Το Σχολειο Σε Διάλογο Με Το Μουσείο - Μπουραντας

ǼȁȁǾȃǿȀȅǹȃȅǿȀȉȅȆǹȃǼȆǿȈȉǾȂǿȅ
ȈȋȅȁǾȀȅǿȃȍȃǿȀȍȃǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȍȃ
ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ
³ȉȠıȤȠȜİȓȠıİįȚȐȜȠȖȠȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİȜȑĲȘĲȘȢıȤȑıȘȢ
ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ´
ȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȢǻȘȝȒĲȡȚȠȢ
ǼʌȚȕȜȑʌȠȣıĮȀĮșȘȖȒĲȡȚĮ: ĭȚȜȚʌʌȠȣʌȠȜȓĲȘǹȞĮıĲĮıȓĮ
ǹĬǾȃǹ2016
ȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȢǻȘȝȒĲȡȚȠȢ‘ȉȠıȤȠȜİȓȠıİįȚȐȜȠȖȠȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ-ȝİȜȑĲȘĲȘȢıȤȑ
ıȘȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ¶
ǾʌĮȡȠȪıĮįȚĮĲȡȚȕȒȘȠʌȠȓĮİțʌȠȞȒșȘțİıĲĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮĲȘȢĬǼ50, țĮȚĲĮȜȠȚʌȐ
ĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮĲȘȢĮȞĲȓıĲȠȚȤȘȢǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǻǼĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞıȣȞȚįȚȠțĲȘ
ıȓĮĲȠȣǼǹȆțĮȚĲȠȣĳȠȚĲȘĲȒȠțĮșȑȞĮȢĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢȑȤİȚĲȠįȚțĮȓȦȝĮĮȞİȟȐȡ
ĲȘĲȘȢȤȡȒıȘȢțĮȚĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢĲȠȣȢıĲȠıȪȞȠȜȠȒĲȝȘȝĮĲȚțȐȖȚĮįȚįĮțĲȚțȠȪȢțĮȚ
İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȠȪȢıțȠʌȠȪȢıİțȐșİʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȢĲȠȞĲȓĲȜȠțĮȚĲȠıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮ
țĮȚ ĲȠ ǼǹȆ ȩʌȠȣ İțʌȠȞȒșȘțİ Ș ǻǼ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȞ İʌȚȕȜȑʌȠȞĲĮ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İʌȚĲȡȠʌȒ
țȡȓıȘȢ
ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǹȞȠȚȤĲȩȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ǼȣȤĮȡȚıĲȓİȢ
Ȃİ ĲȘȞ ȠȜȠțȜȒȡȦıȘ ĲȘȢ įȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȝȠȣ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ İȣȤĮȡȚıĲȒıȦ
ĲȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣȝİȕȠȒșȘıĮȞȖȚĮĲȘȞįȚİțʌİȡĮȓȦıȒĲȘȢ
ȆȡȦĲȓıĲȦȢșĮȒșİȜĮȞĮİȣȤĮȡȚıĲȒıȦĲȘȞțĭȚȜȚʌʌȠȣʌȠȜȓĲȘǹȞĮıĲĮıȓĮǼʌȓțȠȣ
ȡȘ ȀĮșȘȖȒĲȡȚĮ ĲȠȣ ǻȘȝȠțȡȓĲİȚȠȣ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȠȣ ĬȡȐțȘȢ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ȑįȦıİ ĲȘȞ İȣ
țĮȚȡȓĮțĮȚĲȘȞįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȞĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒıȦĲȘȞʌĮȡȠȪıĮİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚȖȚĮ
ĲȘȞİȝʌȚıĲȠıȪȞȘʌȠȣȝȠȣȑįİȚȟİțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮİțʌȩȞȘıȘȢĲȘȢįȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢıȣȞ
įȣȐȗȠȞĲĮȢ ȑĲıȚĲȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢʌȠȣĮʌȑțĲȘıĮțĮĲȐĲȘȞįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȦȞʌȡȠʌĲȣȤȚĮțȫȞțĮȚ
ȝİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȫȞıʌȠȣįȫȞȝȠȣǾȕȠȒșİȚȐĲȘȢ ȒĲĮȞĮȞİțĲȓȝȘĲȘȣʌȒȡȟİĮʌȓıĲİȣĲĮțĮ
ȜȒ țĮșȠįȘȖȒĲȡȚĮ ȑĲıȚȫıĲİȞĮĳȑȡȦİȚȢʌȑȡĮȢĲȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝȠȣİȞĲȩȢĲȠȣȤȡȠȞȚțȠȪ
ȠȡȓȠȣʌȠȣȩȡȚȗİĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮĲȠȣȝİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȤȦȡȓȢțȩʌȠʌȓİıȘ
țĮȚ ȐȖȤȠȢ ǹʌȩȜȣĲĮ ıȣȞĮȚȞİĲȚțȒ ʌȡȩșȣȝȘ țĮȚ ĮȞİțĲȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑĳİȡİ ĲȘ ȕȠȒșİȚȐ ĲȘȢ
ıİțȐșİĮʌȠȡȓĮȝȠȣ
ĬĮȒșİȜĮȞĮİȣȤĮȡȚıĲȒıȦĲȘȞț ȈĲİĳȐȞȠȣ ǼȜȑȞȘ ȖȚĮĲȘȞĲȚȝȒʌȠȣȝȠȣȑțĮȞİ ȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚıĲȘȞİʌȚĲȡȠʌȒĲȘȢįȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢȝȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǼȣȤĮȡȚıĲȫ ĲȘ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ ĲȠȣ ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ț ǽȣȖȠȪȡȘ
ȃȚțȠȜȑĲĲĮʌȠȣįȑȤĲȘțİȞĮıȣȞİȡȖĮıĲİȓȝĮȗȓȝȠȣȖȚĮĲȘȞȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚ
țȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢțĮȚȖȚĮĲȠȑȞĮȣıȝĮʌȠȣȝȠȣȑįȦıİȖȚĮȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȘİȝȕȐșȣȞıȘıİ
șȑȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣȐʌĲȠȞĲĮȚĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ.
ǼȣȤĮȡȚıĲȫ İʌȓıȘȢ ĲȠȞ ıȣȞȐįİȜĳȠ ȝȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ț. ȀȠȪĲȡĮ īİȫȡȖȚȠ ʌȠȣ ȝİ
ȕȠȒșȘıİ ȞĮĮȞĲĮʌȠțȡȚșȫıĲȘȞȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ǲȞĮȝİȖȐȜȠİȣȤĮȡȚıĲȫĮʌȩțĮȡįȚȐȢıĲȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȝȠȣʌȠȣȝİıĲȒȡȚȟĮȞțĮȚȝİ
ıĲȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ ʌȐȞĲĮ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ĮĳȒȞȠȣȞ İȜİȪșİȡȠ ȤȡȩȞȠ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤȚıȘĲȦȞ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ
ȝȠȣțĮȚȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮıĲȘȖȣȞĮȓțĮȝȠȣʌȠȣȝȠȣįȓȞİȚįȪȞĮȝȘțĮȚțȠȣȡȐȖȚȠİʌİȝȕĮȓȞȠ
ȞĲĮȢ ıȣȞĮȚȞİĲȚțȐ țĮȚ ȣʌȠȝȑȞȠȞĲĮȢ ȖȜȣțȐ țĮȚ ıĲȠȡȖȚțȐ ıĲȘ ĳȡȠȞĲȓįĮ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ
ȝĮȢ
µȉȠıȤȠȜİȓȠıİįȚȐȜȠȖȠȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ - ȝİȜȑĲȘĲȘȢıȤȑıȘȢ
ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ¶
ȅȞȠȝĮĲİʌȫȞȣȝȠ ȅȞȠȝĮĲİʌȫȞȣȝȠ ȅȞȠȝĮĲİʌȫȞȣȝȠ

ǼʌȚȕȜȑʌȠȞĲĮ ȂȑȜȠȣȢ ȂȑȜȠȣȢ
ĭȚȜȚʌʌȠȣʌȠȜȓĲȘ ȈĲİĳȐȞȠȣ
ǹȞĮıĲĮıȓĮ ǼȜȑȞȘ
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ
ȈİȝȓĮİʌȠȤȒȩʌȠȣȠțȩıȝȠȢ ȝĮȢĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȓȗİȚıȣȞİȤȫȢȞȑİȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢʌȠȜȚĲȚ
țȑȢțĮȚȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢȠȚʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȠȓĳȠȡİȓȢȩʌȦȢĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ țĮȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ
ȞĮ İʌĮȞĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓıȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ ȡȩȜȠ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İʌȓįȡĮıȒ ĲȠȣȢ ıĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȂȑıĮ Įʌȩ
ĲȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȞĮʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȑȡȖȠĮʌİȣșȪȞȠȞĲĮȚıİȠȜȠȑȞĮțĮȚİȣȡȪĲİȡȠțȠȚȞȩ
țĮȚįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ıİ șȑȝĮĲĮȩʌȦȢȘĮȞİțĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȘ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȘțĮȚ
ȞȠĲȠȝȓĮțĮȚȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩĲȘĲĮ
ȆȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ȩıȠȞ ĮĳȠȡȐ ĲȠ ȝĮșȘĲȚțȩ țȠȚȞȩ Ƞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢ ȡȩȜȠȢ ĲȦȞ
ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ ȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮ ĲĮ ĲİȜİȣĲĮȓĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚ ȝȓĮ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȣıĮ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ Ș
ȠʌȠȓĮįȚĮĳĮȓȞİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȚȢįȡȐıİȚȢʌȠȣĮȞĮʌĲȪııȠȞĲĮȚȝȑıȦĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠ
ȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȠȣȢ ȈĲȩȤȠȢ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıİȜțȪıȠȣȞ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȦȞ
ıȤȠȜİȓȦȞȞĮȑȡșȠȣȞıİİʌĮĳȒȝİĲȚȢıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢĲȠȣȢȝİȑȞĮȞĲȡȩʌȠʌȠȣșĮıȣȝʌȜȘ
ȡȫȞİȚĲȘȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢȝȠȞȐįĮȢ
ȂİĲȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĮȣĲȒșĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȠȣȝİȞĮĮʌȠįİȓȟȠȣȝİȩĲȚȝȩȞȠȝȑıĮĮʌȩȝȓĮ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ ȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȒ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȝİ ĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ șĮ țĮĲȠȡ
șȫıȠȣȝİ ȞĮİȟȠȚțİȚȫıȠȣȝİ ĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȦȢșİıȝȩțĮȚȦȢȑȞĮȤȫȡȠȠ
ȠʌȠȓȠȢĲȠȣȢʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚȝȚĮȝĮșȘıȚĮțȒțĮȚȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȚțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞȘĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢįȓȞİȚ ĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮĲȘȢ
ĮȞĮĲȡȠĳȠįȩĲȘıȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȢ ĲȘȢ İʌȓĲİȣȟȘȢ ĲȦȞ ıĲȩȤȦȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ıțȠʌȫȞ
ĲȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚȖȚĮʌȚșĮȞȑȢ ʌĮȡİȝȕȐıİȚȢȕİȜĲȓȦıȒȢĲȠȣ
5
ȈĲȠʌȡĮțĲȚțȩȝȑȡȠȢĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢțĮȚȘȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ
İȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȝİĲȓĲȜȠ©ȅȚȒȡȦİȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣȢª
ȉȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮİĳĮȡȝȩıĲȘțİʌȚȜȠĲȚțȐȝİĲȘıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒĲȘȢǼǯțĮȚȈȉ

ĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣȠȣ ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣȉȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıȣȞįȑ
șȘțİȝİĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮĲȠȣȝĮșȒȝĮĲȠȢĲȘȢǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȘȢȈȉ
ĲȐȟȘȢ
ĲȘȢʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȫıĲİȘșİȦȡȘĲȚțȒȖȞȫıȘĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȞĮȝİĲĮĲȡĮ
ʌİȓıİİȝʌİȚȡȚțȒȖȞȫıȘıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ȁȑȟİȚȢțȜİȚįȚȐ: ȂȠȣıİȓȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȐĲȣʌȘ- ĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘșİȦȡȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ

ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
ǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȝȑșȠįȠȢ
ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǹȞȠȚȤĲȩȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒİȡȖĮıȓĮ
‘The school in the dialogue with the museum - study of the

relationship of the teacher with museum educator’
Full Name of Full Name of Full Name of

Supervisor Member 1 Member 2
Filippopouliti Stefanou
Anastasia Eleni
SUMMARY
During a period of time, that our <<world>> comes to face new social, political,
and financial changes, all the time,… the cultural institutions such as the museums,
are asked to redefine their role and their impact on society. Through the necessity to
produce social work, they address to an increasingly wider public and activate at is-
sues such as tolerance, diversity, innovation and creativity.
More specifically, as concerns the school public, the educational role of the muse-
ums, especially the last few years has been proved to have an important development,
something that is evident through their educational projects. The aim of the museums
is to attract school students to visit and get to know the exhibits of the museum collec-
tions in such a way that will help and complete the educational process of the school
community. With this project we will try to prove that only through a complete and
substantial cooperation between museum and school we will manage to familiarize
students with the museum as an institution and as a place which will offer them an
educational and entertaining experience. Furthermore the education of this education-
al project provides us with the possibility of giving feedback and therefore of re-
searching the conditions of the fulfillment of the goals and the intentions of it and not
only that but also it leads to possible interventions of improvement.
As concerns the practical part of the project, of what has been planned and orga-
nized is a “Presentation of the Heroes of the Greek Revolution of 1821 and their rel-
ics”.
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This project was put into practice in a tested formula with the students of E’ and
ST’ class of the 2nd primary school of Peristeri ,as participants.
This instructional project was connected and coordinated with the school timetable
through the school subject of ST’ History of primary school having as a purpose to
transform the strict theoretical knowledge that school has established into an experi-
ence which can be obtained in the museum environment.
KEYWORDS: museum, school, informal and formal education, theories of learn-
ing, museum education, museum tutor/teacher, school teacher, educational project,
National Historic Museum, Research Method.
ȆİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞĮ
ǼȣȤĮȡȚıĲȓİȢ .............................................................................................3
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ ................................................................................................5
ȆİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞĮ............................................................................................9
ǼȣȡİĲȒȡȚȠȆȚȞȐțȦȞ ..............................................................................13
ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ..............................................................................................14
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠ ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠ ...................................................................17
1.1. ǿıĲȠȡȚțȒțĮȚİȞȞȠȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ..........................17
1.2. ǼȓįȘȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ........................................................................................20
1.2.1. ȆĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐȂȠȣıİȓĮ ......................................................................21
1.2.2. ȂȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȂȠȣıİȓĮ............................................................................23
1.2.3. ȂİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȂȠȣıİȓĮ ....................................................................24
1.3. ȅțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ........................................................25
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠ ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚȂȠȣıİȓȠ..............................................28
2.1. ǿıĲȠȡȚțȒ ĮȞĮįȡȠȝȒ ĲȘȢ ĮȞĮșİȫȡȘıȘȢ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ȡȩȜȠȣ ĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ 28
2.2. ǾȑȞȞȠȚĮĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ.......................................................29
2.3. ȅıțȠʌȩȢțĮȚȠıĲȩȤȠȢĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ ................................30
2.4. ǾȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚȠȚįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ .............................31
2.5. ȅȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ ..........................................................31
2.6. Ǿ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ ıĲȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ ĲȦȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ

ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ .........................................................................................................34
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠ ǾıȤȑıȘĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠȈȤȠȜİȓȠ.........................39
3.1. ȉȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ................................................................................39
3.2. ȂȘĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ..........................................................................40
3.3. ǱĲȣʌȘİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ .................................................................................41

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3.4. ǻȚĮĳȠȡȑȢĲȣʌȚțȫȞȝȘĲȣʌȚțȫȞțĮȚȐĲȣʌȦȞȝȠȡĳȫȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ........43
3.5. ǾʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȘȢıȤȑıȘȢȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ................................43
3.5.1. ȉȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ..........................................................................................43
3.5.2 ǾįȚĮıȪȞįİıȘțĮȚĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ– ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ .................46
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠ ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ..........................................49
4.1. ǾıȘȝĮıȓĮĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ.....................................49
4.2. ǾıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ................50
4.3. ǺĮıȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ..................50
4.5. ȉĮİȓįȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ..........................................53
4.6. Ǿ İʌȚĲȣȤȓĮ İȞȩȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȝİ ĲȘ

ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȝĮșȘĲȫȞ.................................................................................................54
4.7. Ǿ ıȤȠȜȚțȒ İʌȓıțİȥȘ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮĲȐ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȢ ĲȘȢ
ĲȐȟȘȢıİİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ .........................................................................55
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠ ǾȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮȑȡİȣȞĮȢİțʌȩȞȘıȘȢĲȘȢʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ....................................................................................................59
5.1. ǾĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩĲȘĲĮĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ .................................................................59
5.2. ȈțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ– ȉĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȐİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ ................................59
5.3. ȅȚİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚ- İʌȚȜȠȖȒĲȘȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȢȝİșȩįȠȣ ...............60
5.4. ǾʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘțĮȚĲĮİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚĮȦȢȝȑșȠįȠȚʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ60
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠ ..........................................................................................63
6.1. ȉȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ ................................................................63
6.2. ǾȚıĲȠȡȓĮĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ........................................................................63
6.3. ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮȖȚĮȝĮșȘĲȑȢ..............................................64
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠ ȉȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ©ȅȚĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚ
ĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣȢª......................................................................................68
7.1. ȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ...............68
10
7.2. ȈȣȞȠʌĲȚțȒ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ ĲȘȢ įȠȝȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ ĲȠȣ

ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ .........................................................................................................71
7.3. ȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ țĮȚ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ

ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ..........................................................................................................72
7.3.1 ȆȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ ......................................................................73
7.3.2. ȀĮĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ ............................................................................74
7.3.3. ȂİĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ ............................................................................77
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠȈȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ-ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ- ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ ..........................80

