Search: ASCE 7, AISC 360, and The Direct Analysis Method in The RAM Structural System

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 RAM | STAAD Wiki ASCE 7, AISC 360, and the Direct Analysis Method in
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 RAM Concept
 RAM Connection The RAM Structural System contains several powerful features to assist in the
 RAM Elements analysis and design of steel members in conformance with the International
 RAM SBeam Building Code. That code specifes that designs conform to the requirements of
 RAM Structural System ASCE 7 and AISC 360. This document provides a detailed outline of the steps to
 Known Issues in Ram take to obtain valid designs. The references in the document are based on the
Structural System
 RAM Structural System - requirements of ASCE 7-05 and AISC 360-05 which are referenced by IBC 2009,
Feature Articles with references to ASCE 7-10 and AISC 360-10 shown in square brackets [] if the
 RAM Structural System reference is different. Specifcally, references to Sections and Equations listed
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below refer to ASCE 7-05 unless explicitly stated otherwise.
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 RAM Structural System ASCE 7 gives requirements for the determination of loads and load combinations,
- General Topics and the resulting drifts and stability. AISC 360 gives requirements for the analysis
 RAM Structural System and design of steel structures. One method of obtaining a valid analysis is referred
- RAM Concrete
to as the Direct Analysis Method and is given in Chapter C in AISC 360-10. It is
 RAM Structural System
- RAM Foundation generally preferred to employ the Direct Analysis Method for moment frames in the
 RAM Structural System RAM Structural System. On the other hand, it is recommended that the Direct
- RAM Frame
Analysis Method not be used for Braced Frames unless explicitly required by
ASCE 7, AISC 360,
and the Direct Section C2.2 of AISC 360-05 when the ratio of second-order drift to frst-order drift
Analysis Method in is greater than 1.5 (this is very unusual for a braced frame); the Effective Length
the RAM Structural
System Method, given in Appendix 7.2, “Effective Length Method”, in AISC 360-10 is
CoreBrace Buckling preferred for braced frames. This recommendation is made because it is easier to
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ASCE 7, AISC 360, and the Direct Analysis Method in the RAM Structural System - RAM | STAAD Wiki - RAM | STAAD - Bentley Communities
Restrained Braces apply the requirements of the Effective Length Method than those of the Direct
Earth Pressure in Analysis Method to braced frames, since K is almost always equal to one for
RAM Structural
System braced frames anyway.
Missing Load Cases
from Generated It is important to recognize that the Direct Analysis Method is not a single
RAM Frame Load
Combinations prescribed analysis technique, but is rather a methodology consisting of a set of
Program Crash after requirements that affect criteria, member stiffness, analysis methodology, loads
Changing Beam and load combinations. The general steps outlined below are not unique to RAM
Size in View/Update
Dialog in RAM Frame but would be required in order to obtain valid designs with any software.
Frame - Steel Mode
RAM Frame - The program has implemented a robust and practical approach to the Direct
Additional Lateral
Restraint Analysis Method. This document is intended for use when the Direct Analysis
 RAM Frame - Method is to be employed, not when the Effective Length Method is to be
Building and Frame employed.
Story Shear
RAM Frame - Center
of Rigidity This document is not intended to be a comprehensive outline of all necessary
RAM Frame - actions and criteria settings, such as diaphragm settings, fange bracing, reduced
Criteria - B1 & B2
beam sections (RBS) if applicable, joints, etc. Its purpose is to outline one possible
 RAM Frame - workfow, highlighting productivity-enhancing features available to aid in producing
Criteria -
Diaphragms designs that conform to the requirements of the code.
RAM Frame -
Diaphragm
After the model has been created and the gravity designs performed in RAM Steel,
Constraints and
Gravity Forces in perform the following steps in RAM Frame.
Shear Walls
RAM Frame - DXF
Step 1
RAM Frame -
Dynamic Analysis
FAQ Create the Wind and Seismic Loads for the drift analysis using the Loads – Load
RAM Frame - Cases command. It is recommended that the labels given to these load cases
Eigenvalue Error
clearly identifes that these are the drift load cases. For the Seismic load cases
[TN]
when using the seismic load generator, select “Drift” for the “Provisions for” option,
 RAM Frame - Load
Cases and select Use Calculated T for T for the Structure Period (unless there is a reason
RAM Frame - that you need or want to use some other value).
Masses
RAM Frame -
Notional Loads
RAM Frame -
Overlapping Node
Numbers in Plan
View
RAM Frame - Rigid
Diaphragm
Constraints and
Frame Shear [TN]
RAM Frame - Rigid
End Zone
assumptions
RAM Frame -
Second Order
Effects with BS
5950-1:2000
RAM Frame -
Seismic Loads
[FAQ]

