Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 12

Karim 1

Noah Karim

Dr. Guenzel

ENC 1102H

October 16, 2018

Research Dossier: Ethics, Automation and AI

Dossier Introduction

After learning and understanding new innovations such as drones and autonomous cars, and

studying the impacts they have on society, I decided to look into one particular innovation that piqued

my interest. My research pertains to the innovations of automation and artificial intelligence (AI). As

engineers, it's important that my colleagues and I understand the impact of our innovations.

Automation and AI have been debated topics in regards to the longevity of society as there has been

much research conducted under the disciplines of engineering and computer science. My research

focuses on the ethical concerns of automation and AI, specifically the beneficial and harmful effects on

unemployment, the change in worker skill sets, and international relations. Engineers and businesses

are responsible for the innovations seen today, so it is important to for those two groups to be aware of

the impact these innovations have around the globe. Nations are dynamic in terms of employment and

worker skill sets, as well as economic relations with other countries.

Initially, the research topic was unrefined and vague only pertaining to only the subtopics of

automation, morality and ethics. I developed a few research questions that lead to the inclusion of

researching the effects of automation on society which is where my research started. However, I

encountered obstacle in my research, a lack of resources pertaining to just automation. After expanding
Karim 2

my scope to include AI, a more current closely related topic to automation, I found several sources to

work from and my research progressed.

The sources found in my research help in several ways to achieve a middle ground, non-binary

stance on my topic ethics, automation, and AI. “Advances in Automation Prompt concern over Increased

U.S. Unemployment: Study / by the Staff of the U.S. General Accounting Office” (1982) provides the

background information about automation and changes it brought a few decades prior to the 21th

century. “The Ethics Of… The Automation Crisis” (2017) and “Top 9 ethical issues in artificial

intelligence” present the background knowledge to ethics and automation which will be bridged to AI. AI

is an extension or corollary of machine automation, it essentially is the insertion of decision making and

analysis into these machines. In addition, it is more relevant and currently debated. “The Risk of

Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries” (Arntz, M, et al, 2016), “Tech companies Should Stop

Pretending AI won’t Destroy Jobs (Lee, K, 2018), “This is the Hidden Risk of Automation that No One is

Talking About” (Hewitt, J, 2017) and “Risk of Unemployment In the AI Age” (Xinzhen,L, 2018) introduce

the effects that AI will have on unemployment and the future relationship the United States shares with

countries that conduct outsourced labor. This is one point that “Automation Creates More Jobs Than It

Eliminates” (Klie, L, 2014) and “Automation replaced 800,000 workers... then created 3.5 million new

jobs” (Ghafourifar A. & E, 2017) go into detail about the benefits of automation and AI. “8 Programs

Could Help Displaced Workers Adapt” (Nelson, R, 2017), “Will a Robot Revolution Lead to Mass

Unemployment?” (Mlot,S, 2014), “Why The Real AI Jobs Issue Isn't Unemployment” (Lieberman, M,

2018) and “AI is destroying more jobs than it creates what it means and how we can stop it” (Heath,

2014) bridge the two binary positions together to create a third point perspective of worker skill

adaptation and inclusion of automation and AI into jobs. This will be seen through counterclaims and

sections for further discussion and takeaways for the research paper.
Karim 3

Research Map

Research Question / Thesis

What are the ethical concerns of automation and AI?

Why are these concerns relevant?