8.1. ȈȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ .......................................................................................80
8.2. ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ– ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ............................................................................84
ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮİȜȜȘȞȚțȒ.........................................................................87
ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮȟİȞȩȖȜȦııȘ ...................................................................91
ǻȚĮįȚțĲȣĮțȑȢʌȘȖȑȢ...............................................................................92
ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮǹǾȐʌȠȥȘĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ..............................95
ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮǺǲȡİȣȞĮȖȚĮĲȘıȤȑıȘıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ.......... 101
ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮī: ĭȪȜȜȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ....................................................... 105
ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮǻǻȚȐĳȠȡİȢĭȦĲȠȖȡĮĳȓİȢ............................................ 113
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ǼȣȡİĲȒȡȚȠȆȚȞȐțȦȞ
ȆȓȞĮțĮȢ ǻȚĮĳȠȡȑȢ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıĲȚȢ ȐĲȣʌİȢ țĮȚ ıĲȚȢ ĲȣʌȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȑȢ ȝȠȡĳȑȢ
İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««5
13
ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
ȈĲĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮĲȘȢįȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢĮȣĲȒȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢıțȠʌȩȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮįȚİȡİȣȞȒıȠȣ
ȝİ țĮȚȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıĲȫıȠȣȝİ ĮȞ ĲİȜȚțȐ ȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ȝİ ĲȠȣȢ ȝȠȣ
ıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪȢıĲȘȞțĮĲȐȡĲȚıȘİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞșĮİʌȚĳȑȡİȚĲȘȞȠȣ
ıȚĮıĲȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮĲȦȞįȪȠĳȠȡȑȦȞȝİıțȠʌȩĲȘȞİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒțĮȚȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘ
ȝȐșȘıȘ
ǾİȡȖĮıȓĮĮʌȠĲİȜİȓĲĮȚĮʌȩįȪȠȝȑȡȘȉȠșİȦȡȘĲȚțȩȝȑȡȠȢĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĮȞĮĳȑȡİ
ĲĮȚıĲȘȞȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȚțȒİʌȚıțȩʌȘıȘĲȠȣșȑȝĮĲȠȢīȚĮĲȘıȣȜȜȠȖȒĲȦȞʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȘİȜȜȘȞȚțȒțĮȚȘȟİȞȩȖȜȦııȘȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮȐȡșȡĮțĮȚĮȞĮțȠȚȞȫ
ıİȚȢ ıİ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȐ țĮȚ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ıĲȠ įȚĮįȓțĲȣȠ ȉȠ
įİȪĲİȡȠȝȑȡȠȢĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚĲȠȞıȤİįȚĮıȝȩĲȘȞİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒțĮȚĲȘȞĮȟȚȠ
ȜȩȖȘıȘİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢʌȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠ
ȡȚțȩ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ĲȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ įȠȝȒșȘțİ ȝȑıȦ ĲȘȢ ĮȝȠȚȕĮȓĮȢ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓ
įȡĮıȘȢ ĲȠȣ İȡİȣȞȘĲȒ ȝİ ĲȘ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ ȊȚȠșİĲȫȞĲĮȢ ĲȚȢ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢ șİȦȡȓİȢ
ĲȘȢ ȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ ʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ȂȠȣıİȚĮțȒ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘ ıȤİįȚȐıĲȘ
țĮȞ įȡȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȣȜȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ ȝİ ĲȘ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ĲȘȢ Ȉȉǯ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ Ǽǯ ĲȐȟȘȢ
ĲȠȣȠȣǻȘȝȈȤȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ
ȉȠʌȡȫĲȠȝȑȡȠȢĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ, įȚĮȡșȡȫȞİĲĮȚıİĲȑııİȡĮțİĳȐȜĮȚĮȈĲȠ1Ƞ țİĳȐ
ȜĮȚȠ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚȘ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ ĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ ǼȚįȚțȩĲİȡĮ ĮʌȠıĮĳȘȞȓȗİĲĮȚȘ ȑȞȞȠȚĮĲȠȣ
ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȖȓȞİĲĮȚȚıĲȠȡȚțȒĮȞĮıțȩʌȘıȘțĮȚİȞıȣȞİȤİȓĮİȟİĲȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ĲĮİȓįȘțĮȚȠȚ
ȡȩȜȠȚ ʌȠȣįȚĮįȡĮȝĮĲȓȗİȚȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȝȑıĮıĲȠȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȚıĲȩ.
ȈĲȠ 2Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİĲĮȚ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȜȪİĲĮȚ Ș İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĲȠȣ
ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ĮȞĮȜȪȠȞĲĮȚ ĲĮ șİȦȡȘĲȚțȐ ıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ ĲȘȢ ȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ Ƞ ȡȩȜȠȢ
ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıȚțȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ țĮȚ ĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝĮıĲİ ıĲȚȢ ȕĮıȚțȑȢ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȑȢ șİȦȡȓİȢ ȝȐ
șȘıȘȢʌȠȣİĳĮȡȝȩȗȠȣȞĲĮıȪȖȤȡȠȞĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ȈĲȠȠțİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȝİĲȘıȤȑıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȅįȚȐȜȠ
ȖȠȢĲȦȞįȪȠĳȠȡȑȦȞ șĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıİȚĲȠȑȞĮȣıȝĮȖȚĮĲȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠțĮȚĲȘȞİȟĮȖȦȖȒıȣ
ȝʌİȡĮıȝȐĲȦȞȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝĮıĲİıĲȘȞȐĲȣʌȘĲȣʌȚțȒțĮȚȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓ
įİȣıȘıĲȚȢįȚĮĳȠȡȑȢĲȘȢĲȣʌȚțȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȝİĲȘȞȐĲȣʌȘİțʌĮȓįİȣ
ıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚȠĲȡȩʌȠȢțĮĲȐĲȠȞȠʌȠȓȠȘȝȓĮȝȠȡĳȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞİȚ
ĲȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ıĲȩȤȠȚ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ĮȞĮȜȪȠȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ
14
ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ıĲȩȤȠȚ ĲȠȣ įȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȠȪ İȞȚĮȓȠȣ ʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ
țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȠȪ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ȦȡȠȜȠȖȓȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȦĲȠ
ȕȐșȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȉȑȜȠȢĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝĮıĲİıĲȘıȤȑıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠțĮȚĲȠȣȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪȢțĮȚĮȞĮȜȪȠȣȝİ ĲȚȢıȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢȝİșȩ
įȠȣȢʌȠȣıȣȞįȑȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ȈĲȠ Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȝİ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȜȪȠȣȝİ ĲĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ
ȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮĮʌȠıĮĳȘȞȓȗȠȣȝİĲȠȞȩȡȠțĮȚʌĮȡĮșȑĲȠȣȝİĲĮİȓįȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ. ȀȐȞȠȣȝİıȪȞĲȠȝȘȚıĲȠȡȚțȒĮȞĮįȡȠȝȒĲȘȢİȝĳȐȞȚıȘȢĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣ
ĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ıĲȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ ǼȞ ıȣȞİȤİȓĮ ĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝĮıĲİ ıĲȠȣȢ ıțȠʌȠȪȢ țĮȚ
ıĲȩȤȠȣȢĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȝİĲȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȩĲȠȣȢ ȣ
ʌȩȕĮșȡȠ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢ șİȦȡȓİȢ ıĲȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȕĮıȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ ʌĮȡĮșȑ
ĲȠȣȝİĲȚȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚĲĮȝȑıĮʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚıĲĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮĮȣĲȫȞ.
ȈĲȠ5ȠȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝĮıĲİıĲȘȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮȑȡİȣȞĮȢȖȚĮĲȘȞİțʌȩȞȘıȘĲȘȢ
ʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮĮȞĮȜȪȠȣȝİĲȠȞıțȠʌȩĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢȝĮȢțĮȚĲĮ
İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȐ İȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ șĮ ȝĮȢ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȒıȠȣȞ ıĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ǹțȩȝȘ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐ
ȗȠȣȝİĲȚȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢțĮȚİʌȚȜȑȖȠȣȝİĲȘȞʌȚȠțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȘȖȚĮĲȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȝĮȢ
ȈĲȠįİȪĲİȡȠȝȑȡȠȢĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİʌȚȜȑȟĮȝİȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȝİȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĲȘȞțǽȣȖȠȪȡȘȃȚțȠȜȑĲĲĮȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩĲȠȣǼ
șȞȚțȠȪǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİșȑȝĮȅȚĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣȢ
ʌȠȣ ıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚ ȝİ ĲȠ İʌȓıȘȝȠ ıȤȠȜȚțȩ ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȆȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ĲȠ
ıȤİįȚȐıĮȝİ ĲȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȫıĮȝİ țĮȚ ĲȠ İĳĮȡȝȩıĮȝİ ıİ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȘȢ Ǽǯ țĮȚ Ȉȉǯ ĲȐȟȘȢ
ıĲȠȝȐșȘȝĮĲȘȢǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢ
ȈĲȠ6ȠȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝĮıĲİıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠʌĮ
ȡĮșȑĲȠȞĲĮȢıĲȠȚȤİȓĮȖȚĮĲȘȞȓįȡȣıȒĲȠȣĲĮțĲȓȡȚĮıĲĮȠʌȠȓĮıĲİȖȐȗİĲĮȚĲȚȢįȡĮıĲȘ
ȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚĲȚȢțĮȚȞȠĲȠȝȓİȢĲȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚĲȘȞʌȜȘșȫȡĮĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝ
ȝȐĲȦȞʌȠȣȣȜȠʌȠȚİȓ
ȈĲȠ7ȠȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȝİĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĲȠĮȞĮȜȪȠȣȝİțĮȚ
țĮĲȩʌȚȞ ʌĮȡĮșȑĲȠȣȝİĲȘȞĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ĲȠȣ. īȚĮĲȘȞĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȒĲȠȣȕĮıȚıĲȒțĮȝİĲȩ
ıȠıİįİįȠȝȑȞĮʌȠȣıȣȜȜȑȟĮȝİțĮĲȐĲȘȞȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮ
ĲȠȢȉȑȜȠȢıĲȠ8ȠȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȝİĲĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮĲȘȢĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢĲȠȣ
15
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢİʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞȠȞĲĮȢĲĮșİĲȚțȐĲȠȣıĲȠȚȤİȓĮțĮȚĲĮȝİȚȠȞİ
țĲȒȝĮĲȐĲȠȣțĮȚțȐȞȠȣȝİʌȡȠĲȐıİȚȢȖȚĮĲȘȕİȜĲȓȦıȘĲȠȣ
16
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 1Ƞ : ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠ
1.1. ǿıĲȠȡȚțȒțĮȚİȞȞȠȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ȉĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȚįȡȪȠȞĲĮȚțĮȚȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠȪȞȝȑıĮıİȑȞĮțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩțĮȚȚıĲȠȡȚțȩʌİȡȚ
ȕȐȜȜȠȞțĮȚȖȚĮĮȣĲȩ ȜȩȖȠįİȞįȚĮĲȘȡȠȪȞĲȠȞȓįȚȠȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮıİȩȜİȢĲȚȢȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢʌİ
ȡȚȩįȠȣȢĮȜȜȐįȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚȦȢʌȡȠȢĲȠȡȩȜȠțĮȚĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣȢȂȚĮıȪȞĲȠ
ȝȘ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȒ ĮȞĮįȡȠȝȒ șĮ țȐȞİȚ țĮȜȪĲİȡĮ ĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȑȢ ĮȣĲȑȢ ĲȚȢ įȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ
ȃȐțȠȣı-113) țĮȚșĮȝĮȢȕȠȘșȒıİȚȞĮĮʌȠțĲȒıȠȣȝİȝȚĮʌȚȠȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦ
ȝȑȞȘȐʌȠȥȘĲȩıȠȖȚĮĲȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȩıȠțĮȚȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȡȩȜȠȣȢĲȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ
İʌȚĲİȜİȓ ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĮįȚĮȝĳȚıȕȒĲȘĲĮ įİȞ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ įȚĮȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢ ȠȞĲȩĲȘĲİȢ ĮȜȜȐ
İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞĲĮȚțȐșİĳȠȡȐĮʌȩĲȚȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȑȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȑȢțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢ
ȈĲȘȞĮȡȤĮȚȩĲȘĲĮțȐȞȠȣȞĲȘȞİȝĳȐȞȚıȒĲȠȣȢȦȢȚįȚȦĲȚțȑȢıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢșȘıĮȣȡȠȓȠȚ
ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȒĲĮȞ ıĲȘȞ ȚįȚȠțĲȘıȓĮ ʌȜȠȪıȚȦȞ țĮȚ İʌȚĳĮȞȫȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ĳĮȞİȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȢ ĲĮ
ʌȜȠȪĲȘțĮȚĲȘįȪȞĮȝȒĲȠȣȢıĲȘțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȅȚșȘıĮȣȡȠȓȕȡȓıțȠȞĲĮȞıİȝȚțȡȐțĲȓıȝĮ
ĲĮȝȑıĮıĲȠȞȚİȡȩȤȫȡȠțȐʌȠȚȠȣȞĮȠȪțĮȚĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞĲĮȞĮʌȩĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĮȟȓĮȢʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞĲĮȞ Įʌȩ ʌȡȠıĳȠȡȑȢ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȫȞ Ȓ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪıĮȞ ȜİȓĮ ʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ Ȉİ ʌİȡȚȩ
įȠȣȢʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪıĮȞȝȑȡȠȢĲȦȞșȘıĮȣȡȫȞȖȚĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȞĲȚȢĮȣȟȘȝȑ
ȞİȢĮȞȐȖțİȢĲȠȣȢȂİĲȐĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȠȣʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ ȠȚșȘıĮȣȡȠȓȖȑȝȚȗĮȞʌȐȜȚĮʌȩʌȡȠıĳȠ
ȡȑȢĮʌȠĲİȜȫȞĲĮȢĮʌȩįİȚȟȘ ĲȘȢȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒȢİȣȝȐȡİȚĮȢ ĲȘȢțȠȚȞȩĲȘĲĮȢ
ȉȠȞ Ƞ ʌȤ ĮȚȫȞĮ ĲȠ ʌȚȠ ȖȞȦıĲȩ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȒĲĮȞ ĲȠ ©ȂȠȣıİȓȠȞª ĲȦȞ ȆĲȠȜİȝĮȓȦȞ
ıĲȘȞǹȜİȟȐȞįȡİȚĮȩʌȠȣțĮĲȠȚțȠȪıĮȞțĮȚİȡȖȐȗȠȞĲĮȞȑȞĮȢȩȝȚȜȠȢıȠĳȫȞȈĲȘȞʌİ
ȡȓʌĲȦıȘĮȣĲȒĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪıĮȞĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȖȞȫıȘȢțĮȚȝİȜȑĲȘȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢ
įȚĮȞȠȠȪȝİȞȠȣȢ ĲȘȢ İʌȠȤȒȢ ȉȠ ȑȡȖȠ ĮȣĲȩ ĳȚȜȠȜȩȖȦȞ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȫȞ ĳȚȜȠıȩĳȦȞ ȝĮșȘ
ȝĮĲȚțȫȞțĮȚȐȜȜȦȞįȚĮȞȠȠȪȝİȞȦȞțĮșȚıĲȠȪıİĲȘȞǹȜİȟȐȞįȡİȚĮȑȞĮĮʌȩĲĮıȘȝĮȞĲȚ
țȩĲİȡĮʌȞİȣȝĮĲȚțȐțȑȞĲȡĮĲȠȣǼȜȜȘȞȚıĲȚțȠȪțȩıȝȠȣ
ȉȘȞʌİȡȓȠįȠĲȘȢǹȞĮȖȑȞȞȘıȘȢȘĮȖȐʌȘțĮȚȠșĮȣȝĮıȝȩȢȖȚĮĲĮțȜĮıȚțȐȖȡȐȝȝĮ
ĲĮțĮȚĲȚȢĳȣıȚțȑȢİʌȚıĲȒȝİȢȠįȘȖİȓʌȠȜȜȠȪȢİȣȖİȞİȓȢıĲȘȞıȣȜȜȠȖȒțȐșİİȓįȠȣȢĮ
ȖĮȜȝȐĲȦȞȞȠȝȚıȝȐĲȦȞĳȣĲȫȞʌİĲȡȦȝȐĲȦȞțĮȂȑȤȡȚĲȘȞʌİȡȓȠįȠİțİȓȞȘȠȚıȣȜ
ȜȠȖȑȢ șĮȣȝȐȗȠȞĲĮȞ țĮȚ İțșȑĲȠȞĲĮȞ ȝȩȞȠ ıĲȠȣȢ ȚıȤȣȡȠȪȢ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ țȪțȜȠȣȢ ©ȅ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȢĮȣĲȩȢĮȡȚșȝȩȢĲȦȞİʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞĲȦȞĮȞĮȖİȞȞȘıȚĮțȫȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞʌȡȠıȑ
17
įȚįİȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȘĮțȩȝĮĮȟȓĮıĲȚȢıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢțĮȚțȪȡȠȢıĲȠȣȢȚįȚȠțĲȒĲİȢĲȠȣȢȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚ
ʌȑȡĮĮʌȩĲȘȞȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒįȪȞĮȝȘĮʌȠțĲȠȪıĮȞțĮȚĲȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠĲȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢªȃȐțȠȣ
2001ı 113).
ȈĲĮįȚĮțȐ ĮȣĲȩȢ Ƞ ĲȪʌȠȢ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ ȣʌȠȤȦȡİȓ ©ȝİ ĲȘȞ İʌȚțȡȐĲȘıȘ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȫȞ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ ıȤȘȝĮĲȚıȝȫȞ țĮȚ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ʌĮȡĮįȠȤȫȞª ȃȐțȠȣ, 2001ı 115).
ȅȚĮȡȤȑȢĲȠȣǻȚĮĳȦĲȚıȝȠȪțĮȚȘĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȘȢİʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢȕȡȓıțȠȣȞĮȞĲȓțĲȣʌȠıĲȘȞ
ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘĲȦȞıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢʌĮȪȠȣȞȞĮİȓȞĮȚıȪȞȠȜȠĮȟȚȠʌİȡȓİȡȖȦȞĮȞĲȚțİȚ
ȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚĮȡȤȓȗȠȣȞȞĮĲĮȟȚȞȠȝȠȪȞĲĮȚīțĮȗȒı39-40). ǾʌȚȠ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȒĮȜȜĮ
ȖȒȒĲĮȞȠȝİĲĮıȤȘȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞĮʌȩȚįȚȦĲȚțȑȢıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢıĲĮʌȡȫĲĮİșȞȚțȐ
ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȋĮȡĮțĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȩ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜİȓ ĲȠ ʌȡȫĲȠ įȘȝȩıȚȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ SXEOLF
PXVHXPıĲȘȞǹȖȖȜȓĮĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȚįȡȪșȘțİĲȠĮʌȩĲȠȞ-RKQ7UDGHVFDQWȠȠʌȠȓȠȢ
İȓȤİĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚĲȘȞȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘȞĮıȣȜȜȑȟİȚʌĮȡȐȟİȞĮĲȑȡĮĲĮ ʌȠȣȜȚȐțȠȤȪȜȚĮțĮȚȖİ
ȞȚțȐʌĮȡȐȟİȞĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĮʌȩİȝʌȩȡȠȣȢĲȠȣİȟȦĲİȡȚțȠȪ
ȈĲĮșȝȩȢ ȖȚĮĲȘȞĮȜȜĮȖȒ ĮȣĲȒ ȣʌȒȡȟİȘīĮȜȜȚțȒǼʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘĮĳȠȪĲȠıȣ
ȞĲİȜȑıĲȘțİȘĮȜȜĮȖȒĲȠȣȁȠȪȕȡȠȣĮʌȩıȪȝȕȠȜȠĲȘȢȕĮıȚȜİȓĮȢıİȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȘȢīĮȜ
ȜȚțȒȢǻȘȝȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢ (ǼīȜȪĲıȘ 2002ı264)
ȉĮ İșȞȚțȐ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĮʌȑțĲȘıĮȞ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ țĮȚ ȑȞĮȞ ıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȩ ȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮ ȉĮ
ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȐİțșȑȝĮĲĮȐȡȤȚıĮȞȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȦȢșİȝĮĲȠĳȪȜĮțİȢĲȘȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒȢ
țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐȢ ĲȦȞ ȜĮȫȞ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ĲȘ įȚĮĲȒȡȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒȢ țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐȢ ĲȦȞ
ȜĮȫȞ. (ǼīȜȪĲıȘ 2002ı267)
ȉȠ ȖȩȘĲȡȠ ĮȣĲȩ ȝİȖȐȜȦȞİ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ ĲȠ ȑțĲĮıȘ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȘȞ
ʌİȡȓȠįȠĮȣĲȒȞĮĮȞĮʌĲȣȤșİȓıİȝİȖȐȜȠȕĮșȝȩȘșȑȜȘıȘȖȚĮĲȘȞĮʌȩțĲȘıȘĮȞĲȚțİȚ
ȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ įİȞ ȒĲĮȞ ȞȩȝȚȝĮ ȈĲȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ĲȠȣ ȑșȞȠȣȢ-țȡȐĲȠȣȢ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ĮȞȒțİȚ ıĲȠ ȑșȞȠȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıĲĮĲİȪİȚ ĲȘȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒ țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐ ıĲȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ʌȡȩıȕĮıȘȩȜȠȚȃȐțȠȣıȈȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢȑȖȚȞİĮʌȠįİțĲȒʌȜȑȠȞȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ
ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣʌȠȣİȓȤİțĮȚıȣȞİȤȓȗİȚȞĮȑȤİȚȦȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȢșİıȝȩȢıĲȠȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȖİȚ,
ȞĮĲȡȠʌȠʌȠȚİȓțĮȚȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞİȚĮȣĲȒĲȘȞ İșȞȚțȒʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒțȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐ
ǼʌȓıȘȢİțİȓȞȘĲȘȞʌİȡȓȠįȠĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȐȡȤȚıİȞĮıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚ ȝİĲȚȢįȚȐĳȠȡİȢ İʌȚ
ıĲȒȝİȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȤİ ȦȢ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ “İȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ”. ǹȣĲȩ
ȑȤİȚȦȢĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ«ĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȝİĲȘȞȑȞĲĮȟȘĲȠȣȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİĲĮĲȡȑʌȠȞĲĮȚ
ıİȝȠȣıİȚĮțȐĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚįȘȜĮįȒĳȠȡİȓȢȖȞȫıȘȢª ȃȐțȠȣı 120).
18
ȈĲȠȞȠ ĮȚȫȞĮĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮĳȚȜȠȟȑȞȘıĮȞĲȠȣȢʌȠȜȓĲİȢțĮȚ ĲȠİȣȡȪțȠȚȞȩǼȓȤĮȞȦȢ

țȣȡȓĮȡȤȠıĲȩȤȠȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıȠȣȞĲȘȞİșȞȚțȒʌĮȡȐįȠıȘȝȑȞȠȞĲĮȢĮȞȠȚȤĲȐȖȚĮȩȜȠȣȢ
țĮȚ ĳȚȜȠįȠȟȫȞĲĮȢ ȞĮ țİȞĲȡȓıȠȣȞ ĲȠ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ȩıȠ ĲȠ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȠȣ ĮȡȚș
ȝȠȪ İʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞ ǹȣĲȩ ʌȠȣ ȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȓȗİȚ ĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĲȠȣ Ƞȣ ĮȚȫȞĮ ȒĲĮȞ Ș ĲȐȟȘ
ıĲȘȞıȣȖțȑȞĲȡȦıȘțĮȚıĲȘȞĲĮȟȚȞȩȝȘıȘĲȦȞıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞıİĮȞĲȓșİıȘȝİĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ĲȦȞʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȦȞİʌȠȤȫȞȩʌȠȣĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȞıĲȠȚȕĮȖȝȑȞĮȝİĲȘ
ȝȠȡĳȒșȘıĮȣȡȫȞȃȐțȠȣı 119-20).
ȆȡȠıİȖȖȓȗȠȞĲĮȢ țȡȚĲȚțȐ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ĮȞĲȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝĮıĲİ ȩĲȚ ʌȡȩțİȚĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮȞ
©șİıȝȩȝİȝĮțȡȐȚıĲȠȡȓĮʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțİȢįȠȝȑȢİȡȝȘȞİȣĲȚțȐȝȑıĮțĮȚıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮİʌȚ
țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȐțĮȚȚįİȠȜȠȖȚțȐțĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒʌȠȣİʌȘȡİȐ
ȗİȚ ĮȞ ȩȤȚ țĮșȠȡȓȗİȚ ĲȠ ȡȩȜȠ țĮȚ ĲȠ ıȣȞĲİȜȠȪȝİȞȠ ȑȡȖȠ ĲȠȣ ıĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȝȑıĮ
ıĲȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖİȓªȂȠȪȜȚȠȣı ȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠįİȞİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȢĮʌȡȩıȦʌȠȢ
ȤȫȡȠȢȠȠʌȠȓȠȢįİȞİʌȘȡİȐȗİĲĮȚĮʌȩʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȑȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢțĮȚʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢİʌȚįȡȐ
ıİȚȢǹȞĲȓșİĲĮİȞıȦȝĮĲȫȞȠȞĲĮȚı¶ĮȣĲȩȦȢ©İȡȖĮȜİȓĮțȡĮĲȚțȒȢȚįİȠȜȠȖȓĮȢªȩʌȦȢ
ĲĮ ıȤȠȜİȓĮ Ș İțțȜȘıȓĮ ĲĮ įȓțĲȣĮ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ țĮȚ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚȫȞ țĮ ʌȠȣ İțʌȡȠ
ıȦʌȠȪȞʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞțĮȚĮȞĮʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞĲȘȞțȣȡȓĮȡȤȘȚįİȠȜȠȖȓĮīțȐȗȘı45).
ȀĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȠȣ20Ƞȣ ĮȚȫȞĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚȝȚĮıĲȡȠĳȒĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞıİ
ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȝȠȡĳȒ țĮȚ ĲȠȞ ȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮ ĲȠȣȢ ȀȪȡȚȠȢ ıțȠʌȩȢ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȜȑȠȞȘʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒĲȠȣȢİʌĮĳȒȝİĲȠțȠȚȞȩțĮȚȩȤȚȘİʌȚȜİțĲȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮĲȠȣȢ
ȝİ ȝȚĮ ȝȚțȡȒ ȠȝȐįĮ ȝȠȡĳȦȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȚȞȩĲĮȞıĲȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ȆĮȡĮĲȘ
ȡİȓĲĮȚ ȑĲıȚȝȚĮıĲȡȠĳȒĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣʌȡȠȢĲȠȞİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘțĮȚĲĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮĲȠȣ
ıİ ĮȞĲȓșİıȘ ȝİ ʌĮȜĮȚȩĲİȡĮ ȩʌȠȣ ĲȠ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ȕȡȚıțȩĲĮȞ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ
țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ ĲȠȣ ȣȜȚțȠȪ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȠȪ ʌȜȠȪĲȠȣ ǻȐȜțȠȢ ı ȃȐțȠȣ
2001ı 125).
ȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĮȡȖȐĮȜȜȐıĲĮșİȡȐȝİĲȠʌȑȡĮıȝĮĲȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣĮʌȠĳȐıȚıİȞĮįȚİȣȡȪ
ȞİȚĲȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠțĮȚĲȠȣȢıțȠʌȠȪȢʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȢıĲȠȞİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘȖȞȫıİȚȢțĮȚȞȑİȢ
ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢȤȦȡȓȢȞĮįȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚȦȢ ȤȫȡȠȢʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢțĮȚįȚȐįȠıȘȢ
ĲȘȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒȢ țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐȢ țĮȚ İșȞȚțȒȢ ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢ ȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȢ ȝİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚ
ıȝȠȪȢțĮȚțȠȣȜĲȠȪȡİȢțĮȚȦȢȤȫȡȠȢȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮȢțĮȚʌȡȠıȑȜțȣıȘȢĲȠȣȡȚıĲȫȞ
ǲĲıȚȝİĲĮȝȠȡĳȫșȘțİıİȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩșİıȝȩʌȠȣȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖİȓȩȤȚȦȢıȣȝʌȜȒ
ȡȦȝĮ – ʌȡȠȑțĲĮıȘ ĲȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ĮȜȜȐ ȦȢ ȑȞĮȢ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜȠȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢ ĳȠȡȑĮȢ
ĮȞȠȚȤĲȩȢıİȩȜȠȣȢʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȢȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȠȞ ȝİȖȐȜȠțĮȚȝȠȞĮįȚțȩİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩțĮȚ
19
ȣȜȚțȩĲȠȣȑȡȖĮĲȑȤȞȘȢİȡȖĮıĲȒȡȚĮȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮĲĮțĮʌȜȠȪıȚİȢĮȚıșȘĲȚțȑȢțĮȚʌȠ

ȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢțĮȚȖȞȫıİȚȢ
ȈȣȝʌİȡĮıȝĮĲȚțȐȝİĲȐĮʌȩĲȘıȪȞĲȠȝȘȚıĲȠȡȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȘȢȑȞȞȠȚĮȢȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ĮȞĲȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝĮıĲİȩĲȚĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ țȐȜȣȥİȝȚĮȝİȖȐȜȘȤȡȠȞȚțȒʌİȡȓȠįȠȑȦȢȩĲȠȣ ȞĮ
ĳĲȐıİȚȞĮʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚĲȚȢȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢĲȠȣʌȡȠȢȩĳİȜȠȢĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪ
Ǿ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ıȒȝİȡĮ ʌȡȠțȪʌĲİȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢ
ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ȅ ʌȚȠ ĮʌȠįİțĲȩȢ ȠȡȚıȝȩȢ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ȠȡȚıȝȩȢ ĲȠȣ ,&20 ĲȠȣ
ǻȚİșȞȠȪȢȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣĲȦȞȂȠȣıİȓȦȞȈȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĮȣĲȩȞȝȠȣıİȓȠİȓȞĮȚ©ȑȞĮȝȩȞȚȝȠ
ȝȘțİȡįȠıțȠʌȚțȩȓįȡȣȝĮıĲȘȞȣʌȘȡİıȓĮĲȘȢțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢțĮȚĲȘȢĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘȢĲȘȢĮȞȠȚ
ȤĲȩıĲȠțȠȚȞȩʌȠȣĮʌȠțĲȐıȣȞĲȘȡİȓİȡİȣȞȐțȠȚȞȠʌȠȚİȓțĮȚİțșȑĲİȚȣȜȚțȑȢȝĮȡĲȣȡȓ
İȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢțĮȚĲȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĲȠȣȢȝİıțȠʌȩĲȘȝİȜȑĲȘĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
țĮȚĲȘȞȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮªȀĮțțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘı
ȉȠȞȠȡȚıȝȩĮȣĲȩĳĮȓȞİĲĮȚȞĮĮʌȠįȑȤİĲĮȚțĮȚĲȠȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪĲȠȠʌȠȓȠ
įȚĮĲȣʌȫȞİȚĲȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİʌĮȡȩȝȠȚȠĲȡȩʌȠ“ȍȢ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȞȠİȓĲĮȚȘȣʌȘ
ȡİıȓĮȒȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢȝȘțİȡįȠıțȠʌȚțȠȪȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮĲȠȠʌȠȓȠĮʌȠțĲȐĳȣȜȐııİȚıȣ
ȞĲȘȡİȓțĮĲĮȖȡȐĳİȚțĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢİțșȑĲİȚțĮȚʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚıĲȠțȠȚȞȩıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢĮȡȤĮȚȠȜȠ
ȖȚțȫȞțĮȜȜȚĲİȤȞȚțȫȞȒȐȜȜȦȞȣȜȚțȫȞȝĮȡĲȣȡȚȫȞĲȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȝİıțȠʌȩĲȘȝİȜȑ
ĲȘĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚĲȘȞȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮ”ȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘı-23)
ǺȐıİȚĲȦȞ ȠȡȚıȝȫȞĮȣĲȫȞ țĮȚĲȠȣ ȐȡșȡȠȣ ĲȠȣțĮĲĮıĲĮĲȚțȠȪĲȠȣ,&20ȘȑȞ
ȞȠȚĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚİȣȡȑȦȢțĮȚȖȚĮĮȣĲȩȞĲȠȞȜȩȖȠȦȢȝȠȣıİȓĮșİȦ
ȡȠȪȞĲĮȚĲĮǿȞıĲȚĲȠȪĲĮıȣȞĲȒȡȘıȘȢțĮȚȠȚĮȓșȠȣıİȢȑțșİıȘȢʌȠȣȣʌȐȖȠȞĲĮȚıİȕȚ
ȕȜȚȠșȒțİȢțĮȚĮȡȤİȓĮțĮȚȠȚĮȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓțĮȚȚıĲȠȡȚțȠȓȤȫȡȠȚĲĮȝȞȘȝİȓĮțĮȚȠȚ
İșȞȠȖȡĮĳȚțȠȓ țĮȚ ĳȣıȚțȠȓ ȤȫȡȠȚ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĲȠ ȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȜȩȖȦ ĲȦȞ įȡĮ
ıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞĲȠȣȢǻȐȜțȠȢı.
1.2. ǼȓįȘȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ
ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ ȗȦȞĲĮȞȐ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ țĮȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȞĮ İʌĮȞĮ

ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓıȠȣȞ ȡȩȜȠȣȢ ıĲȩȤȠȣȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠĲİȡĮȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ıİ ȝȚĮ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȜȜȐȗİȚ ȞĮ
İȞșĮȡȡȪȞȠȣȞ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ĲȠȣȢ İʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢ ıİ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȑȢ ȖİȞİȑȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȚĲȚ
ıȝȠȪȢ ıİ ȩȜȠȞ ĲȠȞ țȩıȝȠ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮșİȦȡȒıȠȣȞ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȠȪȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ İȡȝȘȞİȣĲȚ
țȒȢ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞ ȝİ țȪȡȚȠ ȝȑȜȘȝĮ ĲȘȞ İȞİȡȖȒ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȫȞ
20
ıĲȘ ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ țĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮȞ įȚȐȜȠȖȠ ȝİ ĲȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ țĮȚ ĲȠ ȝȑȜ
ȜȠȞ (ȂȠȪȜȚȠȣȂıȉĮȝȠȣıİȓĮıĲȠȞȠ ĮȚȫȞĮʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢĮȟȓİȢ
Ǿ İȟİȚįȓțİȣıȘ ĲȠȣȢ ȖȞȫıȘȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș ĲȐıȘ ʌȠȣ țȣȡȚĮȡȤİȓ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ
ĮȞȐįİȚȟȘ ĲȦȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞĲȠȣȢ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ İțșȑıİȚȢ ĮȞĲĮȞĮ
țȜȫȞĲĮȚİȣȡȪĲİȡȠȚ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȠȓʌȠȜȚĲȚțȠȓ țĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȓ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞĲİȢ. ȈȒȝİȡĮıȣȝ
ȕĮįȓȗȠȣȞįȚȐĳȠȡȠȚĲȪʌȠȚȝȠȣıİȓȦȞʌȠȣįȚĮĳȑȡȠȣȞ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİĲȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȩĲȠȣȢ,
ĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠʌȠȣİțșȑĲȠȣȞĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĲȘȞĲĮțĲȚțȒ ʌȠȣĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞȖȚĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȣȞ
ĲȠțȠȚȞȩ țȠȞĲȐĲȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚĲȘȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ĲȠȣȢ țĮĲİȪșȣȞıȘǲĲıȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮ
įȚĮțȡȓȞȠȣȝİ ĲĮ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐ ĲĮ ȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮ țĮȚ ĲĮ ȝİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ (ȃȐțȠȣ
ı).
1.2.1. ȆĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐȂȠȣıİȓĮ
ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĮȣĲȐ İȝĳĮȞȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ĲȑȜȘ ĲȠȣ Ƞȣ ĮȚȫȞĮ țĮȚ ĮȡȤȑȢ ĲȠȣ Ƞȣ
țĮȚıȣȞįȑȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲȘȞȚįİȠȜȠȖȓĮĲȠȣțȡȐĲȠȣȢǲȤȠȣȞȦȢȕĮıȚțȩĲȠȣȢıțȠʌȩȞĮȜİȚ
ĲȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞıĮȞĳȪȜĮțİȢĲȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞĲȠȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚȞĮĮȞĮįİȓȟȠȣȞĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ
İțșȑĲȠȞĲȐȢĲĮıĮȞİșȞȚțȐțİȚȝȒȜȚĮțĮȚȝĮȡĲȣȡȓİȢĲȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞĲȠȢșİȦȡȫȞĲĮȢĲĮȦȢ
ĲĮ ȝȩȞĮĮȣșİȞĲȚțȐțĮȚĮȞĲȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐ
ȉĮ©ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐªȝȠȣıİȓĮʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞȑȞĮȞĲȡȩʌȠ ȖȞȫıȘȢțĮĲĮĲȐııȠȞĲĮȢĲȠșİ
ȝĮĲȚțȩĲȠȣȢʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠıİĮȣıĲȘȡȒȤȡȠȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒıİȚȡȐțĮȚ įİȞįȓȞȠȣȞĲȘȞįȣȞĮĲȩ
ĲȘĲĮȞĮıȣȖțȡȚșİȓțĮȚȞĮȝİȜİĲȘșİȓĲȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞıİıȣȞȐȡĲȘıȘȝİ ĲȠʌĮȡȩȞǻȓȞİĲĮȚ
ȑȝĳĮıȘ ıĲȘȞ ȠʌĲȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ĲȦȞ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ įȓȞİĲĮȚ Ș İȣțĮȚȡȓĮ ȖȚĮ
ȑȞĮȞ İʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȩ įȚȐȜȠȖȠ ȝİĲĮȟȪ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ȟİȞĮȖȫȞ ĮȖȞȠȫȞĲĮȢ
ĲȚȢ ȚįȑİȢ ĲȠȣȢ ĲȚȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĲȚȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ(ȃȐțȠȣ ı
133)ǾĲȠʌȠșȑĲȘıȘĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞȖȓȞİĲĮȚʌȠȜȜȑȢĳȠȡȑȢȐȞĮȡȤĮțĮȚĮʌȠıʌĮıȝĮĲȚțȐ
ȝİĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮȞĮȕȠȝȕĮȡįȓȗİĲĮȚȠİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘȢȝİȝȚĮ ʌȜȘșȫȡĮȖȞȫıİȦȞțĮȚıĲȠĲȑ
ȜȠȢ ȞĮ șȣȝȐĲĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȩıĮ ĲȠȣ ȑțĮȞĮȞ ȝİȖȐȜȘ İȞĲȪʌȦıȘ (ǿȦĮȞȞȓįȘȢ ,ıı -
38).
ǹʌȩĲȘȞĮȡȤȒʌȠȣȑȡȤİĲĮȚȠİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘȢıİİʌĮĳȒȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓĲĮȚ
ȑȞĮȢȝȪșȠȢȖȪȡȦĮʌȩĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ĮȣĲȐȖȚĮĲȓĮʌȩĲȘȞıĲȚȖȝȒʌȠȣșĮȝʌİȚȑȞĮ Į
ȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȠȝȑıĮıĲȘȞĮȓșȠȣıĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣșĮʌȡȠȦșȘșİȓıĮȞµȝĮȖȚțȩ¶țĮȚșĮȣȝĮ
ıĲȩ ĮȖĮșȩįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȫȞĲĮȢȖȪȡȦĲȠȣȝȚĮȚİȡȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚȑȞĮȞµȝȪșȠ¶ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢʌȠȜȜȑȢ
ĳȠȡȑȢ ĲȠ țȐșİ ĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȠ įİȞ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ĮȡİıĲȩ Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ İʌȚıțȑʌĲȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ȜȩȖȠ ʌȠȣ
21
țĮĲĮıțİȣȐıĲȘțİ ĮȜȜȐ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ İĲȚțȑĲĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȒȡİ ȦȢ ʌȠȜȪĲȚȝȠ (ȃȐțȠȣ
ıı-123ǼʌȓıȘȢĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮįİȞıȣȞȠįİȪȠȞĲĮȚıȣȞȒșȦȢĮʌȩțĮĲĮȞȠȘĲȑȢ
țĮȚĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȑȢʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢțĮȚʌȠȜȜȑȢĳȠȡȑȢȘ ĮȟȓĮĲȠȣșİȦȡİȓĲĮȚįİįȠȝȑȞȘ
ȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮșĮʌĮȡĮșȑıȠȣȝİıȣȞȠʌĲȚțȐĲȚȢʌȑȞĲİȕĮıȚțȑȢȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓİȢ ĲȠȣ ʌĮ
ȡĮįȠıȚĮțȠȪ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ĲȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢțĮȚĮȞȑʌĲȣȟİ
ǾʌȡȫĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮİȓȞĮȚȘȖȞȦıĲȚțȒ: ĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮșȚİȡȫȞİĲĮȚıĮȞșİıȝȩȢʌȠȣ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚȝȩȞȠ“ĮȜȒșİȚİȢ”įȘȜĮįȒʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚ ĲȠȞ țȩıȝȠ“ȩʌȦȢĮțȡȚȕȫȢİȓȞĮȚ”
ĮʌȩȝȚĮʌȡȠȞȠȝȚĮțȒșȑıȘ (ȆĮıȤĮȜȓįȘȢı).
ǾįİȪĲİȡȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣİȓȞĮȚȘĮĳȘȖȘȝĮĲȚțȒ, ĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ĲȘȞİȣșȪȞȘȖȚĮȞĮ
įȚȘȖȘșİȓțĮȚȞĮĮʌȠțĮȜȪȥİȚ ĲȘȞĮȜȒșİȚĮ ĲȠȣțȩıȝȠȣįȚĮįȡĮȝĮĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȢĲȠȞȡȩȜȠĲȠȣ
ĮĳȘȖȘĲȒȂİĮȣĲȒȞĲȘȞ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĮȞĲȚʌȡȠıȦʌİȪİȚİȟĮȚȡİĲȚțȐĲȠȞįȣĲȚțȩʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩ
țĮȚ ĮʌȠĳĮȓȞİĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȠȣ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪ ȦȢ ȝȚĮ ʌȡȠȠįİȣĲȚțȒ ʌȠȡİȓĮ ĲȦȞ șİ
ıȝȫȞ ĲȦȞ ĲİȤȞȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ ȆĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚ ĲȘȞ ıĲĮįȚĮțȒ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ĲȘȢ ĮȞ
șȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İșȞȚțȒ ĲĮȣĲȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ĲȠȣ țȡȐĲȠȣȢ ǹȣĲȐ
ĳĮȞİȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ʌİȡȚȒȖȘıȘ ıĲȠȣȢ įȚĮįȡȩȝȠȣȢ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ
ĲȘȞ ĮȞȐįİȚȟȘ ĲȠȣ ȓįȚȠȣ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ıİ ȕĮıȚțȩ ĮĳȘȖȘȝĮĲȚțȩ șİıȝȩ ĲȘȢ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘȢ
ĮıĲȚțȒȢȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ( ǵʌı).
ȉȡȓĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣİȓȞĮȚȘıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒȘȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚıİȐȝİıȘıȪȞįİ
ıȘȝİĲȘȞĮĳȘȖȘȝĮĲȚțȒȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮȈ¶ĮȣĲȒĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮȠȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣİȓȞĮȚ
ȘİʌĮȜȒșİȣıȘțĮȚȞȠȝȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞșİȝİȜȚĮțȫȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȫȞĲȪʌȦȞțĮȚ țȜȚȝȐțȦȞ
ȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠİȞıĮȡțȫȞİȚĲȘȞȣȥȘȜȒĲȑȤȞȘțĮȚĲȘȞİșȞȚțȒțȠȣȜĲȠȪȡĮ, ȣʌȠĲȚȝȫȞĲĮȢ ĲȘȞ
ȜĮȧțȒ ıțȑȥȘ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩ ȉȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ įİȞ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİĲĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ıĲȘȞ ĳȚȜȠȟİȞȓĮ ĲȦȞ
İțșİȝȐĲȦȞĮȜȜȐȖȓȞİĲĮȚĲȠȓįȚȠ ȝȞȘȝİȓȠʌȠȣȝȞȘȝȠȞİȪİȚĲȠțȪȡȠȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲȘȞİȖțȣ
ȡȩĲȘĲȐĲȠȣȦȢșİıȝȠȪıȣȞĲȒȡȘıȘȢțĮȚ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢĲȘȢıȣȜȜȠȖȚțȒȢȝȞȒȝȘȢ.
ȉȑĲĮȡĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣİȓȞĮȚȘ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒ, ıȣȞįȣȐȗȠȞĲĮȢĲȘȞıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒ
țĮȚȞȠȝȚȝȠʌȠȚȘĲȚțȒĲȠȣșȑıȘ ǺȐıİȚĮȣĲȒȢ©ȠȚıȣȜȜİțĲȚțȑȢțĮȚİțșİıȚĮțȑȢ ʌȡĮțĲȚțȑȢ
ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣıȣȞȚıĲȠȪȞįȘȝȩıȚİȢĲİȜİĲȠȣȡȖȓİȢİʌĮȜȒșİȣıȘȢțĮȚİʌȚțȪȡȦıȘȢ ĲȘȢİ
șȞȚțȒȢȝȞȒȝȘȢțĮȚĲĮȣĲȩĲȘĲĮȢª (ǵʌ)
ȉȠʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȩȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȖțİȞĲȡȫȞİȚĲȚȢʌȚȠıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢțȠȚȞȩĲȘĲİȢȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȠȜĮȩȢĲȠȑșȞȠȢțĮȚȘȓįȚĮȘĮıĲȚțȒ ĲȐȟȘǾİʌȓıțİȥȘıİȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠĮʌȩȝȠȡĳȦȝȑ
ȞĮ ıȪȞȠȜĮ ĲȘȢ ĮıĲȚțȒȢ ĲȐȟȘȢ ĮʌȠĲİȜİȓ ȑȞĮȞ ĲȡȩʌȠ İʌȚțȪȡȦıȘȢ ĲȘȢ ĮȞȦĲİȡȩĲȘĲȐȢ
ĲȠȣȢȐıȤİĲĮĮȞȠȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣİȓȞĮȚ ıĲȘȞȠȣıȓĮʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȩȢ. (ǵʌ)
22
ǾĲİȜİȣĲĮȓĮȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȅʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȩȢȡȩ

ȜȠȢĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞĮȡȤȓȗİȚĮʌȩĲĮȝȑıĮĲȠȣȠȣ ĮȚȫȞĮǹȣĲȒĲȘȞİʌȠȤȒȩȜȠțĮȚʌİ
ȡȚııȩĲİȡȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȝȠȡĳȫȞȠȞĲĮȚțĮȚȑĲıȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩ ĲȘȞ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȩȩĲȚȠțȠȚȞȩȢıțȠʌȩȢĲȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚ ȘʌȞİȣȝĮĲȚțȒțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ
ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ʌİȚșĮȡȤȓĮ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚĲȠȪȞ ıĲȚȢ İʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢ
ĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪĮȜȜȐțĮȚȝȑıȦĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞĲȠȣȢșİȦȡȠȪȞĲĮȚĮȝİȡȩȜȘʌĲȠȚțĮȚĮȞĲȚțİȚ
ȝİȞȚțȠȓȤȫȡȠȚʌȠȣʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠ ( ǵʌı)
ȅȚ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓİȢ ʌȠȣ İȟİĲȐıĲȘțĮȞ įȚİȟȠįȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ıĲȘȞ
ʌȡȐȟȘ ıȣȝĳȦȞȠȪȞ ȑȦȢ ȑȞĮ ıȘȝİȓȠ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ ȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮ țĮȚ ȝİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ʌȠȣȩȝȦȢȝİĲĮȕȐȜȜȠȞĲĮȚĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ĲȦȞıȪȖȤȡȠȞȦȞĮȟȚȫıİȦȞțĮȚįȚİțįȚțȒıİȦȞ.
1.2.2. ȂȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȂȠȣıİȓĮ
ȅȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȑȢțĮȚʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢĲȠȣȠȣ ĮȚȫȞĮȘ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘĲȦȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞȠȝȐįȦȞțĮȚȘĮĳȪʌȞȚıȒĲȠȣȢ ȖȚĮĲȘȞĮȟȓĮĲȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȚ
ĲȚıȝȚțȒȢ țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐȢ ĲȠȣȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȠȣȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȠįȒȖȘıĮȞ
ıĲȠȞ İțȝȠȞĲİȡȞȚıȝȩ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ (ȃȐțȠȣ ı ) ȉĮ ȂȠȞĲȑȡȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ
İȝĳĮȞȓȗȠȣȞĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮȑĲıȚȫıĲİȞĮȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚțĮĲĮȞȠȘĲȐĮʌȩĲȠ țȠȚȞȩȉĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ĮȣĲȐıȣȞĮȡĲȫȞĲĮȚȝİȝȠȞĲȑȡȞİȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢțĮȚʌȚıĲİȪȠȣȞȩĲȚȘʌȡĮȖȝĮ
ĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȘțĮȚʌȦȢȘĮʌȩȜȣĲȘȖȞȫıȘįİȞİȓȞĮȚ ȡİĮȜȚıĲȚțȒȈĲȘȡȓȗȠ
ȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ țĮȚ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȚıșȒıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ ĲȑĲȠȚİȢ ıȣȞ
șȒțİȢȫıĲİĲȠțȠȚȞȩȞĮȕȚȫȞİȚțĮȚȞĮıȣȞįȣȐȗİȚ ȝȑıĮıĲȠȤȫȡȠʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİĲĮȚĲȠʌĮ
ȡȩȞțĮȚĲȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ( ǵʌı-135).
ǾİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ İȓȞĮȚʌȜȑȠȞıȣȞȣĳĮıȝȑȞȘȝİĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮĮȣĲȐ, ıĲĮȠ
ʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚȠȡĮĲȒȘ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲȐĲȠȣȢ ȞĮȠȚțȠįȠȝȠȪȞĲȠȣȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢĲȦȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞȋȡȘ
ıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ İʌȠʌĲȚțȐ ȝȑıĮ ĲȠȣȢ ȤȐȡĲİȢ ĳȦĲȠȖȡĮĳȓİȢ ȖȡĮĳȚțȐ ĲĮȚȞȓİȢ ȝȠȞĲȑȜĮ
ĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıĲĮıȘȢĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȐʌȠȜȣȝȑıĮțȐȉȗȚĮĳȑȡȘıı-30) . ǹțȩȝȘįȓȞİĲĮȚ
ȑȝĳĮıȘıĲȘȤȡȒıȘĲȦȞȤİȡȚȫȞ țĮȚȝ¶ĮȣĲȩȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȠȚİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢȞĮ ĮȖ
ȖȓȟȠȣȞ ĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚȞĮțĮĲĮıțİȣȐıȠȣȞȠȚȓįȚȠȚ ȠȝȠȚȫȝĮĲȐĲȠȣȢ.
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1.2.3. ȂİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȂȠȣıİȓĮ
ȈĲĮȂİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȠȚİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȠțĮșȑȞĮȢȟİȤȦȡȚıĲȐ
țĮȚĮȞİȟȐȡĲȘĲĮĮʌȩĲȘȞȚįİȠȜȠȖȚțȒțĮȚʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȒĲȠȣĲĮȣĲȩĲȘĲĮİȓĲİıȣȝȝİĲȑȤİȚ
ıİȠȝĮįȚțȑȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢİȓĲİȩȤȚȃȐțȠȣıȅİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮȟȚȠ
ʌȠȚȒıİȚĲȚȢıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȚȢįȚțȑȢĲȠȣȚįȑİȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚİʌȚ
įȚȫȟİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ ĮȞĲȓıĲȠȚȤİȢ İȚțȩȞİȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮĲĮ İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ
țĮȚıțȑȥİȚȢȀȩțțȚȞȠȢ ǹȜİȟȐțȘ2002,ǼʌȚȝı
ȆȠȜȜȑȢĳȠȡȑȢĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮıĲĮȝİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȝȠȣıİȓĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲȘȞİ
ȜȐȤȚıĲȘįȣȞĮĲȒıȘȝĮıȓĮĲȠȣȢ©ȫıĲİȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞİȞĮȜȜĮțĲȚțȑȢİȡȝȘȞİȓİȢțĮȚȤȡȒ
ıİȚȢ ıĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞª ȃȐțȠȣ ı ȉĮ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȐ țİȚȝȒȜȚĮ șİȦȡȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȓȤȞȘ ĲȠȣ
ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞĲȠȢʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞȝİĲȑĲȠȚȠĲȡȩʌȠȫıĲİȞĮȖȓȞİȚĮȞĮ
ʌĮȡȐıĲĮıȘĲȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞĲȠȢȖȚĮĲȘȞțĮȜȪĲİȡȘİȝʌȑįȦıȒĲȠȣ
ȅȚ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȠȓ țȜİȚıĲȠȓ ȤȫȡȠȚ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ İȡȖĮıĲȒȡȚĮ Ȓ ĮʌȠșȒțİȢ Į
ȞȠȓȖȠȣȞıĲȠțȠȚȞȩțĮȚİʌȚĲȡȑʌİĲĮȚȘʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘțĮȚȘİȟĮȖȦȖȒıȣȝʌİȡĮıȝȐĲȦȞȖȚĮ
ĲĮ ĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ĲȠȣȢ ȅȡȖĮȞȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ įȚĮȜȑȟİȚȢ ıȣȗȘĲȒıİȚȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ įȚȐĳȠȡİȢ įȡĮ
ıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢȝİĲĮȟȪĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪțĮȚĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȩȖȦȞȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚȟİȞĮȖȒıİȚȢȠȚ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ȖȚĮ ıȤȠȜȚțȑȢ ĲȐȟİȚȢ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȐȜȜİȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ țȠȚȞȠȪ
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȝȠȣıİȚȠıȣıțİȣȑȢ țĮȚ İȞȘȝİȡȦĲȚțȐ ʌĮțȑĲĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ
ȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ įȚȐĳȠȡĮ İʌȚȝȠȡĳȦĲȚțȐ ıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ȖȚĮĲȠȞ İȜİȪșİȡȠ
ȤȡȩȞȠʌȠȣĮʌİȣșȪȞȠȞĲĮȚıİȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢʌĮȚįȚȐțĮȚİĳȒȕȠȣȢǼʌȓıȘȢȠȡȖĮȞȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮİȟ¶ĮʌȠıĲȐıİȦȢȝİĲȘȤȡȒıȘĲȘȢĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢȖȚĮȩıĮȐĲȠȝĮįİȞȑȤȠȣȞ
ȐȝİıȘʌȡȩıȕĮıȘıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣı
ȉĮȝİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȝȠȣıİȓĮıĲȘȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚıĲȠțȠȚȞȩĲȠȣȢțĮȚıĲȘȞİȞİȡȖȒıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒ
ĲȠȣĮȜȜȐȗȠȞĲĮȢĲĮȩıĮȓıȤȣĮȞțĮȚȖȞȦȡȓȗĮȝİȖȚĮĲĮʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐȝȠȣıİȓȐʌȠȣșȑ
ȜȠȣȞĲȠțȠȚȞȩȞĮʌĮȡĮĲȘȡİȓȤȦȡȓȢȞĮțȡȓȞİȚȅȚȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢĮȜȜĮ
ȖȑȢ İʌȚįȚȫțȠȣȞ ıĲȘȞ ȝİȜȑĲȘ ĲȘȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ĮȚıșȘĲȚțȒ ĮȖȦȖȒ įȚĮ ȝȑıȠȣ
ĲȘȢȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮȢȂİĮȣĲȩȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠȠȚİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢșĮİȓȞĮȚ ıİșȑıȘȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞ
ĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚȞĮĲȠĮȖĮʌȒıȠȣȞȃȐțȠȣı-139)
ȆȠȜȜȠȓ ȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȩȖȠȚ șİȦȡȠȪȞ ʌȦȢ ȠȚ ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ įȚĮ
ıĲȡİȕȜȫȞȠȣȞĲȠȞıțȠʌȩțĮȚĲȠȞȡȩȜȠĲȠȣȢȩȝȦȢĲȠșȑȝĮİȓȞĮȚʌȦȢ©ȠȚĮȜȜĮȖȑȢıĲȚȢ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢĮȟȓİȢİȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢĮʌȩĲȠȣȢĲȡȩʌȠȣȢȝȑıȦĲȠȣȠʌȠȓȠȣțĮĲĮȖȡȐĳȠȞĲĮȚȠȚȝİ
24
ĲĮȕȠȜȑȢ ĲȦȞ țĮȚȡȫȞª ȇȩȝʌȚȞıȠȞ ı ǼĳȩıȠȞ ĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ
ȤȫȡȠȢʌĮȚįİȓĮȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȕȠȘșȠȪȞĲȠȣȢİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢțĮȚİȚįȚțȩĲİȡĮĲȠȣȢȞȑȠȣȢȞĮțĮ
ĲĮȞȠȒıȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ʌȠȣ ȗȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ įȚİȡİȣȞȒıȠȣȞ ĲȩıȠ ĲȚȢ įȚțȑȢ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȟȓİȢ ȩıȠ
țĮȚĲȚȢĮȟȓİȢĲȦȞȐȜȜȦȞǵʌı
ǼțĲȩȢ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ĲȡİȚȢ ĲȪʌȠȣȢ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠĮȞĮĳȑȡșȘțĮȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țĮȚ
țȐʌȠȚȠȚĮțȩȝĮȩʌȦȢĲȠʌĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȚĮțȩȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȟİȤȦȡȓȗİȚĮʌȩĲĮȣʌȩȜȠȚ
ʌĮȝȠȣıİȓĮĮĳȠȪȤȡİȚȐȗİĲĮȚȞĮıȣȞįİșİȓȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞĮʌȠįȩȝȘ
ıȘĲȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞĲȠȢȦȢȝȑĲȡȠȣıȪȖțȡȚıȘȢȝİĲȠʌĮȡȩȞȉȠʌĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȚĮțȩȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ȟİȤȞȐ ĲȘȞ ĳȪȜĮȟȘ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ıȣȞĲȒȡȘıȘ ĲȦȞ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ ĲȠȣ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ
ȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚȘȕĮıȚțȒĮʌȠıĲȠȜȒĲȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮțĮȚĲȘȞİțʌĮȓ
įİȣıȘĲȦȞĳȠȚĲȘĲȫȞȈțĮȜĲıȐ1999,ı
1.3. ȅțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ
ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȣʌȒȡȟĮȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ țĮȚ İȟȣʌȘȡȑĲȘıȘȢ.

īȚĮʌȐȡĮʌȠȜȜȐȤȡȩȞȚĮı¶ȩȜȠĲȠȞțȩıȝȠĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȑȤȠȣȞȕȠȘșȒıİȚıĲȘȞ ȑțĳȡĮıȘ
țĮȚıĲȘȞĮȜȜĮȖȒĲȦȞĮĲȩȝȦȞ, ȩıȠȞĮĳȠȡȐıĲȘȞĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘĲȘȢĲĮȣĲȩĲȘĲȐȢĲȠȣȢțȚȑ
ȤȠȣȞıȣȝȕȐȜİȚıĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘțĮȚĲȘįȚĮĲȒȡȘıȘĲȘȢĳȚȜȓĮȢĲȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢțȚȐȜȜȦȞ
ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞįİıȝȫȞȂȑıĮĮʌȩĲȘȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȑȤİȚİȞȚıȤȣșİȓȘ
ĮȜȜȘȜİȖȖȪȘ ȝİĲĮȟȪĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞțȚȑȤİȚİȞȚıȤȣșİȓȘĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıİȐĲȠȝĮ
ȝİ įȚĮĳȠȡȑȢ īİȞȚțȐ ĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıȠȣȞ ĲȘ ȖȞȫıȘ ĲȚȢ
ıĲȐıİȚȢțĮȚĲȘıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪĲȠȣȢ6LOYHUPDQı13).
ȈĲȚȢȝȑȡİȢȝĮȢȠȚĮʌĮȚĲȒıİȚȢĮʌȩĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȑȢǹȞĲȓȖȚĮĲȘȞ
ĮʌȠșȒțİȣıȘ țȚ ȑțșİıȘ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ ĲĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ĳĮȞİȡȫȞȠȣȞ țȣȡȓȦȢ ĲȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ ĲȠȣ
ĮıĲȚțȠȪțȠȚȞȠȪȖȓȞİĲĮȚıȣȗȒĲȘıȘȖȚĮȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠʌȠȣȑȤİȚıĲȠțȑȞĲȡȠĲȠȣİȞįȚĮĳȑ
ȡȠȞĲȠȢĲȠȞİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘ%ODFNıȂ¶ĮȣĲȩȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠįȓȞİĲĮȚȚįȚĮȓĲİȡȘıȘ
ȝĮıȓĮıĲȠȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȡȩȜȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣǺĮıȚțȩȖȞȫȡȚıȝȐĲȠȣİȓȞĮȚȘĮȞĲȚȝİĲȫʌȚ
ıȘĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪțĮȚȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮȘıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒĲȠȣȈ¶ĮȣĲȒĲȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮĲȠȣĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȠ
ĳİȓȜİȚȞĮıĲĮȝĮĲȒıİȚȞĮțĮșȠįȘȖİȓĲĮȚ©ĮʌȩĲȠʌȡȠȧȩȞªțĮȚȞĮȕȐȜİȚıĲȠțȑȞĲȡȠĲȠȣ
İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȩȢĲȠȣĲȠȞİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞĲĮȢȣʌȩȥȘĲȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȠȣțȐșİ
İʌȚıțȑʌĲȘțĮȚĲȠȞȠȜȚıĲȚțȩȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȒȢĲȠȣıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ%ODFN,
ı22).
25
ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İʌİȞİȡȖȒıȠȣȞ șİĲȚțȐ ıĲȚȢ ȗȦȑȢ ȩȜȦȞ ĲȦȞ ĮĲȩȝȦȞ ȞĮ
įȡȐıȠȣȞȦȢțĮĲĮȜȪĲȘȢȖȚĮțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮȞĮȖȑȞȞȘıȘțĮȚȦȢȝȑıȠȖȚĮİȞįȣȞȐȝȦıȘĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȚıȩĲȚȝȦȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚȫȞ6DQGHOOıǹʌȩĲȘȫȡĮʌȠȣĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ
șİȦȡȠȪȞĲĮȚ ĮıĳĮȜİȓȢ ĲȠʌȠșİıȓİȢ ȖȚĮ įȘȝȩıȚĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ țĮȚ ıȣȗȒĲȘıȘ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
İʌȓıȘȢ ȞĮ ĳȑȡȠȣȞ țȠȞĲȐ ȖȚĮ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘ țĮȚ įȚȐȜȠȖȠ ȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡİȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝȘȞȟȑȡİȚțĮȜȐȘȝȓĮĲȘȞȐȜȜȘ6LOYHUPDQı 18-19).
ǾȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĮʌȩȝȩȞȘĲȘȢİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚİȓĲȚȢıȤȑıİȚȢțĮȚĲȘȞĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮ
ıȘ ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ įȓȞȠȣȞ İȣțĮȚȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠțĲȐ țĮȞİȓȢ ıĲȠȞ İȜİȪșİȡȠ
ȤȡȩȞȠĲȠȣțĮȚȖȚĮțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘțĮȚİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮĲȚȢʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡİȢĳȠȡȑȢ
ıİȠȝȐįİȢİʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞʌȠȣĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞĲĮȚĮʌȩȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢȒțĮȚĳȓȜȠȣȢǻȚĮȝȑıȠȣĲȘȢ
ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢıĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮĲĮȝȑȜȘĲȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮțĮĲĮȜȐȕȠȣȞțĮ
ȜȪĲİȡĮĲȠȞİĮȣĲȩĲȠȣȢȠȑȞĮȢĲȠȞȐȜȜȠȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚĲȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐĲȠȣȢȦȢıȪȞȠȜȠȅȚ
İȞȑȡȖİȚİȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲİȢȖȚĮȞĮȕİȜĲȚȫıȠȣȞȕĮıȚțȑȢȠȚțȠȖİ
ȞİȚĮțȑȢȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲİȢĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘȣʌȠȝȠȞȒȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȘʌĮȡĮĲȒ
ȡȘıȘțĮȚĲȠȞĮĮțȠȪȢĲȠȞȐȜȜȠȞȩʌ ı24).
Ǿ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡĮıĲȚțȒ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ıĲȠȣȢ Ȥȫ
ȡȠȣȢ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȕȠȘșȐ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮȤșȠȪȞȞȠȒȝĮĲĮĮʌȩĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮǹȣĲȒȘİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚİȣİȡȖİĲȚțȐĮ
ʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮȩʌȦȢĲȠȐĲȠȝȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȠȣıȚȫįİȚȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢĮȞȐȖțİȢ
ȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮȣĲȠİțĲȓȝȘıȘțĮȚĮȣĲȠʌȡĮȖȝȐĲȦıȘȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚțĮȚȞĮ
İȞįȣȞĮȝȫıİȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪȢįİıȝȠȪȢțĮȚıȤȑıİȚȢȞĮįȫıİȚȑȝĳĮıȘıİțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐʌȡȠ
ȕȜȒȝĮĲĮțĮȚȞĮıȣȝȕȐȜȜİȚ ıĲȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒįȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘțĮȚĲȘȞȚıȩĲȘĲĮȉĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑ
ıȝĮĲĮȩȜȦȞĲȦȞʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȣȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚȞĮȦĳİȜȒıȠȣȞȐĲȠȝĮ
ȠȝȐįİȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚĲȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮȂİĲȘȕȠȒșİȚĮĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒȢİʌȚțȠȚȞȦ
ȞȓĮȢ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ĮȞĮʌĮȡȚıĲȠȪȞ ȝȠȚȡȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ țȚ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞ ȕĮıȚțȐ ıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ ʌȠȜȚĲȚ
ıȝȠȪʌȠȣįȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞȠȣȞĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȘȞʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚĲȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĲȘȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚ
țȒȢȗȦȒȢ6LOYHUPDQı21).
ȀȐșİȝȠȣıİȓȠʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚțĮȚȞĮİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞİȓȝİĲȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩıȪȞȠȜȠȝȑ
ıĮıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȕȡȓıțİĲĮȚǹȣĲȩıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚțĮȚıĲȘȞʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘİȞȩȢĲȠʌȚțȠȪȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ĲȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖİȓ ȦȢ ĲȩʌȠȢ ıȣȞȐȞĲȘıȘȢ įȚĮȜȩȖȠȣ țȚ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ įȚĮ
ĳȩȡȦȞțĮȚįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȫȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚȫȞțĮȚʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȫȞțȩıȝȦȞȃȐțȠȣı126).
ȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȑȤİȚȦȢĮʌȠıĲȠȜȒĲȘȞțĮȜȣĲȑȡİȣıȘĲȦȞıȣȞșȘțȫȞȗȦȒȢȝȑıĮ
26
ĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮĲȦȞȝİȜȫȞĲȘȢĲȠʌȚțȒȢțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘĲȘȖȞȫıȘțĮȚ
ĲȘȞĮȖȐʌȘȖȚĮĲȠȝȑȡȠȢıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȗȠȣȞȃĮİȞįȣȞĮȝȫıİȚĲȠıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮĲȘȢİȞĲȠʌȚȩ
ĲȘĲĮȢʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȞĲĮȢĲȘȝȠȞĮįȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȠȣĲȩʌȠȣĲȠȣȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚĲȦȞȓįȚȦȞĲȦȞțĮĲȠȓ
țȦȞĲȩıȠıİĲȠʌȚțȩİșȞȚțȩȩıȠțĮȚıİįȚİșȞȑȢİʌȓʌİįȠȋȐȚĲĮȢı).
ȈĲȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠĮȣĲȩȝȠȣıİȓĮȑȤȠȣȞȝȚĮİțĲİĲĮȝȑȞȘțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮʌȠıĲȠȜȒȆȡȩțİȚĲĮȚ
ȖȚĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣȖțİȞĲȡȫȞȠȣȞ țĮȚ İțșȑĲȠȣȞ ĲİțȝȒȡȚĮ ʌȠȣ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫȞȠȣȞ ĲȘ
įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ ȜĮȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȫȞ ȂȑıȦ ĲȦȞ ıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȡȠȕȐ
ȜȠȣȞ ĲĮ ȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮ ıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȜĮȠȪ ĲȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İȟȑȜȚȟȒ ĲȠȣ ǻȐȜ
țȠȢı ȀĮĲȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ʌĮȓȗȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩ ȡȩȜȠ ıĲȘ ȕİȜĲȓȦıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮȞĲȓȜȘ
ȥȘȢĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪȖȚĮĲȘȞʌĮȡȐįȠıȘıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȞĲĮȢıİȝȚĮșİĲȚțȒİțĲȓȝȘıȘĮȣĲȒȢȉȑ
ȜȠȢʌĮȡĮțȚȞȠȪȞĲȠȞʌȜȘșȣıȝȩȞĮĮʌȠțĲȒıİȚȖȞȫıİȚȢȖȚĮĲĮȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȐĲȘȢʌĮ
ȡȐįȠıȘȢțĮȚĲȚȢįȚȐĳȠȡİȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢĲȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞĲȠȢİȞȫʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȕȠȘșȠȪȞ
ĲĮȐĲȠȝĮȞĮțĮĲĮȞȠȒıȠȣȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢʌȠȣıȤİĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲȠʌĮȡȩȞȆĮ
ȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȩȝȦȢȝİĲȘȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒĲȘȞțĮȜȜȚĲİȤȞȚțȒțĮȚĲȘȞʌĮĲȡȚȦĲȚțȒĮʌȠıĲȠȜȒ
ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣıĲĮįȚĮțȐĮȞĮʌĲȪȤșȘțİțĮȚȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣĮĳȠȪȒĲĮȞ țȠȚ
ȞȫȢĮʌȠįİțĲȩʌȜȑȠȞȩĲȚȘʌĮȚįİȓĮİȓȞĮȚĮȣĲȒʌȠȣțĮșȠȡȓȗİȚĲȚȢįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲİȢĲȘȢİʌȚ
ĲȣȤȓĮȢıĲȘȗȦȒ.
27
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 2Ƞ : ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚȂȠȣıİȓȠ
ȈĲȠʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠțİĳȐȜĮȚȠĮȞĮĳȑȡĮȝİȩĲȚĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌĮȓȟȠȣȞȚıȤȣ
ȡȩ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ȡȩȜȠ ȕȠȘșȫȞĲĮȢ țĮȚ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȘȞ ĲȣʌȚțȒ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ īȚ¶
ĮȣĲȩĲȠȜȩȖȠĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȢȤȫȡȠȢıĲȠȞȠʌȠȓȠıȣȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞįȚȐĳȠȡİȢȝȠȡĳȑȢ
ȐĲȣʌȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȆĮȡĮțȐĲȦșĮĮȞĮȜȪıȠȣȝİĲȘȞĮȚĲȚȫįȘıȤȑıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİ
ĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
2.1. ǿıĲȠȡȚțȒĮȞĮįȡȠȝȒĲȘȢĮȞĮșİȫȡȘıȘȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȡȩ
ȜȠȣĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ȅȚįȚĮȓĲİȡȠȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣİȓȤİĮȡȤȓıİȚȞĮĲȠȞȓȗİĲĮȚȒįȘĮʌȩ
ĲȚȢĮȡȤȑȢĲȠȣȠȣĮȚȫȞĮȉȠȠǹ/LFKWZDUNįȚİȣșȣȞĲȒȢĲȘȢȆȚȞĮțȠșȒțȘȢĲȠȣ
ǹȝȕȠȪȡȖȠȣıĲȠȑȡȖȠĲȠȣ0XVHHQDOVELOGXQJVVWlWWHQȑȖȡĮĳİȖȚĮĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠșİȦȡȫ
ȞĲĮȢĲȠʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȝȠȡĳȦĲȚțȩȕȚȩĲȠʌȠȂĮȡțĮȞĲȫȞȘȢı
ȀĮĲȐĲȘįİțĮİĲȓĮĲȠȣ
țĮȚȝİĲȐĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȐȡȤȚıİȞĮıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚȝİʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒȢĳȪıİȦȢȀĮĲĮȞȠİȓĲĮȚıȚȖȐ-ıȚȖȐȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣıĲȠ
ʌȜĮȓıȚȠĲȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮȚİȟȑȜȚȟȘȢĲȘȢțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȞįȑșȘțİȝİșȑȝĮ
ĲĮ ȩʌȦȢ Ƞ ©İțįȘȝȠțȡĮĲȚıȝȩȢ ĲȘȢ ȖȞȫıȘȢª țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ©İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒȢ ĮȞȚıȩĲȘĲĮȢª
ȆȡȠȦșİȓĲĮȚȘȚįȑĮȞĮȖȓȞȠȣȞĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȤȫȡȠȚȝİȜȑĲȘȢıĲȘįȚȐșİıȘĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪʌȠȣ
įİȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚʌȚĮȞĮʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİĲĮȚıİȝȓĮȝİȚȠȞȩĲȘĲĮȝȠȡĳȦȝȑȞȦȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞȉȗȚĮ
ĳȑȡȘı
ǾĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȠȣİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȠȪțȜȐįȠȣĲȘȢ©ȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢªıĲȘīİȡȝĮ
ȞȓĮ Ș İȝĳȐȞȚıȘ ĲȠȣ ȡİȪȝĮĲȠȢ ©ĲȠ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ıĲȘȞ ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘª ıĲȘ īĮȜȜȓĮ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ
©ȂȠȣıİȚĮțȒȢ ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢª ıĲȚȢ ǾȆǹ țĮȚ ıĲȘ ǺȡİĲĮȞȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȞįİȚțĲȚțȐ ıĲȠȚ
ȤİȓĮĲȘȢȞȑĮȢĲȐıȘȢȩʌǼʌȚȤİȚȡİȓĲĮȚȞĮĮȞȚȤȞİȣșİȓȞĮİȜİȖȤșİȓțĮȚȞĮıȣıĲȘȝĮĲȠ
ʌȠȚȘșİȓȘȞȑĮįȣȞĮȝȚțȒĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣʌȡȠȢȩĳİȜȠȢĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪțĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢĲȦȞȞȑȦȞ
ĮĲȩȝȦȞȃȑĮșȑȝĮĲĮʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞȘȠȡȚȠșİıȓĮțĮȚȘıțȠʌȠșİıȓĮĲȠȣ
ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȘțĮĲȐȡĲȚıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪĲȠȣțĮȚȘȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓ
ȦȞıİıȣȞȐȡĲȘıȘȝİʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢȂĮȡțĮȞĲȫȞȘȢı-268).
28
ȂȚĮȞȑĮʌİȡȓȠįȠȢĮȡȤȓȗİȚțĮĲȐĲȘįİțĮİĲȓĮĲȠȣ
țĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢĲȠȣ
ıĲȘıȤȑıȘ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİįȚȐĳȠȡİȢʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠȒȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠȐĲȣʌİȢ ȝȠȡĳȑȢʌȡȦĲȠ
ʌȠȡȚĮțȒȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ İʌȓįȡĮıȘȢ ıĲȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘȢ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
ʌȠȜȜȫȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞȝİʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȓĮİȝʌȞİȣıȝȑȞȦȞȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȩȖȦȞțĮȚıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȝİʌĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȚĮțȠȪȢįĮıțȐȜȠȣȢǹȞĮĳȑȡȠȣȝİİȞįİȚțĲȚțȐȝİȡȚțȐĮʌȩĲĮʌȡȫĲĮȝȠȣ
ıİȓĮʌȠȣįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞʌȡȠȢĲȘȞțĮĲİȪșȣȞıȘĮȣĲȒȩʌȦȢĲȠAmerican Muse-
um of National History ıĲȘȃȑĮȊȩȡțȘĲȠConservatoire Nationale des Arts et Mé-
tiers Palais de la Découverte ıĲȠȆĮȡȓıȚțĮȚĲȠScience Museum ıĲȠȁȠȞįȓȞȠȩʌ
ı
ȆȡȠȧȩȞĮȣĲȒȢĲȘȢĲȐıȘȢȖȚĮıȪȞįİıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠİȓȞĮȚȘʌȡȠıʌȐ
șİȚĮʌȡȠıȑȜțȣıȘȢĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢȝİĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣ
ĲȚțȫȞ ĲȝȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ ǻȐȜțȠȢ ı ǲĲıȚ ĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĮʌȠțĲȠȪȞ
©ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ȉȝȒȝĮĲĮª ©ȂȠȡĳȦĲȚțȑȢ ȊʌȘȡİıȓİȢª Ȓ ©ȊʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ȀȠȚȞȠȪª ȉĮ
ʌȡȫĲĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ĲȝȒȝĮĲĮ ĮȞȚȤȞİȪȠȞĲĮȚ ȒįȘ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ĲȑȜȘ ĲȠȣ ȠȣțĮȚ ĲȚȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ
ĲȠȣȠȣĮȚȫȞĮȦıĲȩıȠȠșİıȝȩȢĮȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮȖİȞȚțİȪİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȘįİțĮİĲȓĮĲȠȣ
țĮȚ
ȝİĲȐȉȗȚĮĳȑȡȘı
2.2. ǾȑȞȞȠȚĮĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ
ȅİʌĮȞĮțĮșȠȡȚıȝȩȢĲȠȣȡȩȜȠȣĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ, ȝİĲȐĲȚȢȡĮȖįĮȓİȢİȟİȜȓȟİȚȢʌȠȣıȣ
ȞĲİȜȑıĲȘțĮȞĲȚȢĲİȜİȣĲĮȓİȢįİțĮİĲȓİȢ įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıİĲȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘȝȚĮ
ȞȑĮȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢ ĲȘȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĲȓʌȠĲĮ ȐȜȜȠ
Įʌȩ ©«ȝȚĮ İĳĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ ıĲȠ ȤȫȡȠ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ įȑȤİĲĮȚ İ
ʌȚȡȡȠȒĲȩıȠĮʌȩĲȘȞʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒİʌȚıĲȒȝȘȩıȠțĮȚĮʌȩĲȚȢİȟİȜȓȟİȚȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢıȣ
ȞĲİȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ȤȫȡȠ ĲȦȞ ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞª ȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣ ȩʌ ı țĮȚ ıȣȖțȡȠĲİȓ ĲĮȣĲȩ
ȤȡȠȞĮ©«ĲȠįȚİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩʌİįȓȠʌȠȣıȣıȤİĲȓȗİȚĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚĲȘȝȐșȘıȘȝİ
ĲȠȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩªȈțĮȞįȐȜȘı1).
ȈȒȝİȡĮİȓȞĮȚʌȜȑȠȞĮȣĲȠȞȩȘĲȠ ȩĲȚ©«ĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȓȗȠȞĲĮȚİįȫțĮȚʌȠȜȜȐ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȦȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ȚįȡȪȝĮĲĮª +RRSHU-Greenhill, 1994ı țĮȚ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣĲȩ ĲȠ
ȜȩȖȠĮȣĲȐ İȡİȪȞȘıĮȞ ıĲĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮĲȠȣȞȑȠȣĲȠȣȢȡȩȜȠȣĲȡȩʌȠȣȢȖȚĮȞĮȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞ
ĲȠȣȢİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢĲȠȣȢȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮ ȞĮİĳİȪȡȠȣȞȞȑȠȣȢĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıȑȜ
țȣıȘȢȞȑȦȞİʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞȝȑıĮįȚȐįȠıȘȢĲȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢʌȑȡĮĮʌȩĲĮ
29
ȩȡȚĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚĮțȠȪȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪțĮȚįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢȖȚĮ ĲȠțȠȚȞȩȝĮȗȓȝİĲȠțȠȚ
ȞȩȋĮĲȗȘȞȚțȠȜȐȠȣı189).
ǾȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȝ¶ĮȣĲȩȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠĮȞĮįİȚțȞȪİĲĮȚȦȢȘİʌȚıĲȒȝȘʌȠȣĮȞĮ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡĳȫıİȚĲȚȢțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜİȢʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢįȚĮıȪȞįİıȘȢİʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞțĮȚ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝȑıĮĮʌȩȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞİȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢȩʌȦȢĲĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚ
țȐ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ȖȚĮ ıȤȠȜȚțȑȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ȣȜȚțȠȪ ȠȚ ȝȠȣ
ıİȚȠıȣıțİȣȑȢțȐȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣı18). ǹȣĲȩȑȤİȚȦȢĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮȐĲȠȝĮțĮȚȠȝȐ
įİȢȝİįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȐȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȐĮȞȐȝİıĮĲȠȣȢțĮȚȠȚȑĳȘȕȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ĲȘ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓȗȠȣȞ ȞĮ țĮĲĮȞȠȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȡȝȘȞİȪȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐĲȠȣȢȝȠȣıİȚĮțȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȃȐțȠȣı183).
ȅțȪȡȚȠȢ ıĲȩȤȠȢĲȘȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚĲȘȞ ȝĮșȘıȚĮțȒįȚĮ
įȚțĮıȓĮıĲȠȤȫȡȠĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞȝİțȪȡȚȠ İȡȖĮȜİȓȠȝİĲĮȟȪȐȜȜȦȞĲĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȩĲĮȞȝȚȜȐȝİȖȚĮĲĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮʌȠȣ
ıȤİĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲȚȢıȤȠȜȚțȑȢȠȝȐįİȢȠȚıĲȩȤȠȚıĲȘȞİȞȓıȤȣıȘĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞ
9 ȞĮȕȐȗȠȣȞİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ
9 ȞĮİțĳȡȐıȠȣȞĲȚȢȚįȑİȢĲȠȣȢ
9 ȞĮĮȞĮʌĲȪȟȠȣȞĲȘȞțȡȚĲȚțȒĲȠȣȢıțȑȥȘ
9 ȞĮįȠȝȒıȠȣȞȝȑıĮıİȑȞĮțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠȞȑİȢȖȞȫıİȚȢțĮȚĮȞĲȚȜȒȥİȚȢȖȚĮ
ĲȠȞȣȜȚțȩʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩțĮȚĲȘıȘȝĮıȓĮĲȠȣǹȣįȒ ıȣȞı272).
2.3. ȅıțȠʌȩȢțĮȚȠıĲȩȤȠȢĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ
ȈțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢİȓȞĮȚȘįȚĮȝȩȡĳȦıȘİȞȩȢİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȠȪʌȜĮȚıȓ
ȠȣĮȡȤȫȞțĮȚʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪȝİȕȐıȘĲȠȞȠʌȠȓȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮıȤİįȚȐȗİĲĮȚțĮȚȞĮĮ
ıțİȓĲĮȚȖȩȞȚȝȘțĮȚțȡȚĲȚțȒİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒțĮȚıĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮʌȡȠȢȩĳİȜȠȢĲȠȣ
țȠȚȞȠȪĲȠȣȢ ȃȐțȠȣı.178). īȚĮĲȠȜȩȖȠĮȣĲȩȘȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚ
ȝİ ĲȚȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ țĮȚ ĲĮ ʌȠȡȓıȝĮĲĮ ĲȘȢ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȈȣȞįȣȐȗİȚ
İʌȓıȘȢ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢ ĳȚȜȠıȠĳȚțȑȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȑȢ ĮȞĲȚȜȒȥİȚȢ ʌȠȣ
șİȦȡȠȪȞ ȩĲȚ Ƞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ țĮșȠȡȓȗİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢ ĲȠȣ ıȤȑıİȚȢ țĮȚ ĲȠ Ț
ıĲȠȡȚțȩțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȩțĮȚĳȣıȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ țĮȚȩĲȚȘȖȞȫıȘįİȞĮʌȠțĲȐ
ĲĮȚ ĮțȑȡĮȚĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮĲĮțĲȚȑĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȐĲȠȝĮ ıȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȠ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȩ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ
ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȩțĮȚİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠȝȑıĮıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĲȘȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ ıȣ
30
ȞĲİȜİȓĲĮȚ. ǼʌȓıȘȢįȓȞİĲĮȚȚįȚĮȓĲİȡȘıȘȝĮıȓĮıĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȠıȪȞșİıȘĲȦȞĮĲȩȝȦȞįȓȞȠȞĲĮȢ