 RAM Frame - Steel
Standard and
Seismic Provisions
R values are given in Table 12.2-1. In the calculation of Ta per Eq. (12.8-7) a value
RAM Frame -
for Ct of 0.028 is generally appropriate for steel moment frames. Also note that the
Tension Only [FAQ]
RAM Frame - Wind alternate equation, Ta = 0.1N, given by Eq. (12.8-8) is also permitted.
Loads [FAQ]
RAM Frame For the Wind load case when using the wind load generator, select Use Calculated
Analysis Stalls
n for Natural Frequency:
RAM Frame
Numbers
RAM Frame P-Delta
[TN]
 RAM Frame
Troubleshooting
[TN]
RAM Frame Wall
Groups FAQ
RAM Instability In
Finite Element
Analysis [TN]
RAM Meshing and
Segmentation [TN]
RAMSS Truss
Modeling And
Design [TN]
Red Status Lights for
Lateral Load Cases
in RAM Frame

- RAM Modeler
- RAM Steel
It is also recommended, although not necessary, to create an Eigen Solution
 RAM Structural System Dynamic load case so that the building mode shapes are available for viewing. If
Tutorial
 What is RAM
not explicitly created the program will internally create the eigen solution dynamic
DataAccess? [TN] load case in order to calculate the building periods, necessary for the generation of
RAM Structural System the wind and seismic story forces, but the mode shapes will not be available for
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viewing. Therefore it is recommended that the eigen solution load case be explicitly
 Scenario Services created. Note that if the initial sizes assigned to the frames are too small the eigen
 STAAD Advanced Concrete solution analysis will not converge. Make sure that reasonable initial sizes have
Design
 STAAD Foundation Advanced been assigned before the analysis is performed.
 STAAD Planwin
 STAAD(X) Tower Step 2
 STAAD.offshore
 STAAD.Pro Select the P-Delta criteria using the Criteria – General command. Generally the
 Structural Analysis Support most preferred option is the Use Gravity Loads option. The scale factors should be
Solutions
those associated with the load combination most likely to govern for the lateral
 Structural Dashboard columns. For example, since the seismic or wind loads are likely to control the
 Structural Enterprise designs, the strength design combinations 4 or 5 of Section 2.3.2 are likely to
Structural Synchronizer Links
control. In those combinations the factor on Dead Load is 1.2 and the factor on
 Seminars and Events Live Load is either 0.5 or 1.0, as specifed by Exception 1. These factors on P-
 Webinars Delta will be conservative for the uplift combinations 6 and 7, but P-Delta isn’t an
issue for those combinations anyway. Conservatively the factors of 1.2 and 1.6 per