Field Research / Internet / Library

7 Scholarly articles/ library sources

5 Internet sources

Keywords

Effects of automation

Engineering ethics

Automation projected job loss

Risks of automation

Ethics

AI and unemployment

Timetable

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturda


y

OCT 1 2 3 4 5 6
research Volunteerin
map Volunteerin g at
g at
Karim 4

Researc arboretum arboretum Family


h time Volleyball Research Reunion
Practice time

7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Volunteerin Volunteerin
Volleybal Progress CALC g at g at Go Home
l Practice report exam 2 arboretum arboretum
Volleyball Research
Practice time

14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volunteerin
Volleybal Researc g at Volunteerin
l Practice h time arboretum g at
arboretum
Volleyball Research
Practice time

21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Researc Volunteerin Volunteerin
Volleybal h time g at g at
l Practice arboretum arboretum
Volleyball Research
Practice time

28 29 30 31 NOV 1 2 3
Volunteerin Volunteerin
Volleybal CALC g at g at
l Practice exam 3 arboretum arboretum
Volleyball
Practice

4 5 6 7 workshop 8 Research 9 10
Researc draft time
Volleybal h time rhetorical Peer review
l Practice analysis workshop 2

11 12 13 14 15 Research 16 17
Researc time
h time
Karim 5

Volleybal Pitch ted Final draft


l Practice talk rhetorical
analysis

18 19 20 21 22 Research 23 24
time
Volleybal Worksho CALC Peer review
l Practice p draft 1 workshop
research Exam 4 draft 1
paper research
paper

25 26 27 28 29 Research 30 DEC 1
time
Volleybal Worksho Researc Workshop Final draft
l Practice p draft 2 h time draft 3 argumentativ
research research e research
paper paper paper

Workshop Peer review


draft self- workshop
assessment/ draft research
reflection paper

Peer-Review
Workshop
Draft Self-
Assessment
/Reflection

Ted student
lounge

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Volleybal Course Ted talks


l Practice evaluations
Karim 6

CALC
final
exam E-portfolio

Feedback to
research
presentation
s

FINAL
EXAM 7-
9:50

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31

Annotated Bibliography

“Advances in Automation Prompt concern over Increased U.S. Unemployment: Study / by the
Staff of the U.S. General Accounting Office.” (1982). [Washington, D.C.] : The
Office, 1982. Retrieved from:
https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=https://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgpr&AN=edsgpr.000150897&site=eds-
live&scope=site. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED219542.pdf

Content: “GAO performed a study of the impact of automation on employment because of


concerns expressed over this issue. Automation involves the use of electronic devices to reduce
the amount of work performed by people. Concerns center on whether the advancement of
automation will ultimately reduce the number of available jobs and increase the rate of
unemployment.”
Karim 7

Author: The General Accountability Office, part of the US government examines how taxpayer
dollars are spent and works to save and use money more efficiently

BEAM: The article focuses on automation and will be used to set up a bridge into AI in the
introduction. This will be used to present the history behind the concern over automation and job
loss and I will show how artificial intelligence is similar to automation, and how the concerns are
nearly the same.

Arntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2016). The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD
Countries. Paris: OECD Publishing.

Content: “In recent years, there has been a revival of concerns that automation and digitalization
might after all result in a jobless future. The debate has been fueled by studies for the US and
Europe arguing that a substantial share of jobs is at “risk of computerization”. These studies
follow an occupation-based approach proposed by Frey and Osborne (2013), i.e. they assume
that whole occupations rather than single job-tasks are automated by technology. As we argue,
this might lead to an overestimation of job automatibility, as occupations labelled as high-risk
occupations often still contain a substantial share of tasks that are hard to automate.”

Author: Melanie Arntz is a Professor of Labor Economics at the University of Heidelberg and
deputy of ZEW’s Research Department of Labor Markets and Human Resources. Terry Gregory
also works under the ZEW’s Research Department of Labor Markets and Human Resources
being a senior researcher in the area of Changing Labor Markets. Ulrich Zierahn is also a
researcher under Changing Labor Markets for ZEW.

BEAM: The article is biased towards viewing automation and AI as a risk to society rather than
a potential asset. In addition, it focuses on risks related to countries having outsourced labor, and
the effects on economic ties to those countries. This source will help set up a focus and allow me
analyze the economic relations between countries and examine their prospective futures.

