaorplena administratio); for adult children
or slaves, this was also probably the most common grant. What does Paul mean by “everything he
would have permitted in particular cases”?

• Grant of free administration does not allow license for son to squander money so loans of
repayment are null and void.

(
.Why Can the PaterDeduct?This is a far more difficult issue. Before the value of a peculium is
assessed for judicial purposes, the pater can deduct debts owed to him or his other slaves

What a tutorhas done in good faith is deemed valid

• scaevola and pomponius sources to consider.

When a person has in his power a son and through him a grandson, it is his free choice whether to
release the son from power while retaining the grandson in power; or, conversely, to retain the son
in power but free the grandson; or to make all of them sui iuris. And we understand the same rules
to apply to a greatgrandson.
1.The Process. Emancipation begins in the same way as the ordinary adoption process (Case 149):
for a son, three fictional sales are used to break patria potestas; and for all other children-in-power,
one sale (Gaius, Inst. 1.132; Tit. Ulp. 10.1). Unfortunately, the text of Gaius breaks off just before
describing the next step, but it can be restored: the child is remancipated to the pater, who carries
out a third manumission that makes the child a free sui iuris Roman. For emancipation, there seems
to be no participation by any government official. Was that wise?

emancipation of son.

Euthymios the Younger

Works of St , The Vita.