combination 2 could be used, guaranteeing that the worst P-Delta condition is
Questions about this article, covered for all combinations. Note that these should be ultimate factors even if
topic, or product? Click
here. ASD will be used in design of the members so that the P-Delta analysis will be
performed at an ultimate level, which is necessary for the principle of superposition
of load cases to be valid. Also note that these are not the factors that will be used
in the load combinations for design, these are merely the factors used to calculate
the ultimate gravity loads used in the P-Delta analysis technique.
At this point do not select the Use Reduced Stiffness for Steel Members option for
AISC 360. In the calculation of building periods and story drifts the unreduced
stiffnesses should be used. The analysis using the reduced stiffnesses is only
applicable to the member forces used for member design. The reason for this is
that the reduced stiffnesses do not represent the real stiffness of the building, they
are used to exaggerate the member forces used for design; this is a way of
approximating the local effects of both member out-of-straightness and residual
stresses. If all of the members were aligned such that their out-of-straightness and
their residual stresses caused the building to sway in the same direction, then the
analysis with reduced stiffness would be the correct one for calculating
frequencies, drifts, etc. However, throughout the building they are randomly
aligned, more or less cancelling each other out so that at the global level they have
little impact on the frequencies, drifts, etc., of the entire structure. Again, the use of
the reduced stiffness is an attempt to capture local (member) conditions, not global
(structure) conditions. So in order to get the correct building periods and story drifts
the reduced stiffnesses should not be used at this time.
Note that if the initial sizes assigned to the frames are too small the structure will be
unstable and the P-Delta analysis will fail. Make sure that reasonable initial sizes
have been assigned before the analysis is performed.
As necessary, specify all other pertinent criteria items in the Criteria menu, assign
pertinent properties using the commands in the Assign menu, and verify and
specify the appropriate values and options for loads and masses in the Loads
menu.
Step 3
Analyze the structure, selecting the gravity-, seismic drift-, wind-, and eigen solution
load cases.
Review the Loads and Applied Forces report for accuracy and reasonableness.
Verify that the specifed criteria and input values are correct.
It is highly recommended that you view the mode shapes and defected shapes.
This will help identify some modeling errors, or indicate a structure that is not well-
defned. View the defected shapes using the Process – Results – Defected
Shapes command. Make any necessary model changes (e.g., fxities, diaphragm
thickness and properties, etc.) to correct the error conditions that may have been
exposed by looking at these results. Review the Periods and Modes report; if the
%Mass values listed for all direction components for the frst mode are 0.00, this
indicates that some member/element (such as an individual beam, an out-of-plane
wall or column, or a diaphragm) is producing the frst mode results. The model
must be corrected so that these values are valid in order to obtain the correct
building period results.
To view the mode shapes invoke the Process – Results – Mode Shapes
command. With Mode Number 1 selected, begin the animation by clicking on the
Start button. To end the animation, click on the Stop button. To view each of the
other mode shapes select the Mode Number and repeat. In a regular, well-
proportioned structure with orthogonal frames the frst mode shape will usually be a
translational mode, in either the X- or Y-direction, the second mode will usually be
a translational mode in the orthogonal direction to the frst mode, and the third
mode will usually be a rotational mode. If any diaphragms have been defned as
Semi-rigid, turn on the deck mesh view by selecting the Display Semirigid
Diaphragms option on the Semirigid Diaphragms tab in the View – Members
command. If extreme out-of-plane displacements of the diaphragm appear when
the mode shapes are displayed this probably indicates that the diaphragm
properties or options need to be modifed to eliminate these diaphragm modes
(that almost certainly don’t exist in reality); the discussion of this problem is beyond
the scope of this wiki.
If it has not already been done, assign Frame Numbers to the various frames using
the Assign – Frame Numbers command. This will be helpful when viewing some
reports.
Step 4
Check Seismic drift. Section 12.12.1 limits the design story drift, D, to the
appropriate Da value listed in Table 12.12-1, except for moment frames in Seismic
Design Categories D through F the design story drift, D, shall not exceed Da/r.
Note that the Da values listed in the table are story drifts (e.g., 0.020hsx), and that
the coeffcients (e.g., 0.020) are the story drift ratios (which is simply the story drift
divided by the story height, hsx). Drift values can be obtained using the Process –
Results – Drift at a Point command and clicking on any point on a foor plan or
the Process – Results – Drift at Control Points command by inputting the
coordinates for up to four key locations on the plan, typically the four corners. The
resulting Drift report lists the displacements, story drifts, and drift ratios. These
defections are the elastic defections, or dxe defned in Section 12.8.6. The design
defections are then given by Eq. (12.8-15):
Cd is the Defection Amplifcation Factor given in Table 12.2-1 and I is the seismic
Importance Factor given in Section 11.5.1 [Ie in Table 1.5-2 of ASCE 7-10].
Rather than factoring the elastic defections in this way, calculating story drifts, and
then comparing against the allowable story drift values in Table 12.12-1, a practical
approach is to take the applicable coeffcient (the story drift ratio) value from the
table and modify it so that it can be compared directly with the drift ratio values
listed in the Drift report:
Maximum Allowable Drift Ratio = (Coeffcient)(I)/Cd
For example, a building four stories tall or less in Occupancy Category II has an
Allowable Story Drift of 0.025h sx, which means that the allowable story drift ratio is
0.025, Cd = 5.5 for a steel special moment frame, and I = 1.00 for Occupancy
Category II [“Occupancy Category” is referred to as “Risk Category” in ASCE 7-10].
The Maximum Allowable Drift Ratio can then be computed as:
Maximum Allowable Drift Ratio = (Coeffcient)(I)/Cd = 0.025(1.00)/5.5 =

0.00455 for this example
This limiting value can then be compared directly with the Drift Ratio values listed in
the Drift report:
Limits on Wind drift can similarly be calculated and compared against these values
for the Wind load cases (no explicit limits for wind drift are given in ASCE 7).
If the drift ratios exceed the allowable, the member sizes should be adjusted or new
frames added as necessary and Steps 3 and 4 repeated until satisfactory drift
ratios are obtained.
This report is also useful in determining the presence of torsional irregularity and
the need for amplifcation of accidental torsional moment as required in Section
12.8.4.3. This should be checked before proceeding. If necessary, the %
Eccentricity value (which is applied to all stories) or Eccen X or Eccen Y (for each
story individually) specifed in the Loads – Masses command can be modifed to
satisfy this requirement, and the model reanalyzed.
Step 5
Calculate and determine the acceptability of the Stability Coeffcient. Section 12.8.7
specifes a maximum allowable stability coeffcient, qmax, given by Eq. (12.8-17). To
determine conformance to this requirement the ASCE 7 Stability Coeffcients report

lists the values of q and qmax at each story for each seismic load case. This report
is available using the Reports – ASCE 7 Stability Coeffcients command. Specify
Cd (given in Table 12.2-1) for each direction; the ratio of shear demand to shear
capacity for the story, b, which can be conservatively taken as 1.0; and the Seismic
Importance Factor, I, given in Section 11.5.1 [Ie in Table 1.5-2 in ASCE 7-10]:
Section 12.8.7 indicates that when the analysis includes the P-Delta effects, the
value of q/(1+q), rather than q, may be compared against qmax. The report gives
both values, but if P-Delta was included in the analysis use the q/(1+q) values:
If the Stability Coeffcient exceeds the maximum allowable, qmax, at any level for
any seismic load combination, the member sizes must be adjusted or new frames
added as necessary, and Steps 3 through 5 repeated until satisfactory stability