Bossmann, J. Top 9 ethical issues in artificial intelligence. Retrieved from


https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-in-artificial-
intelligence/

Content: The blog discusses 9 different concerns about ethics and AI. How AI is used and how
the job market changed specifically because of it.

Author: Julia Bossman is a graduate of the Universities of Southern California and Dussldof.
She is a research scientist and worked at Bosch Research and technology.
Karim 8

BEAM: The article presents the background to ethics and automation. This will be used as
background information and to support the perspective of prospective benefits to artificial
intelligence.

Ghafourifar, A., & E. (2017, September 07). Automation replaced 800,000 workers... then
created 3.5 million new jobs. Retrieved from
https://venturebeat.com/2017/09/07/automation-replaced-800000-workers-then-
created-3-5-million-new-jobs/

Content: This article focuses on the optimistic future AI presents by increasing the number of
jobs. Focusing on three companies: Panera Bread, Marlin Steel, and Boxed, Ghafourifar covers
in depth of the current and possible integration of Ai into the workplace.

Author: Alston Ghafourifar is the CEO and Cofounder of Entefy, the AI communication
company. Has wrote two articles pertaining to AI, with both articles being relatively recent.

BEAM: The article evidence for the beneficial effects of AI, a counterargument against the
harmful effects. However, I plan on staging a rebuttal with another source that when executed
correctly, will allow me to sway the conversation towards being aware of the effects of the
innovations created.

Heath, N. (2014). Why AI could destroy more jobs than it creates, and how to save them.
Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/ai-is-destroying-more-jobs- than-it-
creates-what-it-means-and-how-we-can-stop-it/

Content: This articles discusses the AI and the jobs at risk of ceasing to exist for society and
those that will flourish under the new age of machines. Heath discusses the resistance some jobs
have towards automation and AI such as manual, interpersonal and creative roles. The purpose of
this article is to illustrate how AI works and can fit in with society.

Author: Health is a reporter for TechRepublic writing about technology that information
technology decision makers should be aware of.

BEAM: The article focuses on resistance of particular jobs to AI integration and will be used as
evidence to support the third of my perspectives.

Klie, L. (2014). Automation Creates More Jobs Than It Eliminates. Customer relationship
(CRM) Magazine, 18(10), 13. Retrieved from
https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=https://search.ebscohost.c
Karim 9

om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=98609981&cpidlogin.asp?custid=curre
nt&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Content: “The article discusses studies which show the positive contribution of automation to
job creation in the U.S. It highlights the increase of new jobs by 28% to more than 99,000 from
2002 to 2014. Ryan Hunt of human capital solutions firm CareerBuilder LLC explains the
advantages of automation and the factors that organizations should consider before adopting it.”

Author: Editor for CRM magazine, has history of working in publishing industry, creative
writing, and poetry.

BEAM: This source discusses one perspective to the topic of automation and AI, looking at an
optimistic future of job creation. This source will with a counter argument to balance my
research eventually leading into the third perspective.

Lan Xinzhen. (2018). Risk of Unemployment In the AI Age. Beijing Review, 61(5), 48.
Retrieved from
https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=https://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=127715827&cpidlogin.asp?custid=curr ent&sit
e=ehost-live&scope=site

Content: “The article talks about the possible impact of artificial intelligence on employment
prospects in China. It refers to the advent of automation which has produced cashier free super
market, driver less car and machine translation. The article also cites a report by Citibank and
Oxford University which states that large proportion of jobs will be replaced by robots.”

Author: Lan Xinzhen is a Beijing Review commentator, having majority of his works span over
politics. In addition, Lan Xinzhen critics certain topics such as over population and international
order.

BEAM: This article presents the evidence not necessarily arguing for or against, rather
advocating for alertness of what is happening. This can be used to lead into the analysis as to
why we should consider being alert and the potential harm AI can have on society.