ȑȝĳĮıȘ ıĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȡȠȑȜİȣıȘ ȤȦȡȓȢȞĮ ĮȖȞȠİȓĲĮȚ Ƞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȢ ȤĮȡĮțĲȒ
ȡĮȢ ĲȘȢĮȖȦȖȒȢĲȘȢ ȝȐșȘıȘȢĲȘȢİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢĲȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮȚĲȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢǾ
ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ ĮțȩȝȘįİȞȣʌȠĲȚȝȐĲȠȣȢȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚȐȜȜȠȣȢʌĮȡȐ
ȖȠȞĲİȢʌȠȣİʌȚįȡȠȪȞıĲȘȞĮȖȦȖȒțĮȚĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ.
2.4. ǾȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚȠȚįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ
ȅȚıȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢĲȐıİȚȢĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢıȣȝĳȦȞȠȪȞȝİĲȚȢİȣȡȪĲİȡİȢĮʌȩ
ȥİȚȢ ĲȘȢ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘȢ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ ȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢ șİȦȡȠȪȞ ĲȘ ȝȐșȘıȘ ȦȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ įȚĮ
ȞȠȘĲȚțȒ ȥȣȤȚțȒ țĮȚ ʌȡĮțĲȚțȒ ȝİ ȑȞĲȠȞȠ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ ȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮ. ȆĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ Ș ȝȐ
șȘıȘ șİȦȡİȓĲĮȚ ȝȚĮ İȟĮĲȠȝȚțİȣȝȑȞȘ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ȩʌȠȣ ȠȚ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ İȞȩȢ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ įİȞ
ĲĮȣĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȝİ ĲȚȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȦȞ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ĮȞ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ȓįȚȠ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩțĮȚʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞțĮȚȑȤȠȣȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲİȓȝİĲȚȢȓįȚİȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ
ȃȐțȠȣı
īȚ¶ĮȣĲȩĲȠȜȩȖȠȘȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțȜȒșȘțİȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚİțİȓȞİȢĲȚȢʌȡȠ
ȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢįȚĮıȪȞįİıȘȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩțȠȚȞȩĲȠȣȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȘȞȠȡȖȐ
ȞȦıȘ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ ȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣ ıİȜ ıȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȚȢ
įȚȐĳȠȡİȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢșİȦȡȓİȢʌȠȣİȟİȜȓııȠȞĲĮȚȝȑıĮıĲȠȤȡȩȞȠ ȀȐʌȠȚİȢĮʌȩĮȣ
ĲȑȢ įȓȞȠȣȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȘ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ ıĲȘ ȝİĲȐįȠıȘ ĮʌȜȫȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ȦȢ ȝȑıȠ ĲĮ İțșȑȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ȕȡȓıțȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌȠȣ
ıĲȘȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚıĲȘıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚįȓȞȠȣȞȑȝĳĮıȘıĲȘȞİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒĮʌȩțĲȘ
ıȘ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ Ȃ¶ ĮȣĲȩȞ ĲȠȞ ĲȡȩʌȠ ȠȚ
İʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢ įȡȠȣȞıĲĮ İțșȑȝĮĲĮ, ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞĲĮȢ ȩȜİȢĲȠȣȢĲȚȢ ĮȚıșȒıİȚȢ țĮȚİȡİȣ
ȞȠȪȞȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠțĲȒıȠȣȞȩȜİȢİțİȓȞİȢĲȚȢʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ, ȝİıțȠʌȩȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ
ĲĮįȚțȐĲȠȣȢȞȠȒȝĮĲĮıİıȤȑıȘȝİĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮȚȠȜȩțȜȘȡȘĲȘȞȑțșİıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠȣǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣı
2.5. ȅȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ
īȓȞİĲĮȚĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȩȩĲȚıĲȚȢĮȡȤȑȢĲȠȣȠȣĮȚȫȞĮĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮĲĮȜȒȖİȚȞĮșİȦȡİȓ
ĲĮȚĲȠ©ȝȠȣıİȓȠȖȚĮȩȜȠȣȢªīțĮȗȒțĮȚı¶ȑȞĮĲȑĲȠȚȠȝȠȣıİȓȠșİȦȡİȓĲĮȚĮʌĮ
31
ȡĮȓĲȘĲȘ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ İȚįȚțȠȪ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ĲȝȒȝĮĲȠȢ ȠȚ įȡȐıİȚȢ ĲȠȣ ȠʌȠȓȠȣ șĮ ĮȞȠȓ
ȟȠȣȞĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıĲȠİȣȡȪĲİȡȠțȠȚȞȩǾșȑıȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪĲȠȣİʌȚıĲȒȝȠ
ȞĮʌȠȣıȣȞįȣȐȗİȚ ĲȘȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȘĲȘȢʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢȝ¶İțİȓȞȘĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ
İʌȚȕİȕȜȘȝȑȞȘȖȚĮțȐșİȝȠȣıİȓȠȅ ȝȠȣıȚțȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢ șĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚȚțĮȞȩȢȞĮ
ıȤİįȚȐȗİȚĮʌȩĲȘȞĮȡȤȒțĮȚȞĮșȑĲİȚıİİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒĲȠȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝ
ȝĮ
ǾĮȜȒșİȚĮȩȝȦȢİȓȞĮȚʌȦȢıĲȘȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȒʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ ʌĮȡĮĲȘȡİȓĲĮȚ ȝȚĮ ıȪȖȤȣıȘ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ țĮĲȐȡĲȚıȘ ĮȣĲȫȞ ʌȠȣ įȚİȟȐ
ȖȠȣȞ ĲĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȠȓ ȩȡȠȚ ȩʌȦȢ
ȟİȞĮȖȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȒȢİȡȝȘȞİȣĲȒȢįȚĮȝİıȠȜĮȕȘĲȒȢțĮȚȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢȒİȡȝȘ
ȞİȣĲȒȢȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣ
ǹʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȩȡȠȣȢ İʌȚȜȑȖȠȣȝİ ĲȠȞ ȩȡȠ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ Ȓ İȡȝȘȞİȣĲȒ
ĮĳȠȪȠȩȡȠȢ ȟİȞĮȖȩȢ ȝĮȢșȣȝȓȗİȚȝȚĮıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮʌȠȣįİıȣȞȐįİȚ
ȝİĲȘĳȪıȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞȅȩȡȠȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȒȢȝĮȢʌĮȡĮʌȑȝʌİȚ
ıİįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȐİȓįȘȝȐșȘıȘȢǹȞĲȓșİĲĮȠȩȡȠȢİȡȝȘȞİȣĲȒȢıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚȝİĲȘȝȠȣıİȚĮ
țȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮțĮȚȩʌȦȢțĮȚȠȩȡȠȢįȚĮȝİıȠȜĮȕȘĲȒȢĲȠʌȠșİĲİȓĲȠȞȣʌİȪșȣȞȠįȚİȟĮȖȦ
ȖȒȢȝİĲĮȟȪĲȠȣİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘțĮȚĲȠȣİțșȑȝĮĲȠȢȤȦȡȓȢȦıĲȩıȠȞĮ įȚĮıĳĮȜȓȗİĲĮȚȘİȞİȡ
ȖȩȢ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒ ĲȠȣ İʌȚıțȑʌĲȘ ıĲȘ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ȩʌ
ȈĲȘȞʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȠȩȡȠȢ İȝȥȣȤȦĲȒȢ İȓȞĮȚĮȣĲȩȢʌȠȣıĲĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮĲȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢșĮ
İȞșĮȡȡȪȞİȚ șĮ ʌȡȠĲİȓȞİȚ ĲȠ ʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ șĮ İȝʌȞİȪıİȚ ȖȚĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȑțĳȡĮıȘ ĲȠȣ
ıȣȝȝİĲȑȤȠȞĲĮǻİșĮʌİȡȚȠȡȚıĲİȓıĲȘȝİĲȐįȠıȘȖȞȫıİȦȞțĮȚıĲȘȞİȡȝȘȞİȓĮĲȦȞİț
șİȝȐĲȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ șĮ ©«ʌȡȠȦșȒıİȚ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȑȢ țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȕĮıȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠ
ıȣȖțȚȞȘıȚĮțȩ ȕȓȦȝĮ Ȓ ıĲȘ ȕȚȦȝĮĲȚțȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ țĮȚ ıĲȠȤİȪȠȣȞ ıĲȘ įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȒ țĮȚ
ıȣȖțȚȞȘıȚĮțȒțȚȞȘĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞİʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞªȩʌ
ȅȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢıȣȞĲİȜİȓıĲȘȞİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲĮıȤȠȜİȓĮĮȜ
ȜȐțĮȚĲȠȞțȩıȝȠȦșİȓĲȠțȠȚȞȩıĲȘȞĮȚıșȘĲȚțȒțĮȚİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮİȣĮȚ
ıșȘĲȠʌȠȚȫȞĲĮȢĲȠĮʌȑȞĮȞĲȚıĲȘȞĮȟȓĮʌȠȣȑȤİȚĲȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞțĮȚĲȠʌĮȡȩȞ
ǼȚıȐȖİȚʌĮȚįȚȐ țĮȚ ȝİȖȐȜȠȣȢ ıĲȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ĲȦȞ ĲİȤȞȫȞȝȑıȦ įȚȐĳȠȡȦȞʌȡĮțĲȚțȫȞ
İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȞĮșȑĲİȚ ǱȜțȚıĲȘȢ ıı - Ǿ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ ĲȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ
ȝİȕȐıȘĲȠȞȤȫȡȠțĮȚĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȦȞʌȚȞĮțȓįȦȞʌȠȣșĮıȣȞȠįİȪȠȣȞ
ĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚȠȚȟİȞĮȖȒıİȚȢİȓȞĮȚȝİȡȚțȑȢĮțȩȝĮĮʌȩĲȚȢİȣșȪȞİȢĲȦȞȝȠȣ
32
ıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȫȞ ǹȣĲȠȓ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĳȑȡȠȣȞ ʌȚȠ țȠȞĲȐ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ ıĲĮ İțșȑȝĮĲĮ ĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȞĮ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ İʌȚıțȑʌĲȘ ȑĲıȚ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ĲȠȞ ȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞ ȝȑıȦ
ĲȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢĲȠȣİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢȞĮțĮĲĮȞȠȒıİȚĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚȞĮĮʌȠțĲȒıİȚ
țȡȓıȘȖȚĮĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮȈȣȝȝİĲȑȤȠȣȞıĲȠȞıȤİįȚĮıȝȩțĮȚʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞİțșȑ
ıİȦȞ țĮȚ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȒ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ȀȠȣȕȑȜȘıı-34) .
ȅ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢ Ƞ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ İȞ ĲȑȜİȚ ȞĮ įȚĮșȑĲİȚ
ĲȚȢĮȡİĲȑȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮ ȩĲĮȞĮʌİȣșȪȞİĲĮȚıİȠȝȐįİȢțȠȚȞȠȪıȤȠȜȚțȒȢ
ȘȜȚțȓĮȢȇȐʌĲȠȣȝȑıĮĮʌȩȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮǾʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮĲȠȣșĮ
įȫıİȚĲȠțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠıİȑȞĮĲȑĲȠȚȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮȚșĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚĲȠȣȢİ
ʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢȞĮįȫıȠȣȞİȡȝȘȞİȓİȢıĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮȝİȕȐıȘĲȚȢįȚțȑȢĲȠȣȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢȃȐ
țȠȣ
ȈȒȝİȡĮ ĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ įȚĮșȑĲȠȣȞ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪȢ țĮȚ ĮȡțİĲȐ įȚĮșȑĲȠȣȞ İȚįȚțȐ
ĲȝȒȝĮĲĮ ȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ǲȡȖȠ ĲȠȣȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ıȤİįȚȐȗȠȣȞ
țĮȚȞĮȣȜȠʌȠȚȠȪȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮȖȚĮȝĮșȘĲȑȢʌȠȣĮȞȒțȠȣȞıİįȚȐĳȠȡİȢ
ȕĮșȝȓįİȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĲȠȣȢțĮșȘȖȘĲȑȢĲȠȣȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮ
ĲĮ ȖȚĮ ȚįȚȫĲİȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȠȚ İʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢ ȞĮ ȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȝȑıĮ
ȑȞĮȞİȞİȡȖȩțĮȚȕȚȦȝĮĲȚțȩĲȡȩʌȠ
ȅȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪİȓȞĮȚ
x ȃĮıȤİįȚȐȗİȚĲȘįȠȝȒțĮȚĲȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢʌȡȠ
ıĮȡȝȩȗȠȞĲȐȢĲȠıĲȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚĲȠȖȞȦıĲȚțȩİʌȓʌİįȠĲȘȢȘȜȚțȚĮțȒȢĲȠȣȠȝȐįĮȢ
x ȃĮıĲȠȤİȪİȚıİıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮʌȠȣșȑȜİȚȞĮİʌȚĲİȣȤșȠȪȞȝȑıȦĲȘȢ
ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢ
x ȃĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚĲĮ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐİȡȖĮȜİȓĮțĮȚĲȚȢĲİȤȞȚțȑȢȫıĲİ
ȞĮİȝʌȜĮțȠȪȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȖȞȦıĲȚțȐțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȐ
x ȃĮĮȞĮʌĲȣȤșİȓĲȠıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮĲȘȢİȝʌȚıĲȠıȪȞȘȢțĮȚĲȘȢĮıĳȐȜİȚĮȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȚĮ
țȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞțĮȚȞĮİȞșĮȡȡȣȞșİȓȘțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞțĮȚȘĮȜȜȘȜİ
ʌȓįȡĮıȘ
x ȃĮıȣȞįȑıİȚĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘȝİĲȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩĲȘĲĮĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞțĮȚĲĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠ
ȞĲȐĲȠȣȢıĲȠȕĮșȝȩʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮĲȩȞ
33
x ȃĮĮȞĮʌĲȪȟİȚȝİȜȩȖȚĮțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚİȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢțĮȚȝİĲȚȢțĮĲȐȜȜȘ
ȜİȢİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢȞĮİȟȐʌĲİȚĲȘĳĮȞĲĮıȓĮĲȠȣȢțĮȚĲĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮĲĮȫıĲİȞĮİȞİȡ
ȖȠʌȠȚİȓĲȘıțȑȥȘĲȠȣȢ
x ȃĮİȓȞĮȚİȣȑȜȚțĲȠȢȦȢʌȡȠȢĲȚȢİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢʌȠȣșȑĲȠȣȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢțĮȚȦȢʌȡȠȢĲȚȢ
ĮȞĲȚįȡȐıİȚȢĲȠȣȢțĮȚȞĮĲȠȣȢĮȞĮșȑĲİȚʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȓİȢİȞȫĮȣĲȩȢĮʌȜȐıȣȞĲȠȞȓȗİȚ
ĲȠȩȜȠİȖȤİȓȡȘȝĮİȞșĮȡȡȪȞȠȞĲĮȢĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ 1
2.6. ǾȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒıĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
ǴıȦȢ Ș ʌȚȠ ȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȒ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ ıȣȞĲİȜİıĲİȓ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĲȚȢ ĲİȜİȣĲĮȓİȢ
įİțĮİĲȓİȢİȓȞĮȚȘʌĮȡĮįȠȤȒĲȦȞıȘȝĮıȓĮȢĲȦȞȝĮșȘıȚĮțȫȞșİȦȡȚȫȞıĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ
țĮȚĲȘȞįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮİțșȑıİȦȞȈȒȝİȡĮįȓȞİĲĮȚȚįȚĮȓĲİȡȘıȘȝĮıȓĮȖȚĮĲȠ ʌȦȢİʌȚĲİȜİȓ
ĲĮȚ Ș ȝȐșȘıȘ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ įȘȜĮįȒ ȝİ ʌȠȚȠȞ ĲȡȩʌȠ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȠȪȞ țĮȚ
©ȝĮșĮȓȞȠȣȞªȝȑıĮıİȑȞĮʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢīțĮȗȒ
ȅȚĲİȜİȣĲĮȓİȢıȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢșİȦȡȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢʌȠȣİĳĮȡȝȩȗȠȞĲĮȚıȣıĲȘȝĮĲȚțȐȩʌȦȢ
ȠțȠȞıĲȡȠȣțĲȚȕȚıȝȩȢȒįȠȝȚıȝȩȢȣʌȠıĲȘȡȓȗİȚȩĲȚʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚȝȚĮıȪȞșİĲȘįȚ
ĮįȚțĮıȓĮĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıĲȠȝĮșȘĲȒțĮȚĲȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞīȚ’ Įȣ
ĲȠȪȢĲȠȣȢȜȩȖȠȣȢȠȝĮșȘĲȒȢįİȞİȟĮȡĲȐĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȠİȐȞıȣȝĳȦȞȠȪȞȝİĲȘȞİȟȦĲİȡȚțȒ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮĮȜȜȐĮʌȩĲȠĮȞįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞțȐʌȠȚȠȞȩȘȝĮıİıȤȑıȘȝİĲȘȞțĮĲĮ
ıțİȣĮıȝȑȞȘĮʌȩĲȠȞȓįȚȠĲȠȝĮșȘĲȒʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ+HLQ*ı
ȅȚ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȑȢ șİȦȡȓİȢ ʌȠȣ İĳĮȡȝȩȗȠȞĲĮȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ țĮĲȐ
țȩȡȠȞıĲȘȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘİȓȞĮȚĲȑııİȡȚȢțĮȚıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞıĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩİț
ʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
Į) ǾİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒșİȦȡȓĮĲȘȢİȡȝȘȞİȣĲȚțȒȢ
ǾȠȚțȠįȩȝȘıȘİȞȩȢȞȠȒȝĮĲȠȢıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȠȞ:'LOWKH\İȟĮȡĲȐĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞʌȡȠ
ȘȖȠȪȝİȞȘ ȖȞȫıȘ ĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ʌȚıĲİȪȦ țĮȚ ĲȚȢ ĮȟȓİȢĲȠȣ ǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣ
ı ȉȠ ĲȚ ĮȞĲȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝĮıĲİ țĮȚ țĮĲĮȞȠȠȪȝİ įȘȜĮįȒ İȟĮȡĲȐĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣĲȩ ʌȠȣ
ȒįȘ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ ǱȡĮ ĲĮ ȞȠȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ĮȞĲĮȞĮțȜȠȪȞ ĮȣĲȐ ʌȠȣ ȒįȘ
ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİıİĮȞĲȚıĲȠȓȤȚıȘȝİĮȣĲȩʌȠȣĮȞĲȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝĮıĲİȝȚĮıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘȤȡȠȞȚ
1 ǼȕȓĲĮȉıȚȫȜȘ http://www.paidorama.com/o-rolos-tou-mouseiopaidagwgou.html.
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țȒ ıĲȚȖȝȒȝİıȣȞȑʌİȚĮȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞĲĮȚȠȚʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢȝĮȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢțĮȚȩȤȚȑĲȠȚ
ȝİȢȖȞȦıĲȚțȑȢʌĮȡĮıĲȐıİȚȢǾȖȞȫıȘİȓȞĮȚİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮįȩȝȘıȘȢȘȠʌȠȓĮ
ĮȞĮʌĲȪııİĲĮȚıĲȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞȝȑıĮıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠıȣȞĮȞĲȐĲĮȚǾȝȐșȘıȘİȓȞĮȚȝȓĮİȞİȡ
ȖȘĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮțĮȚ ȖȚĮĮȣĲȩĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠİȞșĮȡȡȪȞİȚĲȠȝĮșȘĲȒȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌĲİȚȝȩ
ȞȠȢĲȠȣĲȘȞȖȞȫıȘǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢțĮȚȠȚİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞıĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘ
ĲȑȢĲȠțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠȣȜȚțȩțĮȚıİıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩȝİįȚȐĳȠȡİȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮĲȠȡșȫȞȠȣȞ
ȞĮ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌĲȠȣȞ ȝȩȞȠȚ ĲȠȣȢ ĲȘȞ ĮȜȒșİȚĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞ ĲĮ įȚțȐ ĲȠȣȢ ȞȠȒȝĮĲĮ
ȃȐțȠȣı
ȕ) ǾİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒșİȦȡȓĮĲȘȢʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȒȢȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ.
ȈȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȘșİȦȡȓĮĲȠȣH. GardnerȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚĮȞĮʌĲȪȟİȚıİȝȚțȡȩĲİȡȠ
Ȓ ȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȠ ȕĮșȝȩ ȚıȐȟȚĮ ȠțĲȫ İȓįȘ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣ
ı
1) ǾȜȠȖȚțȩ-ȝĮșȘȝĮĲȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
2) ǾȜİțĲȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
3) ǾȤȫȡȠ-ĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
4) ǾıȦȝĮĲȚțȩ-țȚȞĮȚıșȘĲȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
5) ǾȝȠȣıȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
6) ǾįȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
7) ǾİȞįȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
8) ǾĳȣıȚȠȖȞȦıĲȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
Ǿ țĮĲȐțĲȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ȖȞȫıȘȢ țĮȚ Ș ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒ țĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘ ĲȠȣ țȩıȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ H.
Gardner ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ, ȩĲĮȞ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ĮʌȠțĲȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȞĮ ȝİȜİĲȠȪȞ
įȚȐĳȠȡĮ șȑȝĮĲĮ ȝİ įȚȐĳȠȡȠȣȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȩĲĮȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȗȘ
ĲȠȪȞțĮȚȞĮȕȡȓıțȠȣȞĲȘȜȪıȘİȞȩȢʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲȠȢȝȑıĮĮʌȩįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȑȢȠʌĲȚțȑȢȖȦ
ȞȓİȢ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌĲȠȞĲĮȢ ȞȠȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ șĮĲȠȣȢ ȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞ ȞĮ ıȣȞșȑıȠȣȞ ȝȚĮ ıĳĮȚȡȚțȒ
țĮȚĲİțȝȘȡȚȦȝȑȞȘȐʌȠȥȘȖȚĮĮȣĲȩȂȠȣȜȚȠȪı
ȉĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ İĳĮȡȝȩȗȠȞĲĮȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ ʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞ ĲȣʌȚțȑȢ įȚĮįȚ
țĮıȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢʌȠȣįİȞįȓȞȠȣȞʌȡȠĲİȡĮȚȩĲȘĲĮıĲȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘȂȠȪȜȚȠȣ
ı Ǿ ȝȐșȘıȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ıȣȞĲİȜİȓĲĮȚ ıĲĮ ıȤȠȜİȓĮ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ıțȠʌȩ ȝȩȞȠ ıĲȘ
ȜİțĲȚțȒțĮȚȝĮșȘȝĮĲȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ İȞȫșĮ ȑʌȡİʌİ ȞĮ ıȣȞįȣȐȗİĲĮȚ ıİȩȜȘ ĲȘȞ țȜȓ
ȝĮțĮĲȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢǼȞțĮĲĮțȜİȓįȚĲĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮʌȠȣ
ıȤİįȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚİĳĮȡȝȩȗȠȞĲĮȚțĮȚĮȞĮʌĲȪııȠȞĲĮȚıĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĮʌȠ
35
ĲİȜȠȪȞ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ İȡȖĮȜİȓĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ȩȜȦȞ ĲȦȞ ĲȪʌȦȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĮĳȠȪ ĲĮ
ʌĮȚįȚȐİȞșĮȡȡȪȞȠȞĲĮȚȞĮİȟİȡİȣȞȠȪȞİȜİȪșİȡĮȞĮțȐȞȠȣȞİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢțĮȚȞĮĮȞĮțĮ
ȜȪʌĲȠȣȞ, ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ȕȖȐȗȠȣȞ ĲĮ įȚțȐ ĲȠȣȢ ȞȠȒȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ĲĮ įȚțȐ ĲȠȣȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ
ǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣı
Ȗ) ǾșİȦȡȓĮĲȠȣțȠȞıĲȡȠȣțĲȚȕȚıȝȠȪ / ȠȚțȠįȠȝȚıȝȠȪ
ȅțȠȞıĲȡȠȣțĲȚȕȚıȝȩȢİȓȞĮȚȝȚĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒșİȦȡȓĮıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȠȞ*(+HLQ
ʌȠȣșİȦȡİȓĲȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĲȘȢȝȐșȘıȘȢȦȢȝȚĮİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȆȚıĲİȪİȚȩĲȚȘ
ȖȞȫıȘ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ țȐĲȚ ĲȠ ȠȣįȑĲİȡȠʌȠȣ ȑȡȤİĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ȐĲȠȝȠĮʌȩ ȑȟȦĮȜȜȐ ȝȚĮțĮĲĮ
ıțİȣȒĲȠȣȓįȚȠȣĲȠȣĮĲȩȝȠȣǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣıǾȖȞȫıȘİȓȞĮȚȝȚĮıȪȞșİĲȘ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıĲȠȞȝĮșȘĲȒțĮȚıĲȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩĲȠȣʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
(Hooper-*UHHQKLOO ı ȉȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȖȚĮ
ȝȐșȘıȘʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȢʌȠȜȜȐțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐțĮȚʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȐʌȡȩĲȣʌĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮȕȠȘșȠȪȞ
ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ʌȠȣ ĲȠ İʌȚıțȑʌĲȠȞĲĮȚ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ ȝȚĮ ȝİȖȐȜȘ ʌȠȚțȚȜȓĮ İȡȝȘ
ȞİȚȫȞțĮȚȞȠȘȝȐĲȦȞȅȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣįĮıțȐȜȠȣıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĮȣĲȒȞĲȘșİȦȡȓĮİȓȞĮȚȞĮ
țĮĲĮıĲȒıİȚįȣȞĮĲȒĲȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĲȘȢİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒȢȝȐșȘıȘȢȅȚțȠȞȩȝȠȣı-
ȫıĲİȠȚİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢ-ȝĮșȘĲȑȢȞĮĮʌȩțĲȒıȠȣȞĲȘįȚțȒĲȠȣȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȖȞȫıȘțĮȚ
ĲȘįȚțȒĲȠȣȢȐʌȠȥȘıİıȤȑıȘȝİĲȘȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒĲȠȣȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞĲĮȢĲȩıȠ
ĲĮȤȑȡȚĮĲȠȣȢȩıȠțĮȚĲȠȝȣĮȜȩțĮĲȠȡșȫȞȠȞĲĮȢȞĮİʌİȟİȡȖȐȗȠȞĲĮȚȞĮʌİȚȡĮȝĮĲȓȗȠ
ȞĲĮȚțĮȚȞĮțĮĲĮȜȒȖȠȣȞıİıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮțĮĲĮȞȠȫȞĲĮȢıİȕȐșȠȢĲĮĳĮȚȞȩȝİȞĮȝİ
ĲĮȠʌȠȓĮȑȡȤȠȞĲĮȚıİİʌĮĳȒǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣı ȅȠȚțȠįȠȝȚıȝȩȢȠȠʌȠȓȠȢ
ȕĮıȓȗİĲĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢıĲȚȢșİȦȡȓİȢįȪȠʌȠȜȪıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȫȞĲȦȞ-3LDJHWțĮȚ
/9\JRWVN\ĮȞĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚıİțȐșİȝȠȡĳȒİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒȢȝȐșȘıȘȢİțİȓȩʌȠȣțȣȡȚĮȡȤİȓ
įȘȜĮįȒȘȕȚȦȝĮĲȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘțĮȚȩȤȚȘĮʌȠȝȞȘȝȩȞİȣıȘȀĮȚȠȚįȪȠȝİȖȐȜȠȚʌĮȚ
įĮȖȦȖȠȓșİȦȡȠȪȞʌȠȜȪȕĮıȚțȩĲȠȡȩȜȠĲȠȣȣʌȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȖȚĮĲȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĲȘȢȝȐșȘ
ıȘȢİȝʌȜȑțȠȞĲĮȢȑĲıȚı¶ĮȣĲȒĲȩıȠĲȘȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȩıȠțĮȚĲȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒıțȑȥȘĲȠȣ
ĮĲȩȝȠȣȂȐȞȠȢǾĮʌȩțĲȘıȘĲȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢįȘȜĮįȒıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȠȞȠȚțȠįȠ
ȝȚıȝȩįİȞİȓȞĮȚĲȓʌȠĲĮȐȜȜȠĮʌȩ©«ȝȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒıȣȞȠȜȚțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮțĮĲȐĲȘȞȠ
ʌȠȓĮȘȞȑĮȖȞȫıȘȠȚțȠįȠȝİȓĲĮȚʌȐȞȦıĲȘȞʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȘıİıȣȞȐȡĲȘıȘțĮȚȝİĲȠʌİ
ȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞİȞĲȩȢĲȠȣȠʌȠȓȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮªȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣ ȀĮıȕȓțȘȢ
ȩʌ
ȅVygotsky ʌȚıĲİȪİȚȩĲȚ ȘȖȞȫıȘȠȚțȠįȠȝİȓĲĮȚȝȑıĮıĲȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȦȢʌȡȠȧȩȞĲȘȢ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮȢǹʌȠĲİȜİȓįȘȜĮįȒțĮșĮȡȐțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩʌȡȠȧȩȞĮĳȠȪȠȐȞ
36
șȡȦʌȠȢȝȩȞȠȢĲȠȣȟİțȠȝȝȑȞȠȢĮʌȩĲȠȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȚıĲȩįİȞİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮĲȩȞĮĮʌȠțĲȒ
ıİȚʌĮȡȐİȜȐȤȚıĲȘȖȞȫıȘȀȩțțȠĲĮȢǾșİȦȡȓĮĲȠȣ9\JRWVN\ĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȓ
ȗİȚ ĲȘ ȝȐșȘıȘ ȦȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ ĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘ ȣʌȩ ĲȘȞ İʌȚȡȡȠȒ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚ
țȠȪʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĲȠȢ
ȅPiaget șİȦȡİȓȩĲȚ Ș ȖȞȫıȘįİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮİȓȞĮȚ țȐĲȚ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȑȤİĲĮȚ ȑĲȠȚȝȠıĲȠ
ȐĲȠȝȠ ĮȜȜȐ țȐĲȚ ʌȠȣ ȠȚțȠįȠȝİȓĲĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲȘ ıȣȞİȤȒ İȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓ
įȡĮıȘĲȠȣĮĲȩȝȠȣȝİĲȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĲȠȣȉȠȓįȚȠĲȠȐĲȠȝȠįȘȜĮįȒİʌİȞİȡȖȫȞĲĮȢįȘ
ȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓ ĲȚȢ ȒįȘ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıİȢ ȞȠȘĲȚțȑȢ įȠȝȑȢ țĮȚ țĮĲĮțĲȘȝȑȞİȢ ȖȞȫ
ıİȚȢȖȚĮȞĮțĮĲĮȞȠȒıİȚĲĮȞȑĮİȝʌİȚȡȚțȐįİįȠȝȑȞĮȈ¶ĮȣĲȒĲȠȣĲȘȞʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȤȡȘ
ıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓțĮĲȐțȪȡȚȠȜȩȖȠĲȚȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢĲȘȢıȣȝȝȩȡĳȦıȘȢțĮȚĲȘȢĮĳȠȝȠȓȦıȘȢ
ȀĮĲĮȜȒȖȠȞĲĮȢ İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ Ƞ ȠȚțȠįȠȝȚıȝȩȢ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚ ʌȦȢ țȐșİ ȝȠȡĳȒ
ȖȞȫıȘȢțĮȚțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮĲȩȞȞĮİȞıȦȝĮĲȫȞİĲĮȚȝİĲȘȝȠȡĳȒʌȠȣ©ʌĮ
ȡĮįȓįİĲĮȚªıĲȠȐĲȠȝȠǹȞĲȓșİĲĮĲȠȐĲȠȝȠİʌİȝȕĮȓȞȠȞĲĮȢȕȡȓıțİĲĮȚıİȝȚĮıȤȑıȘĮȜ
ȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢȝİțȐșİȝȠȡĳȒȖȞȫıȘȢʌȠȣĲȠȣʌȡȠıĳȑȡİĲĮȚ©ʌĮȜİȪİȚªȝİĮȣĲȒȞțĮȚ
ĲİȜȚțȐĲȘȞʌȡȠıĮȡȝȩȗİȚıĲȠȝȣĮȜȩĲȠȣțĮȚĲȘȞțȐȞİȚțĲȒȝĮĲȠȣȝİĲȡȩʌȠİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȩ
ȆȚțȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ-ȉıȠȜȐțȘȩʌ
į) ǾİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒșİȦȡȓĮĲȠȣİȝʌİȚȡȚıȝȠȪ
ȅJ.Dewey ȝİȖȐȜȠȢʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢĲȠȣȠȣĮȚȫȞĮȣʌȠıĲȘȡȓȗİȚʌȦȢțȐșİİȓįȠȢȝȐ
șȘıȘȢʌȡȠȑȡȤİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮʌȦȢțȐșİĮȣșİȞĲȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚȝȐșȘıȘĮ
ȞĮįȪİĲĮȚȝȑıȦĲȘȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣı171). ȂİĲȠȞȩȡȠ“İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ” Į
ȞĮĳİȡȩȝĮıĲİțȣȡȓȦȢıĲȠıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮȅȚİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢĲȠȣĮĲȩȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚ ȝȠȞĮįȚțȑȢțĮȚ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢʌȠȣıȤİĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȟİȤȦȡȚıĲȐİʌİȚıȩįȚĮıĲȘȗȦȒĲȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣțĮȚȕĮıȓ
ȗȠȞĲĮȚıĲȚȢİȞĲȣʌȫıİȚȢĲȦȞĮȚıșȒıİȦȞıĲȘıȣȞİȚįȘĲȒĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞıȣȞĮȚ
ıșȘȝȐĲȦȞțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȫȞțĮĲĮıĲȐıİȦȞȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣıİȜ
ȅȚİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢİȓȞĮȚįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȑȢȖȚĮĲȠȞțȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȖȚĮĲȓĲȠȓįȚȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢțȐșİ
ȑȞĮȢĲȠȕȚȫȞİȚȝİįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȩȟİȤȦȡȚıĲȩĲȡȩʌȠĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİĲȚȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢʌȠȣ ȒįȘ
ȑȤİȚĮʌȠțȠȝȓıİȚıĲȘȗȦȒĲȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚȝİĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠʌȠȣȕȚȫȞİȚȝȚĮıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘİ
ȝʌİȚȡȓĮ ıĲȠ ȤȫȡȠ țĮȚ ĲȠ ȤȡȩȞȠ ȝȚĮ įİįȠȝȑȞȘ ıĲȚȖȝȒ īȚĮ ĲȠȞ J.Dewey įȘȜĮįȒ Ș
ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢ İȟĮȡĲȐĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȠ İȝʌİȚȡȚțȩ ıȣȞİȤȑȢ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓ
įȡĮıȘȝİĲĮȟȪĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣțĮȚĲȠȣʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĲȠȢĲȘȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣ,
ı171). ǾİʌȓıțİȥȘı¶ȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚțĮȚįȚĮįȡĮıĲȚțȒ, ȖȚĮȞĮİȞıȦȝĮ
ĲȫȞİȚĲȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ (ȩıȠȞĮĳȠȡȐ ĲȚȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ, ĲȚȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ țĮȚİȞįȚ
37
ĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮĲȠȣİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘĲȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ (ȩıȠȞĮĳȠȡȐıĲȚȢįȚĮʌȡȠıȦ

ʌȚțȑȢ ĲȠȣ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ĲȠȣ ĲȠȣȢ ĳȓȜȠȣȢ ĲȠȣ ĲȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ İʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢ
țĮȚĲȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚĲȘĳȣıȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ (ȩıȠȞĮĳȠȡȐĲȘ įȠȝȒ
țĮȚĲȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ĲȠȣıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣțĲȚȡȓȠȣĲĮȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȐĲȦȞıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞĲȘȞ
ȐȞİıȘ ʌȠȣ ȞȚȫșİȚ Ƞ İʌȚıțȑʌĲȘȢ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȞ ʌİȡȚȒȖȘıȘ ȅ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩȢ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ĲȡȚȫȞ
ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȦȞĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȠȪȞȐȝİıĮȖȚĮĲȠʌȦȢșĮȕȚȫıȠȣȞĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ
ıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȠȚİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢİȣȤȐȡȚıĲĮȒįȣıȐȡİıĲĮțĮȚʌȠȚİȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢșĮĮʌȠțȠȝȓ
ıȠȣȞȅȚțȠȞȩȝȠȣıȆȡȑʌİȚİįȫȞĮĲȠȞȚıĲİȓȩĲȚȠȚİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚȩ
ȜİȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢīȚĮȞĮİȓȞĮȚİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚȗȦȞĲĮȞȑȢțĮȚİȞįȚĮĳȑ
ȡȠȣıİȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞİȢȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣı
ȅ%UXQHUȩʌȦȢțĮȚȠ'HZH\șİȦȡİȓ©«ȩĲȚȘĮʌȩțĲȘıȘĲȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢȩʌȠȚĮȞĮİȓ
ȞĮȚȘȝȠȡĳȒĲȘȢĮʌȠĲİȜİȓİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ« țĮȚȩĲȚȑȞĮȐĲȠȝȠ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞİȚ
ĲȚȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ĲȠȣ ȝİ ĲȡȩʌȠ İȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȩ ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ ȕȐȗİȚ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ĲĮ ȞİȠİȚıİȡȤȩȝİȞĮ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚĮțȐ ıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚȠ ʌȡȠȖİȞȑıĲİȡĮ ĮʌȠțĲȘȝȑȞȠ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ
ĮȞĮĳȠȡȐȢª %LJJH ȉĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ įȚĮțȡȓȞİȚ ĲȡİȚȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ įȩȝȘıȘȢ ĲȘȢ
ȖȞȫıȘȢțĮȚĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıĲĮıȘȢĲȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢĲȠȞȑȝʌȡĮțĲȠHQDFWLYHĲȠȞĮʌİȚ
țȠȞȚıĲȚțȩLFRQLFțĮȚĲȠȞıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȩV\PEROLFȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ
1. ȅȑȝʌȡĮțĲȠȢĲȡȩʌȠȢıȣȞȓıĲĮĲĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢıĲȠȞĮȟȑȡȠȣȝİȞĮțȐȞȠȣȝİțȐĲȚȩʌȦȢ
ȖȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮĲȠȞĮȟȑȡȠȣȝİȞĮțȐȞȠȣȝİʌȠįȒȜĮĲȠȤȦȡȓȢȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮĲȠİȟȘ
ȖȒıȠȣȝİȒȞĮĲȠĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıĲȒıȠȣȝİȜİțĲȚțȐȒȝİȐȜȜȠȞĲȡȩʌȠ
Ǿ ĮʌİȚțȠȞȚıĲȚțȒ ĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıĲĮıȘ ȕĮıȓȗİĲĮȚ ıĲȚȢ İıȦĲİȡȚțȑȢ ĮʌİȚțȠȞȓıİȚȢ Ǿ
ȖȞȫıȘ ʌĮȡȚıĲȐȞİĲĮȚ įȘȜĮįȒ ȝİ ȑȞĮ ıȪȞȠȜȠ ıȣȞȠʌĲȚțȫȞİȚțȩȞȦȞ Ȓ ȖȡĮĳȚțȫȞ ʌĮȡĮ
ıĲȐıİȦȞʌȠȣıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗȠȣȞȝȚĮȑȞȞȠȚĮȤȦȡȓȢȩȝȦȢȞĮĲȘȞʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓȗȠȣȞİȞĲİȜȫȢȉȠ
įȚȐȖȡĮȝȝĮ İȞȩȢ ĲȡȚȖȫȞȠȣ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗİȚ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȘȢ ĲȡȚȖȦȞȚțȩĲȘ
ĲĮȢ
ǾıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıĲĮıȘțĮĲĮțĲȚȑĲĮȚıĲĮįȚĮțȐȝİĲȘȞȑȜİȣıȘĲȘȢİĳȘȕİȓĮȢ
ȉȩĲİ ĲȠ ȐĲȠȝȠ țĮĲȠȡșȫȞİȚ ĲȠ ʌȑȡĮıȝĮ Įʌȩ ĲȘ ȤȡȒıȘ İȟİȚțȠȞȚıĲȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıĲȐ
ıİȦȞʌȠȣȕĮıȓȗȠȞĲĮȚıİĮȚıșȘĲȘȡȚĮțȑȢİȚțȩȞİȢıĲȘȤȡȒıȘĲȘȢıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒȢĮȞĮʌĮ
ȡȐıĲĮıȘȢʌȠȣıĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚıİȑȞĮĮĳȘȡȘȝȑȞȠĮȣșĮȓȡİĲȠțĮȚʌȚȠİȪțĮȝʌĲȠıȪıĲȘȝĮ
ıțȑȥȘȢȩʌ-338).
38
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 3Ƞ Ǿ ıȤȑıȘĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠȈȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȈȒȝİȡĮȘʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘĮʌȠĲİȜİȓȝȩȞȠȐĲȣʌȘȝȠȡĳȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıĲȘȞ
ǼȜȜȐįĮțĮȚʌĮȡȑȤİĲĮȚıȣıĲȘȝĮĲȚțȐȝȩȞȠĮʌȩȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȝİĲȘȝȠȡĳȒʌȡȠĮȚ
ȡİĲȚțȫȞĮȣĲȠĲİȜȫȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞʌȠȣȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȚıĲȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠ
ȝȚĮȢȘȝİȡȒıȚĮȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠǾȑȜȜİȚȥȘȝȚĮȢıȣȞȠȜȚțȒȢİʌȓıȘȝȘȢʌȠȜȚĲȚ
ıȝȚțȒȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖİĳȣȡȫıİȚ ĲȠ ȤȐıȝĮ ĲȘȢ ıȤȑıȘȢ ȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠȣ-ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣʌȠȣĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȓȗİȚʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ
ǼȪȜȠȖĮșĮȡȦĲȒıİȚțȐʌȠȚȠȢıȤİĲȓȗİĲĮȚȘȐĲȣʌȘİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ȝİĲȘıȤȠȜȚțȒİțʌĮȓ
įİȣıȘ ʌȠȣ ȩȜȠȚ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ ȆȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȞĮ țĮĲĮȞȠȒıȠȣȝİ țĮȜȪĲİȡĮ ĲȠȞ ȩȡȠ țĮȚ
ȞĮĮʌĮȞĲȒıȠȣȝİıĲĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮțȡȓȞȠȣȝİĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮĲȘȞĮȞĮĳȠȡȐʌȡȦĲȓ
ıĲȦȢ ıĲȠȣȢ ȩȡȠȣȢ ©ĲȣʌȚțȒª țĮȚ ©ȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȒª İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ǹȟȓȗİȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮĳİȡșİȓ ȩĲȚ
ıĲȚȢȝȑȡİȢȝĮȢțĮȚȠȚĲȡİȓȢĮȣĲȠȓȩȡȠȚĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȠȑȡİȣȞĮȢĮʌȩȑȞĮȝİȖȐ
ȜȠĮȡȚșȝȩİȡİȣȞȘĲȫȞ
3.1. ȉȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ȂİĲȠȞȩȡȠ³ĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ´ İȞȞȠȠȪȝİĲȠȚİȡĮȡȤȘȝȑȞȠįȠȝȘȝȑȞȠțĮȚȠȡȖĮ
ȞȦȝȑȞȠȤȡȠȞȚțȐıİȕĮșȝȓįİȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩıȪıĲȘȝĮĮʌȩĲȘȞʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮİțʌĮȓįİȣ
ıȘ ȑȦȢ ĲȠ ʌĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ĲȩıȠ ĲȚȢ ȖİȞȚțȑȢ ĮțĮįȘȝĮȧțȑȢ ıʌȠȣįȑȢ
ȩıȠțĮȚĲĮİȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞĮʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮțĮȚșİıȝȠȪȢȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȒȢ
țĮȚĲİȤȞȚțȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȆĮȖȖȑı
ǾĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚĮʌȩțĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮıʌȠȣįȫȞİʌĮ
ȞĮȜȘȥȚȝȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚĮʌȠȞȠȝȒİʌȓıȘȝȠȣĲȓĲȜȠȣıʌȠȣįȫȞıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȠȣȢȠȠʌȠȓȠȢĮʌȠ
ĲİȜİȓ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ țȡĮĲȚțȒ ȞȠȝȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȒ ĲȘȢ Ǿ įȚĮȕȐșȝȚıȘ ĲȦȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ȚįȡȣȝȐ
ĲȦȞ ıȣȞİʌȐȖİĲĮȚ ĲȘȞ ȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘ țĮĲȠȤȒȢ ĲȠȣ ĮʌȠįİȚțĲȚțȠȪ ĲȓĲȜȠȣ ĮʌȠȜȣĲȘȡȓȠȣ
ʌĲȣȤȓȠȣțȜʌĲȠȣʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠȣİʌȚʌȑįȠȣıʌȠȣįȫȞȖȚĮĲȘıȣȞȑȤȚıȘıĲȠİʌȩȝİȞȠİ
ʌȓʌİįȠ 2.
ȈĲȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮįȚĮțȡȓȞȠȣȝİĲȚȢʌĮȡĮțȐĲȦȕĮșȝȓįİȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ
2 http://www.minedu.gov.gr/2012-07-24-09-18-23/298-uncategorised/299-to-ekpaideytiko-systima
39
x ȆȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠțĮȚǻȘȝȠĲȚțȩȈȤȠȜİȓȠ>ȀȠȚȞȐȅȜȠȒ
ȝİȡĮǼȚįȚțȐ@
x ǻİȣĲİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ īȣȝȞȐıȚȠțĮȚȁȪțİȚȠ>īİȞȚțȐȂȠȣıȚțȐǼțțȜȘ
ıȚĮıĲȚțȐǹșȜȘĲȚțȐǼȚįȚțȐ@
x ǻİȣĲİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȒǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȐȁȪțİȚĮ>ǼȆǹȁ@
țĮȚǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȑȢȈȤȠȜȑȢ>ǼȆǹȈ@
x ȂİĲȐ-ȣʌȠȤȡİȦĲȚțȒǻİȣĲİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ǿȞıĲȚĲȠȪĲĮǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȒȢ
ȀĮĲȐȡĲȚıȘȢ>ǿǼȀ@
x ȉȡȚĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ǹȞȫĲĮĲĮǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐǿįȡȪȝĮĲĮ>ǹǼǿ@ǹȞȫĲİȡĮ
ȉİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȐǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ǿįȡȪȝĮĲĮ>ǹȉǼǿ@
ǾĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıĲȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚȐȝİıĮȝİĲȘȞİțȐıĲȠĲİİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚ
țȒʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒĮȜȜȐȘıȣȞȘșȚıȝȑȞȘʌȡĮțĲȚțȒĲȘȢ-ıİĮȞĲȓșİıȘȝİĲĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐıȣ
ıĲȒȝĮĲĮȐȜȜȦȞțȡĮĲȫȞ-İȓȞĮȚȘʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȒİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒȞȠȠĲȡȠʌȓĮʌȠȣșȑȜİȚĲȘȞ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȞĮȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞĲȣʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȘįĮıțĮȜȠțİȞĲȡȚțȒ
įȚįĮțĲȚțȒ ʌȠȣ țȚȞİȓĲĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ıĲĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ĲȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ǹȞșȠȖĮȜȓįȠȣı).
ȈȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȘȞʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦȞȠȠĲȡȠʌȓĮȘȖȞȫıȘșİȦȡİȓĲĮȚȦȢİĲȠȚȝȠʌĮȡȐįȠĲȠĮȖĮ
șȩʌȠȣȝİĲĮȕȚȕȐȗİĲĮȚĮʌȩ ĲȠȞįȐıțĮȜȠıĲȠȝĮșȘĲȒİȞȫĲȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȩİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ
İʌȚțİȞĲȡȫȞİĲĮȚıĲȘįȚįĮțĲȑĮȪȜȘțĮȚıĲȘȞİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒĲȠȣĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȠȪıȤȠȜȚțȠȪʌȡȠ
ȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȆĮȖȖȑı
3.2. ȂȘĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ȅȠȡȚıȝȩȢĲȘȢȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚİȣȡȪȢțĮȚȝȑȤȡȚİȞȩȢıȘȝİȓȠȣįȣı
įȚȐțȡȚĲȠȢȈȓȖȠȣȡĮĬĮȒĲĮȞįȪıțȠȜȠȞĮįȠșİȓıĲȘıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘȑȞȞȠȚĮȑȞĮȢȝȠȞĮ
įȚțȩȢțĮȚțĮșȠȜȚțȩȢȠȡȚıȝȩȢțĮșȫȢĮȣĲȩʌȠȣįȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓĲȘȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
İȓȞĮȚȘʌȠȚțȚȜȓĮĲȦȞȝȠȡĳȫȞʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȐȡİȚțĮșȫȢĮȞĲĮʌȠțȡȓȞİĲĮȚıİįȚȐĳȠȡĮ
ĮȚĲȒȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȫȞ ĮĲȩȝȦȞ țĮȚ ȠȝȐįȦȞ Ǿ ȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȒ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȠȡȚıĲİȓȝȩȞȠıİıȤȑıȘȝİĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȘȢıİȑȞĮıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜ
ȜȠȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș ȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȒ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțİ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ țĮȜȪȥİȚ ĲȚȢ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓİȢ
ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȠȪ ıȤȠȜȚțȠȪ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ĲȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣ
ȤȞȐȘĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘʌĮȡĮȕȜȑʌİȚȆĮʌȐȞȘȢı
40
ǲȞĮȢ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȚȠ țȜĮııȚțȠȪȢ ȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȒ ȝȐșȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣĲȩȢ
ʌȠȣĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ©ȍȢȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒȝȐșȘıȘȠȡȓȗİĲĮȚțȐșİȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȘİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒįȡĮ
ıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮ İțĲȩȢ țĮșȚİȡȦȝȑȞȠȣ ĲȣʌȚțȠȪ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ - İȓĲİ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȫȞĲĮȢ ȝİȝȠȞȦ
ȝȑȞĮİȓĲİȦȢıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩȖȞȫȡȚıȝĮțȐʌȠȚĮȢİȣȡȪĲİȡȘȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ- ʌȠȣıĲȠȤİȪİȚ
ıĲȘȞİȟȣʌȘȡȑĲȘıȘıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢȝĮșȘĲİȣȩȝİȞȦȞțĮȚȑȤİȚȦȢĮȞĲȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȩ
ıĲȩȤȠĲȘȝȐșȘıȘªȀĮıȚȝȐĲȘȢ
ǾȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘİȓȞĮȚıȣȞȒșȦȢȕȡĮȤȣʌȡȩșİıȝȘțĮȚȑȤİȚȦȢıĲȩȤȠĲȘȞțȐ
ȜȣȥȘıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞĲȦȞĮĲȩȝȦȞıĲȘȞĮʌȩțĲȘıȘȕĮıȚțȫȞțĮȚİȚįȚțİȣȝȑ
ȞȦȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȠȚ İțʌĮȚįİȣȩȝİȞȠȚ ȞĮ İȞĲĮȤșȠȪȞ Ȓ ȞĮ İʌĮȞİȞĲĮȤșȠȪȞ
ȚıȩĲȚȝĮıĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ȗȦȒ țĮȚȞĮ ĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȓıȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ıȣȞİȤİȓȢ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢțĮȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȑȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ(XU\GLFHı
Ǿ įȚȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ ʌȠȜȣȐȡȚșȝȦȞ ıİȝȚȞĮȡȓȦȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞĲȘȢ ȆȡȦĲȠ
ȕȐșȝȚĮȢțĮȚǻİȣĲİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıİįȚȐĳȠȡĮșİȝĮĲȚțȐʌİįȓĮĮʌȠĲİȜİȓȝȑ
ȡȠȢĲȘȢȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıĲȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢǱȜȜȠȑȞĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮȝȘĲȣʌȚțȒȢİț
ʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢĮʌȠĲİȜİȓȘȆİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞĲȚțȒǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȆȡȩțİȚĲĮȚȖȚĮĲȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮʌȠȣ
ıĲȠȤİȪİȚ ıĲȘȞ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ıİ įȚȐĳȠȡȠȣȢ ĲȠȝİȓȢ ĲȘȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞĲȚțȫȞ İȞ
ȞȠȚȫȞ įİȟȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ ıĲȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ ʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞĲȚțȠȪ ȒșȠȣȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ
ĮʌȩįȚȐĳȠȡĮǿįȡȪȝĮĲĮıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȦȞĲȦȞıȤȠȜİȓȦȞțĮȚĲȦȞȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȦȞ
ȆĮȖȖȑı
ȆĮȡĮįİȓȖȝĮĲĮ İʌȓıȘȢ ȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȒȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ ȠȚ įȠȝȑȢ ĲȘȢ īİȞȚțȒȢ
īȡĮȝȝĮĲİȓĮȢǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢǼȞȘȜȓțȦȞīīǼǼȩʌȦȢĲĮȀȑȞĲȡĮǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢǼȞȘ
ȜȓțȦȞȠȚȈȤȠȜȑȢīȠȞȑȦȞĲȠȀȑȞĲȡȠǻȚĮǺȓȠȣǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮȚǼʌȚȝȩȡĳȦıȘȢǼȞȘȜȓ
țȦȞ Įʌȩ ǹʌȩıĲĮıȘ ĲȠ ȀȑȞĲȡȠ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȀĮĲȐȡĲȚıȘȢ țĮȚ ĲĮ ǹȣĲȩȞȠȝĮ Ǽț
ʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĲĮ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ©ǼțȝȐșȘıȘ ĲȘȢ
ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢīȜȫııĮȢȦȢǻİȪĲİȡȘȢıİǼȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȂİĲĮȞȐıĲİȢª©ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚ
ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣĲȚțȒ ȊʌȠıĲȒȡȚȟȘ ĲȦȞ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚȫȞ ĲȦȞ ȉıȚȖȖȐȞȦȞ ȂȠȣıȠȣȜȝȐȞȦȞ ȆĮ
ȜȚȞȞȠıĲȠȪȞĲȦȞțĮȚȂİĲĮȞĮıĲȫȞª(XU\GLFHı
3.3. ǱĲȣʌȘİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
41
Ȃİ ĲȠȞ ȩȡȠ ȐĲȣʌȘ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ İȞȞȠȠȪȝİ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠĲİ įȚįĮțĲȚțȒ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮ

ʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİĲĮȚȑȟȦĮʌȩĲȠʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȩİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠțĮȚʌȑȡĮĮʌȩĲȠĮȞĮ
ȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıʌȠȣįȫȞİȞĲȩȢȒİțĲȩȢĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ȅȚȐĲȣʌİȢȝȠȡĳȑȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞȑȞĮȝȘȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȠțĮȚȝȘıȣıĲȘȝĮĲȚ
țȩʌİįȓȠİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢʌȠȣʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚİȞĮȜȜĮțĲȚțȑȢʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȑȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢțĮȚįȡĮ
ıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȣʌȠȕȠȘșȠȪȞ țĮȚ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞ ĲȠ ĲȣʌȚțȩ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ıȪ
ıĲȘȝĮ ȆĮʌĮȞȚțȠȜȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ-ȋĮȜțȚȐ ı ȈȣȞįȑȠȞĲĮȚ ȐȝİıĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ İȞȓıȤȣıȘ
ĲȘȢ©İțȜĮǸțİȣıȘȢªǾİțȜĮǸțİȣıȘıȤİĲȓȗİĲĮȚȝİĲȘįȚȐįȠıȘĲȘȢİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢȖȞȫ
ıȘȢ ıĲȠ ȜİȖȩȝİȞȠ İȣȡȪ țȠȚȞȩ İȓĲİ ĮȣĲȩ ĮʌȠĲİȜİȓĲĮȚ Įʌȩ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ İȓĲİ Įʌȩ ʌĮȚįȚȐ
ȀȠȜȚȩʌȠȣȜȠȢıǲĲıȚȘİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒİțȜĮǸțİȣıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȠȡȚıĲİȓıĮȞ
ȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȝİĲȘȞȠʌȠȓĮİʌȚĲȣȖȤȐȞİĲĮȚĲȠʌȑȡĮıȝĮĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ©ȖȜȫı
ıĮªıĲȘȞĲȡȑȤȠȣıĮțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȖȜȫııĮ
ȉȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠȝȑıĮıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩȢĲȘȢİțȜĮǸțİȣıȘȢįİȞİȓ
ȞĮȚİȞȚĮȓȠțĮȚȠȝȠȚȠȖİȞȑȢǾİțȜĮǸțİȣıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİʌȚĲİȣȤșİȓȝȑıȦĲȦȞȜİȖȩȝİȞȦȞ
ȐĲȣʌȦȞȝȠȡĳȫȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢȩʌȦȢĮȞĮĳȑȡșȘțİʌȚȠʌȐȞȦĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞȑȞĮ
ȝȘȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȠțĮȚȝȘıȣıĲȘȝĮĲȚțȩʌİįȓȠİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢʌȠȣıȤİĲȓȗİĲĮȚȝİĲȚȢțĮșȘ
ȝİȡȚȞȑȢ İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ țĮȚ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ İțĲȩȢ ĲȠȣ ĲȣʌȚțȠȪ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ ȉȠ
ʌİįȓȠ ĮȣĲȩ ʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑĲİȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮȜȜȐ ȩȤȚ ʌȐȞĲȠĲİ ĲȘȞ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮĲȠȝȚțȒȢ
ʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȓĮȢȝİȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢįȚȐįȠıȘȢĲȘȢİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢȖȞȫıȘȢțĮȚȘıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒ
ıİ ĮȣĲȩ İȓȞĮȚ İșİȜȠȞĲȚțȒ Ǿ ĮȣșȩȡȝȘĲȘ İȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ ȝİ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ĳĮȚȞȩȝİȞĮ Ȓ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮıĲȠıʌȓĲȚȒıĲȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȘİʌȓıțİȥȘı
ȑȞĮİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩȝȠȣıİȓȠ
Ȓı
ȑȞĮĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩțȑȞĲȡȠȘĮȞȐȖȞȦıȘİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞȐȡșȡȦȞıĲȚȢİĳȘȝİȡȓįİȢȒ
ıİ İȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞĮ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȐ țĮȚ Ș ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘ ĲȘȜİȠʌĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ȝİ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩ ʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠ Ȓ İțȜĮȧțİȣĲȚțȫȞ įȚĮȜȑȟİȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ıȣȞȚıĲȠȪȞ țĮ
ĲȐȜȜȘȜĮ ©İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐª ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĲĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İțȜĮǸțİȣıȘ ĲȘȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ ȖȞȫ
ıȘȢȀȠȜȚȩʌȠȣȜȠȢı-69).
ȅȚȐĲȣʌİȢȝȠȡĳȑȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞ
ĮĲȘȞİȣĮȚıșȘĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘıİșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣĳȣıȚțȠȪțĮȚĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĲȠȢ
ȕĲȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȠȢȖȚĮȑȞĮİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩșȑȝĮ
ȖĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮĲȘȢȝİĲȐȕĮıȘȢĮʌȩĲȘȞțĮĲȐıĲĮıȘİȞȩȢʌİȡȚıĲĮıȚĮțȠȪ İȞįȚĮ
ĳȑȡȠȞĲȠȢȖȚĮȑȞĮșȑȝĮıĲȘȞțĮĲȐıĲĮıȘİȞİȡȖȠȪĮȞȐȝİȚȟȘȢı
ĮȣĲȩțĮȚ
42
įĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȢİȞȩȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪıȤİįȓȠȣȒĮțȩȝĮțĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ
ĲȦȞ ȩȡȦȞ ȝȚĮȢ ĮȣĲȠȝȩȡĳȦıȘȢ ı
ȑȞĮ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ʌİįȓȠ įȡȐıȘȢ ȀȠȜȚȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ
ı
3.4. ǻȚĮĳȠȡȑȢĲȣʌȚțȫȞȝȘĲȣʌȚțȫȞțĮȚȐĲȣʌȦȞȝȠȡĳȫȞİțʌĮȓįİȣ
ıȘȢ
ȉȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠĲȦȞȐĲȣʌȦȞȝȠȡĳȫȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢįȚĮĳȑȡİȚĮʌȩĮȣĲȩĲȦȞĲȣʌȚțȫȞțĮȚ
ĲȦȞ ȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȫȞ ȝȠȡĳȫȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ıȤȠȜȚțȩ įȘȜĮįȒ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ıİ įȚȐĳȠȡĮ
ıȘȝİȓĮʌȠȣʌĮȡĮĲȓșİȞĲĮȚıĲȠȞȆȓȞĮțĮʌȠȣĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ
ȆȓȞĮțĮȢ1: ǻȚĮĳȠȡȑȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıĲȚȢȐĲȣʌİȢțĮȚıĲȚȢĲȣʌȚțȑȢțĮȚȝȘĲȣʌȚțȑȢȝȠȡĳȑȢİțʌĮȓįİȣ
ıȘȢ
3.5. ǾʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȘȢıȤȑıȘȢȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
3.5.1. ȉȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȉȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ıȣȞȚıĲȐ ĲȘȞ İʌȓıȘȝȘ ĲȣʌȚțȒ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ıĲȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ İȞĲȐııȠȞĲĮȚ Ș
țĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮıʌȠȣįȫȞțĮȚȘĮʌȠȞȠȝȒİʌȓıȘȝȠȣĲȓĲȜȠȣıʌȠȣįȫȞıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢ
ĲȠȣȢȠȠʌȠȓȠȢĮʌȠĲİȜİȓțĮȚĲȘȞțȡĮĲȚțȒȞȠȝȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȒĲȠȣȢǾİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘİȓȞĮȚȣʌȠ
ȤȡİȦĲȚțȒȖȚĮȩȜĮĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐȝİĲĮȟȪĲȦȞȘȜȚțȚȫȞ-ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚįȘȜĮįȒĲȘȞʌȡȦ
ĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮįȘȝȠĲȚțȩıȤȠȜİȓȠțĮȚĲȘȞțĮĲȫĲİȡȘįİȣĲİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮȖȣȝȞȐıȚȠİțʌĮȓįİȣ
ıȘ ȈȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȠ ȃȩȝȠ ȐȡșȡȠ ©ȈțȠʌȩȢ ĲȘȢ ȆȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ
ǻİȣĲİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮıȣȝȕȐȜİȚ ıĲȘȞȠȜȩʌȜİȣȡȘĮȡȝȠȞȚțȒțĮȚȚıȩȡ
ȡȠʌȘĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȦȞįȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȫȞțĮȚȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȫȞįȣȞȐȝİȦȞĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȫıĲİ
43
ĮȞİȟȐȡĲȘĲĮĮʌȩĳȪȜȠțĮȚțĮĲĮȖȦȖȒȞĮȑȤȠȣȞĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȞĮİȟİȜȚȤșȠȪȞıİȠȜȠ
țȜȘȡȦȝȑȞİȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚȞĮȗȒıȠȣȞįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐª 3.
ȈȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȠĭǼȀǺ-03-2003, ȘİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȚĮ
ȝȠȡĳȫȞİȚ ĲȠȣȢ ȩȡȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȐȖȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ĮȟȓİȢ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ ıİȕĮıȝȠȪ ĲȦȞ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ įȚțĮȚȦȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȘȢ İȚȡȒȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮȢ Ȃİ ĲȘȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ İʌȚ
įȚȫțİĲĮȚȘȠȜȩʌȜİȣȡȘĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢĲȠȣȝĮșȘĲȒțĮȚȘİʌȚĲȣȤȒȢțȠȚ
ȞȦȞȚțȒĲȠȣȑȞĲĮȟȘĮĳİȞȩȢȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȘıȣȖțȡȩĲȘıȘțĮȚĮʌȠįȠȤȒțȠȚȞȫȞĮȟȚȫȞțĮȚ
ĮĳİĲȑȡȠȣȝİĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘȞȠȘĲȚțȫȞıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȫȞțĮȚȥȣȤȠțȚȞȘĲȚțȫȞȚțĮȞȠĲȒ
ĲȦȞțĮȚįİȟȚȠĲȒĲȦȞȂİĲȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮĮȣĲȒȠȝĮșȘĲȒȢțĮșȓıĲĮĲĮȚȚțĮȞȩȢȞĮĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦ
ʌȓȗİȚȝİİʌȚĲȣȤȓĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞİȚȐʌȠȥȘțĮȚȞĮȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖİȓȦȢȣʌİȪșȣ
ȞȠȢ țĮȚ İȞİȡȖȩȢ ʌȠȜȓĲȘȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ įȚĮȡțȫȢ ȝİĲĮȕĮȜȜȩȝİȞȠ țĮȚ ĮʌĮȚĲȘĲȚțȩ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ 4.
ǵıȠȞ ĮĳȠȡȐ ĲȘ įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮ ĲȘȢ ǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢ ıĲȘ ʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ȖİȞȚțȩ
ıțȠʌȩȑȤİȚĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢıțȑȥȘȢțĮȚĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢǾĮ
ȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢıțȑȥȘȢĮĳȠȡȐĲȘȞțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘĲȦȞȚıĲȠȡȚțȫȞȖİȖȠȞȩĲȦȞȝȑıĮ
ĮʌȩĲȘȞİȟȑĲĮıȘĮȚĲȚȫȞțĮȚĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝȐĲȦȞ ǾțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢ
ĮĳȠȡȐĲȘȞțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘĲȘȢıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐȢĲȦȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞıİıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢțĮĲĮıĲȐ
ıİȚȢțĮȚĲȘįȚĮȝȩȡĳȦıȘĮȟȚȫȞțĮȚıĲȐıİȦȞʌȠȣȠįȘȖȠȪȞıĲȘȞİțįȒȜȦıȘȣʌİȪșȣȞȘȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐȢıĲȠʌĮȡȩȞțĮȚıĲȠȝȑȜȜȠȞ 5 ȂİĲȘįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮĲȘȢǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢȠȝĮșȘĲȒȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮʌȠțĲȒıİȚȩȤȚȝȩȞȠİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ, ȩĲȚȠıȪȖȤȡȠȞȠȢțȩıȝȠȢĮʌȠĲİȜİȓıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
ĲȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞĲȠȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚĲȘȢĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘȢȩĲȚȠıȪȖȤȡȠȞȠȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȩȢȠȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȢıȣȞ
įȑİĲĮȚȐȝİıĮȝİĲȘȗȦȒĲȠȣȂİĮȣĲȩȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠȠıțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢıțȑȥȘȢțĮȚ
ĲȘȢ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢ ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢ ıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚ ȝİ ĲȠ ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡȠ ıțȠʌȩ ĲȘȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ʌȠȣ
ĮȞĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚıĲȘȞʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮȣʌİȪșȣȞȦȞʌȠȜȚĲȫȞ. 6
ȈĲȠ įȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȩ İȞȚĮȓȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ ǻǼȆȆȈ ʌȡȠĲİȓȞȠ
ȞĲĮȚȜȪıİȚȢıĲĮșİȦȡȘĲȚțȐțĮȚʌȡĮțĲȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮʌȠȣĮĳȠȡȠȪȞĲȘȞİʌȚȜȠȖȒțĮȚ
3 http://www.minedu.gov.gr/grafeio-typoy/298-uncategorised/299-to-ekpaideytiko-systima
4. http://www.pi-schools.gr/programs/depps/, http://www.pi-
schools.gr/download/programs/depps/1Geniko_Meros.pdf
5 .http://www.pi-schools.gr/programs/depps/
7.
http://www.iep.edu.gr/images/npsfek/%CE%A6EK_%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%
ϭййϵϵййϵϭ͘ƉĚĨ;ɌȵȾϭϴϭͬϮϯ-01-ϮϬϭϱͿ͘
44
ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢȖȞȫıȘȢıĲȘȞȣʌȠȤȡİȦĲȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȈĲȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĮȣĲȒ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞİĲĮȚȣʌȩȥȘȘİȜȜȘȞȚțȒʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȩʌȦȢȑȤİȚįȚĮȝȠȡĳȦșİȓĲȩıȠĮʌȩȐ
ʌȠȥȘ įȠȝȫȞ ȩıȠ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ȐʌȠȥȘ ıțȠʌȫȞ țĮȚ ıĲȩȤȦȞ ǲĲıȚ ıĲȠ ǻǼȆȆȈ įȚĮĲȘ
ȡȠȪȞĲĮȚ ĲĮ įȚĮțȡȚĲȐ ȝĮșȒȝĮĲĮ ĮȜȜȐ ʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞĲĮȚ ʌȠȚțȓȜȠȚ ĲȡȩʌȠȚ ıȣıȤȑĲȚıȘȢ ĲȘȢ
ȖȞȫıȘȢȉȩıȠĲȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠȩıȠțĮȚȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĲȦȞįȚĮĳȩȡȦȞİȞ
ȞȠȚȫȞ țĮȚ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ įȚĮıĳĮȜȓȗİȚ ĲȘȞ İıȦĲİȡȚțȒ ıȣȞȠȤȒ ĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İȞȚĮȓĮ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȚȢ įȚİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ șİȦȡȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ ıȣıȤİĲȓıİȚȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ
ĲȚȢįȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȑȢʌȡȠİțĲȐıİȚȢ7 ȈȒȝİȡĮıĲȘȞǹșȝȚĮǼțʌıȘĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȝȠȞĲȑȜȠ
ʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚİȓȞĮȚıĲȘȡȚȖȝȑȞȠțȣȡȓȦȢıĲȘȞĮȣĲȠĲİȜȒįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮĲȦȞįȚĮĳȩ
ȡȦȞ ȖȞȦıĲȚțȫȞ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ Ȃİ ĮȣĲȩȞ ĲȠȞ ĲȡȩʌȠ ȩȝȦȢ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ İȟĮ
ıĳĮȜȚıĲİȓ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ Ș ĮʌĮȚĲȠȪȝİȞȘ ©İıȦĲİȡȚțȒ ıȣȞȠȤȒª țĮȚ ©Ș İȞȚĮȓĮ ȠȡȚȗȩȞĲȚĮ
ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȦȞ ʌİȡȚİȤȠȝȑȞȦȞª ǹʌĮȚĲİȓĲĮȚ Ș țĮĲȐ ĲȠ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȠȡȚȗȩȞĲȚĮ įȚĮıȪȞįİıȘ
ĲȦȞ ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ ǹȆȈ ĲȦȞ İʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢ ȖȞȦıĲȚțȫȞ ĮȞĲȚ
țİȚȝȑȞȦȞȅȡȚȗȩȞĲȚĮįȚĮıȪȞįİıȘıĲȠİʌȓʌİįȠĲȦȞĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞıʌȠȣ
įȫȞ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȘ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ ĲȘȢ įȚįĮțĲȑĮȢ ȪȜȘȢ țȐșİ ȖȞȦıĲȚțȠȪ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑ
ȞȠȣȝİĲȡȩʌȠʌȠȣȞĮİȟĮıĳĮȜȓȗİĲĮȚȘİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮșİȝȐĲȦȞĮʌȩʌȠȜȜȑȢȠʌĲȚțȑȢȖȦ
ȞȓİȢ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ©ĳȦĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ʌȠȜȣʌȡȚıȝĮĲȚțȐª țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮįİȚțȞȪİĲĮȚ Ș ȖȞȫıȘ țĮȚ Ș
ıȤȑıȘĲȘȢȝİĲȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮīȚĮĮȣĲȩțĮȚʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮȞĮȗȘĲȘșȠȪȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲĮ
ǹȆȈ țĮȚ ĲȘ įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮ ȠȚ ʌȡȠİțĲȐıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ıȣıȤİĲȓıİȚȢ İțİȓȞİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĲĮ
İȟİĲĮȗȩȝİȞĮ șȑȝĮĲĮ ĲȦȞ ĮȣĲȠĲİȜȫȞ ȝĮșȘȝȐĲȦȞ ıĲȠ ʌİįȓȠ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ ĲȘȢ Ĳȑ
ȤȞȘȢĲȘȢĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚıĲȘįȚĮȝȩȡĳȦıȘıĲȐıİȦȞțĮȚĮȟȚȫȞ.8 ȉĮȦȡȠȜȩȖȚĮ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮʌȠȣıȣȞĲȐııȠȞĲĮȚıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲĮǹȆȈĲȦȞȖȞȦıĲȚțȫȞĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ
șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞ ĲȘ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ İʌĮȡțȠȪȢ įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȢ ȩȜȦȞ ĲȦȞ ȖȞȦıĲȚțȫȞ
ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȣıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞıĲȘȞİʌȓĲİȣȟȘĲȦȞ ȞȠȝȠșİĲȘȝȑȞȦȞıțȠʌȫȞĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚ
țȒȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ǼȚįȚțȩĲİȡĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ıĲȠ ȦȡȠȜȩȖȚȠ ʌȡȩ
ȖȡĮȝȝĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİĲĮȚ Ș țĮșȚȑȡȦıȘ ȝȚĮȢ ©İȣȑȜȚțĲȘȢ ȗȫȞȘȢª įȚȐȡțİȚĮȢ ĲȠȣȜȐȤȚıĲȠȞ
įȪȠ įȚįĮțĲȚțȫȞ ȦȡȫȞ İȕįȠȝĮįȚĮȓȦȢ ıĲȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ĲȘȢ ȠʌȠȓĮȢ șĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ
įȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȑȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚıȤȑįȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȅȚİȡȖĮıȓİȢĮȣĲȑȢıĲȠȤİȪȠȣȞıĲȘȞ
7 http://www.pi-ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ͘ŐƌͬƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐͬĚĞƉƉƐͬɌȵȾϯϬϯȲͬϭϯ- 03-ϮϬϬϯͿ͘
8. http://www.pi-VFKRROVJUGRZQORDGSURJUDPVGHSSV*HQLNRB0HURVSGIĭǼȀǺ-
03-2003).
45
ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒ ĮȞĮȕȐșȝȚıȘ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠıĳİȡȩȝİȞȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ȑȡȖȠȣ ʌȡȠȐȖȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ıȣȜ