coeffcient values are obtained. [Note: if b was conservatively assumed to be 1.0, it
may be worth the effort to calculate a more precise value of b in order to get a
more correct (larger) value of qmax. The shear demand (the story shears) can be
obtained from the Building Story Shear report. The shear capacity of the story can
be obtained by manually summing up the column shear capacities for a steel
moment frame system, for example, by looking at the Member Code Check reports
for each of the columns; since column shear rarely if ever controls the design of
moment frame columns it will generally be found that the sum of the capacities is
substantially higher than the story shear. Hence b will be very small, and qmaxwill
be very large, capped by the maximum value of 0.25; this will often be the case.
Shear capacities of concrete columns can similarly be obtained by looking at the
column design report in RAM Concrete Column.]
Section 12.8.7 also indicates that when the stability coeffcient, q, is less than or
equal to that given in Eq. (12.8-16), it is not necessary to include P-Delta effects in
the analysis. Note that this is only true for the analysis used to calculate drifts; the
Direct Analysis Method requires (despite what ASCE 7-05 says) that P-Delta
effects be included in the analysis if the design equations of AISC 360 are to be
used. Therefore it is suggested that P-Delta always be included in the analysis.
Step 6
Set criteria, create load cases and perform analysis for member design. In the
Criteria – General command, select the option to Use Reduced Stiffness for Steel
Members:
At this time select the option to set tb = 1.0. The validity of this decision will be
verifed in a later step, and the appropriate action will be indicated.
The wind and seismic load cases created previously were for the purpose of
checking drifts and stability, with the analysis based on the full member stiffnesses,
not the reduced stiffness required for the Direct Analysis Method. It is now
necessary to create new wind and seismic load cases that can be used for
member design. Because the stiffness reduction required for the Direct Analysis
Method would change the calculated building periods, it is necessary to assign the
building periods using those previously calculated, rather than allowing the
program to use these new calculated periods, in the generation of the wind and
seismic loads.
In the Loads – Load Cases command, add a new set of Seismic load cases.
Select “Member Forces” for the “Provisions for” option, and select Use T for T for
the Structure Period, and input the building periods:
[Note: For Seismic Design Category A it is not necessary to create this Seismic
Load case. For Seismic Design Category A the Provisions for Member Forces will
give the same results as the Provisions for Drift (the base shear is not a function of
the period, T), so the results from that analysis can be used in the subsequent
steps.]
As stated previously, it is generally felt that the building period used in the
calculation of the story forces should be the building period based on the
unreduced stiffness, not on the reduced stiffness required by the Direct Analysis
Method for analysis for member design. The period for the structure with the
unreduced stiffness can be obtained from the Loads and Applied Forces report:
In the Loads – Load Cases command, add a new set of Wind load cases. Select
Use n for the Natural Frequency and input the building frequencies. These can
be gotten from the Loads and Applied Forces report for the Wind load case
(and are the inverse of the building periods obtained from the Loads and Applied
Forces report for the Seismic load case):
In the Loads – Load Cases command create the AISC 360 Notional Load cases.
For now, specify 0.002 for the Fraction of Gravity Loads. The validity of this value
will be verifed in a later step:
In order to determine whether or not the Notional loads need to be included with all
load combination or just those load combinations that include Gravity loads it is
necessary to determine the ratio of second-order drift to frst-order drift. To do this,
temporarily turn off the P-Delta option in Criteria – General and perform an
Analyze. Print out the story drifts using the Process – Results – Drift at Control
Points command; this set of results is the frst-order story drifts. Then re-select the
P-Delta option in Criteria – General and perform Analyze again. Print out the story
drifts; this set of results is the second-order story drifts. From the values on these
two reports manually calculate the ratios of the Story Drifts, that is, the Story Drift
from the second-order results divided by the Story Drift from the frst-order results,
for each story at each location, for each load case (note that when investigating an
X-direction load case it is not necessary to calculate these ratios for the Y-
direction, and vice-versa). Determine the largest of any of these ratios. Note that
although it would be more thorough to perform these calculations on all of the
lateral load cases it is probably not necessary to do so; it is probably adequate to
merely perform these calculations on the Dead Load Notional load case, using that
as the representative load case.
Perform the Analysis. Select the Dead, Live, and Roof load cases and the new
Seismic, Wind and Notional load cases, but do not select the original seismic drift
or wind drift load cases.
Step 7
Specify Code, Load Combinations and Criteria for Design.
Go to the Steel – Standard Provisions module.
Select the desired AISC 360 steel design code.
In the Load Combination Generation dialog select the Code for Combinations.
Generally the IBC09/ASCE7-05 ASD or LRFD selection is appropriate.
The Live Load factor f1 is defined in IBC 2009 Section 1605.2 to be either 1.0
or 0.5; this is the same requirement as is given in ASCE 7 Section 2.3.2
Exception 1.
The Snow Factor f2 is defined in IBC 2009 Section 1605.2 for LRFD
combinations to be either 0.7 or 0.2; in ASCE 7 Section 2.3.2 it is merely listed
as 0.2. The Snow Factor f2 is defined in IBC 2009 Section 1605.3 for ASD
combinations to be either 0.75 or, in Exception 2 to be either 0.2 or 0.0; in
ASCE 7 Section 2.4.1 it is merely listed as 0.75.
The value of SDS can be obtained from the Loads and Applied Forces report,
and is used for the Vertical Seismic Load Effect as defined in Section
12.4.2.2.
The redundancy factor, r, is defined in Section 12.3.4. In some cases
determining this value may require creating and running separate models to
investigate the effect of removing elements. In ASCE 7-05 and later the value
of r is either 1.0 or 1.3; 1.3 may conservatively be used in any case.
For Notional Loads the option to Consider with Combinations containing only
gravity loads should be selected if the largest ratio of second-order drift over
first-order drift from Step 6 is less than 1.5, otherwise the option to Consider
with all Combinations in direction of lateral load should be selected:
Wind drift and seismic drift load cases, if any, should be deselected before the load
combinations are generated to avoid generating unnecessary combinations.
Generate the combinations.
Using the Criteria – B1 and B2 Factors command, select the Apply B1 Factors
option. This is to account for the small P-d effects, which are not accounted for in
the analysis. The B2 factors can be used in lieu of the P-Delta analysis (for moment
frames the value of RM should be 0.85 for AISC 360-05 or calculated from Eq. (A-
8-8) in AISC 360-10), but if the P-Delta option has been selected it is not necessary
to also apply the B2 factors:
Specify all necessary criteria items in the Criteria menu, and override the criteria on
a member-by-member basis if necessary using the assign commands in the Assign
menu. It is not necessary to specify or assign K-factors. When the Direct Analysis
method is used, the effective length factor, K, can be 1.0 for all members. That is
the value used automatically by RAM Frame when AISC 360 is selected as the
design code, and need not be specifed in the Criteria.
Step 8
Perform a Code Check using the Process – Member Code Check command.
Review the AISC 360 Direct Analysis Validation Report using the Reports – AISC
360 Direct Analysis Validation command. This report is extremely useful for
verifying the validity of the options and choices selected in the analysis and design:
Note the error message in red text in the REDUCED STIFFNESS section of the
report shown above. In this example, analysis shows that there are seven
members for which tb should be less than one, whereas in Step 6 the option to use
tb = 1.0 was selected. There are three options for rectifying this invalid analysis:
Option 1: Increase the size of the members for which the required tb is less
than 1.0, until the required tb is equal to 1.0. Only the member with the
smallest required tb is identifed on the report but in some cases it can be
deduced which are the other members that are likewise required to use a
smaller tb. Note that if some members have failed the Code Check just
performed, upsizing those members to sizes that adequately pass the code
check may eliminate the condition whereby some members require a tb less
than 1.0. This option may be advantageous if there are only a few members
whose size needs to be increased over that otherwise required, although it
may take some trial and error to determine which members to up-size.
Option 2: In the Criteria – General command in Analysis mode, select the

option to Use tb, and specify a value equal to the smallest required tb listed on
the report:
This is conservative, however, because it penalizes all members, not just

those that require a smaller tb. Its only advantage is that it is easy to do. As
the designs evolve it may be necessary to change the value specifed here.
Option 3: In the Loads – Load Cases command in Analysis mode, modify the
Notional Load cases to use 0.003, rather than 0.002, as the Fraction of
Gravity Load. If the notional loads were only included with the Gravity load
combinations, increasing the notional loads to 0.003Yi will not have any
impact on the member designs unless one of the gravity load combinations
controls the design (not likely); if the notional loads were included with all
combinations, increasing the notional loads to 0.003Yi will penalize all
members, not just those that require a smaller tb.
Also note the message in the Notional Loads section of the report shown above
that says, “Verify that Notional Loads do not need to be included with all
combinations”. This message will appear if the option to include notional loads only
with gravity combinations is selected and the option to use B2 factors is not
included. The verifcation was performed in Step 6, where the ratio of second-order
drift to frst-order drift was calculated. If the maximum value of that ratio is less than
1.5 it is not necessary to include the Notional Loads in all combinations. Note that if
the option to use B2 is selected rather than the option to perform a P-Delta analysis
(in which case it would not be necessary to manually calculate the ratios of
second-order drift to frst-order drift as directed in Step 6), the program will use the
largest B2 value as the ratio of second-order drift to frst-order drift (which is what
B2 represents) when determining the validity of the choice to include the Notional
loads only with the gravity combinations, and an error message will be given if that
choice is not valid.
In the report, text in blue indicates unnecessary (conservative and/or redundant)