Lee, K.-F. (2018). Tech companies Should Stop Pretending AI won’t Destroy Jobs. MIT
Technology Review, 121(2), 8–9. Retrieved from
https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=https://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=127992539&cpidlogin.asp?custid=curr
ent&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Karim 10

Content: “The article discusses the implications of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation for
unemployment in China. Topics include the creation of data through the widespread use of
mobile applications in China, the positive impacts of Chinese government policy on AI research,
and the social implications of unemployment due to AI automation.”

Author: Kai-Fu Lee is and technology expert and AI expert. Lee has worked at Apple, SGI,
Microsoft and Google and has several articles written about AI.

BEAM: The article examines AI and its relation to the health of Chinese society. It focuses on
the lack of resilience jobs have and how tasks can be done more efficiently. I will us this article
as evidence to back my second perspective.

Lieberman, M. (2018, February 14). Why The Real AI Jobs Issue Isn't Unemployment.
Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/02/14/why- the-
real-ai-jobs-issue-isnt-unemployment/#738b07b13253

Content: The articles discusses the real issue with unemployment in regards to AI found in
many organizations and offers a solution. Lieberman advocates for integration AI into the
workplace, cross platform coordination, and job retraining.

Author: Mathew Lieberman is an advisory marketing leaser for Price Water House Coopers and
an executive of crossroads of marketing, media, and technology. Lieberman has written multiple
articles for Forbes Magazine all related to current innovations.

BEAM: The article focuses on the real issues of unemployment. This article has bias towards
integration of AI and retraining workers to utilize AI in simple ways. Having set up the
background information with other sources, this source will be used to bridge my second and
third perspective together. This source helps with analysis more so than evidence.

Nelson, R. (2017). Eight programs could help displaced workers adapt. EE: Evaluation
Engineering, 56(8), 2. Retrieved from
https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=https://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=124632430&cpidlogin.asp?custid=curr
ent&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Content: “The author discusses ways to help displaced workers. Topics include the opportunities
provided by artificial intelligence (AI) for engineers, some of the workforce development
programs are bridge programs to prepare people for further education and training and job-search
assistance and the benefits of job-search assistance and counseling to out-of-work populations.”
Karim 11

Author: Rick Nelson is the Executive Author of Executive Engineering since 2011. Has been on
serval different publications and received awards as publication editor. Studied design
engineering and earned BSEE from Penn State.

BEAM: The article focuses on the way workers can adapt to the changing job markets. This
source can be used as information introduced after presenting the idea of changing job skills sets.
I will use this source to support the third perspective in advocating for integration of AI into
work and allow for more jobs involving creativity to become apparent.

The Ethics Of. (2017, October 27). The Ethics Of... The Automation Crisis. Retrieved from:
https://theethicsof.com/2017/10/27/the-ethics-of-the-automation-crisis/

Content: The article discusses the effects of automation in multiple industries. It also discusses
the ethical implications that arise in such industries and job loss.

Author: The Ethics of… has several articles pertaining to ethics of several topics. No single
author could be found.

BEAM: The article presents the background to ethics and automation. This will be used to
present the background information needed to bridge an area of the research paper.

Will a Robot Revolution Lead to Mass Unemployment? MLOT, S. (2014). Will a Robot
Revolution Lead to Mass Unemployment? PC Magazine, 20–22. Retrieved from
https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=https://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=97633599&cpidlogin.asp?custid=curre
nt&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Content: “The article focuses on the impact of increasing automation and the use of robots on
employment. Benefits of automation including freeing up people from day-to-day work and
more times for invention in new types of work are discussed. The effect of automation and
innovation in robotics on white-collar work and highly skilled workers is discussed. The impact
of robotics and artificial intelligence on industries like healthcare, customer service, and home
maintenance is also highlighted.”

Author: Stephanie Mlot worked for PCMag as a reporter, later working as a multimedia reporter.
She has as degree in journalism and mass communication.
Karim 12

BEAM: The journal article presents both perspectives I intend to cover. It discusses the harmful
and beneficial effects of automation and robots. I may use it to cover background information, or
use as evidence to support one particular perspective.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi