Activities to develop

In this activity, the group will have to solve some practical problems using
as a reference the following image.

Retrieved from: http://www.scientechworld.com/education-software-training-and-skill-

development/wireless-communication/understanding-wireless-sensor-network

Taking into account the image, solve the following problems:

1. If the signal frequency used to send the sensed parameters from

the water monitoring system to the reception point is 6 MHz. how
deep could the wireless transmitter be placed? How does the
water behave at this frequency? Find Υ, 𝑎, 𝛽, 𝜆 and 𝑣𝑝 . Explain how
these values could be used in the practice.

𝐶 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

1
𝐸𝑜 = ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚
36𝜋
𝑈𝑜 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
 𝑁𝑜 = 120𝑝𝑖 𝑜 377𝑜ℎ𝑚

Conductividad agua dulce 10−3

Permitividad agua dulce 𝐸𝑟 81

Permeabilidad Magnetica 𝑢𝑟 = 1

First, the following contasts are considered:

𝜇0 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚

𝜇𝑟 = 1

1
𝜖0 = ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚
36𝜋
𝜖𝑟 = 81

𝜎 = 10−3

The phase velocity 𝑣𝑝 is found in the following way:

1
𝑣𝑝 =
√𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟

1
𝑣𝑝 =
√(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (1) ∗ ( 1 ∗ 10−9 ) ∗ (81)
36𝜋

𝑣𝑝 = 33333333,3 𝑚/𝑠

The wavelength λ is found by finding the wave number k for 6MHz:

𝜔
𝑘=
𝑣𝑝

2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106
𝑘=
33333333,3
 𝑘 = 1,1309733

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝑘
2𝜋
𝜆=
1,1309733

𝜆 = 5,5𝑚

The propagation constant Υ is found by means of the tangent of losses

in the following way:
𝜎
tan 𝜕𝑐 =
𝜔𝜖
10−3
tan 𝜕𝑐 =
1
2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 ∗ (36𝜋 ∗ 10−9 ) ∗ (81)

tan 𝜕𝑐 = 0.03703703
𝜎
𝜖" =
𝜔
10−3
𝜖" =
2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106
𝜖" = 2.6525 ∗ 10−11

𝜖"
𝜖′ =
tan 𝜕𝑐

2.6525 ∗ 10−11
𝜖′ =
0.03703703
𝜖 ′ = 7.1619 ∗ 10−10

Υ = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑐
 Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (1) ∗ 7.1619 ∗ 10−10 − 𝑗2.6525 ∗ 10−11

Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (1) ∗ (7.1619 ∗ 10−10 − 𝑗2.6525 ∗ 10−11 )

Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √8.9999 ∗ 10−16 − 𝑗3.3332 ∗ 10−17 )

Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 ∗ (3.0004 ∗ 10−08 − 𝑗5.5544 ∗ 10−10 )

Υ = 0.02093 + 𝑗1.1311

Therefore α and β will be respectively:

𝛼 = 0.02093 Nep/m 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛

𝛽 = 1.1311 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑒

And the maximum depth of the transmitter in the water will be:

1
𝛿=
𝛽

1
𝛿=
1.1311
𝛿 = 0.884𝑚
3. In the buildings have an intrinsic impedance of 𝜼𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝛀 and the
signal has a power of 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑾/𝒎𝟐 . Fin the reflected and transmitted
power to the buildings.

Air impedance 𝑁1 = 120𝜋

Intrinsic impedance 𝑁2 = 300Ω

𝑁2 −𝑁1 300−120𝜋
Reflection coefficient r= = = −0.114 < 1800
𝑁2 +𝑁1 300+120𝜋

Reflectance R = |𝑟|2 = −0.1142 = 0.0129 = 1.29%

Transmittance T = 1 − 𝑅 = 1 − 1.29% = 98.71%

Reflected power |𝑃1 − | = 1.29% ∗ 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 = 1.29𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

Transmitted power |𝑃1 + | = 98.71% ∗ 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 = 98.71𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

Γ= Coeficiente de reflexiòn
N1 = 120 p Impedancia del aire
N2 = 300 Impedancia intrinsica
P= 100.00 mW/m2 Potencia
R= Reflactancia
T= Transmitancia
| P1- | = Potencia reflejada
| P1+ | = Potencia transmitida

N2 - N1 -76.99
Γ= =
N2 + N1 676.99

Γ= -0.114 < 180.00 °

R= | Γ |2 = 0.0129
R= 1.29% %

T= 1- R = 98.71%

| P1- | = 1.29% * 100.00 mW/m2 = 1.29 mW/m2

| P1+ | = 98.71% * 100.00 mW/m2 = 98.71 mW/m2