selections, such as “Both P-Delta and B2 factors were applied. Only one or the
other is required” which would appear in the SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS section
of the report if both the P-Delta option and the B2 factors option were selected:
Text in red indicates erroneous selections, such as “ B1 factors were not applied”
which would appear if the B1 option was not selected:
In order to have a valid design based on the AISC 360 Direct Analysis method it is
necessary to make the necessary changes to eliminate all of the error messages
from the report. It is also recommended that the necessary changes are made to
eliminate all of the warnings listed in blue text.
Once the analysis and design options have been validated, verify the acceptability
of the member sizes by looking at the on-screen code check results (failing
members are shown in red) or the Member Code Checks Summary report, and
change the sizes as necessary. The Process – Member View/Update command
is very helpful in investigating and modifying sizes.
Similarly, perform a joint check using the Process – Joint Code Check command
and verify the acceptability of the doubler and stiffener plate requirements, and
change the sizes as necessary to eliminate doublers and stiffeners if desired. The
Process – Joint View/Update command is very helpful in investigating and
modifying sizes.
In Steel – Seismic Provisions mode:
Select and specify the code settings and load combination options and values,
consistent with those selected in Steel – Standard Provisions mode.
Assign the frame type (e.g., Special Moment Frame) to the frames using the
Assign – Frame Type command.
Specify all necessary criteria items in the Criteria menu, and override the
criteria on a member-by-member basis if necessary using the assign
commands in the Assign menu. It is not necessary to specify or assign K-
factors.
Perform a member code check using the Process – Member Code Check
command, and perform a joint code check using the Process – Joint Code
Check command.
Modify the sizes as necessary to satisfy the seismic requirements. The
Process – Member View/Update and the Process – Joint View/Update
commands are very helpful in investigating and modifying sizes.
Step 9
Repeat the above steps until acceptable designs are obtained. Since the selection
of proper sizes is an iterative process with trial member sizes increasing and
decreasing, it may require that some or all of the above steps be repeated,
including the investigation of drift.
Contact Allen Adams at allen.adams@bentley.com for comments or if you want to

discuss this further.
 RAM Frame  Direct Analysis Method  AISC 360  ASCE 7

Created by

Allen Adams
When:
Mon, Dec 19 2011 1:50 PM

Last revision by

Allen Adams
When:
Fri, Jul 17 2015 5:16 PM
Revisions:
14
Comments:
5
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Search: ASCE 7, AISC 360, and The Direct Analysis Method in The RAM Structural System

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Search: ASCE 7, AISC 360, and The Direct Analysis Method in The RAM Structural System

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ASCE 7, AISC 360, and the Direct Analysis Method in the RAM Structural System - RAM | STAAD Wiki

- RAM | STAAD - Bentley Communities

 Integrated Structural Modeling the RAM Structural System

 RAM Structural System

 RAM Structural System

 STAAD Foundation Advanced been assigned before the analysis is performed.

Maximum Allowable Drift Ratio = (Coeffcient)(I)/Cd

Maximum Allowable Drift Ratio = (Coeffcient)(I)/Cd = 0.025(1.00)/5.5 =

the Drift report:

determine conformance to this requirement the ASCE 7 Stability Coeffcients report

added as necessary, and Steps 3 through 5 repeated until satisfactory stability

Specify Code, Load Combinations and Criteria for Design.

Go to the Steel – Standard Provisions module.

Select the desired AISC 360 steel design code.

Generate the combinations.

Option 2: In the Criteria – General command in Analysis mode, select the

This is conservative, however, because it penalizes all members, not just

In the report, text in blue indicates unnecessary (conservative and/or redundant)

In Steel – Seismic Provisions mode:

Contact Allen Adams at allen.adams@bentley.com for comments or if you want to

 RAM Frame  Direct Analysis Method  AISC 360  ASCE 7

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