ȜȠȖȚțȒ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȘȢ țȡȚĲȚțȒȢ ıțȑȥȘȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ĲȠȣȢ
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ țĮȚ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ İʌȚĲȡȑʌȠȣȞ ıĲȠȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ȞĮ İȞİȡȖİȓ ʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȚĮțȐ
țĮȚȝİİȣİȜȚȟȓĮȖȚĮȞĮİțıȣȖȤȡȠȞȓȗİȚțĮȚȞĮİʌȚțĮȚȡȠʌȠȚİȓĲȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠțĮȚĲȘȝİ
șȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮĲȘȢįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȢĲȠȣ 9
ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢțȡȓȞİĲĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮȘıȪȞįİıȘĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢȖȞȫıȘȢȝİĲȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ
ȗȦȒ țĮȚ ĲȚȢ İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ Ș ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȘȢ țȡȚĲȚțȒȢ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ĲȠȣȢ
ıțȑȥȘȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȦȞʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȦȞȖȚĮ ȝȓĮȝȐșȘıȘʌȠȣșĮ
ıȣȞįȣȐȗİȚ ĲȘ ıȣȞİȡȖĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ țĮȚ ĲȘ įȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ Ȃİ ĲȠ ȞȑȠ
ǹȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩ ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȈʌȠȣįȫȞ ǹȆȈ ıĲȘ įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮ ĲȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ Ș
įȚĮıȪȞįİıȘ ĲȦȞ İʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢ ȖȞȦıĲȚțȫȞ ĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȦȞ țĮȚ İʌȚĲȣȖȤȐȞİĲĮȚ Ș ȝȐșȘıȘ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓȗİĲĮȚ įȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȐ ĮʌȠĳİȪȖȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȘȞ ıĲİȓȡĮ ĮʌȠȝȞȘȝȩȞİȣıȘ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠ
ıʌĮıȝĮĲȚțȒȝİĲȐįȠıȘĲȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢ
3.5.2 ǾįȚĮıȪȞįİıȘțĮȚĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ– ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ȈĲȚȢįȚĮʌȚıĲȫıİȚȢ ʌȠȣʌȡȠȘȖȒșȘțĮȞțĮĲĮȜȣĲȚțȩȡȩȜȠįȚĮįȡĮȝĮĲȓȗİȚ ȘİʌĮĳȒĲȦȞ

ȝĮșȘĲȫȞȝİȤȫȡȠȣȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȠȪİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȠȢ ȝȠȣıİȓĮıĲȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢȘȝȠȣıİȚ
ĮțȒ ĮȖȦȖȒ įȚĮįȡĮȝĮĲȓȗİȚ İȞİȡȖȒ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȆȠȜȜȠȓ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȓ șİȦ
ȡȠȪȞ ȐĲȣʌȘ ĲȘȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞ ĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ įȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ
ĮʌȩĲȘȞĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘʌȠȣʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠǾįȚĮĳȠȡȐĮȣĲȒ İȞĲȠʌȓȗİĲĮȚ
ıĲȠ ȩĲȚ ıĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ĮȞĮʌĲȪııȠȞĲĮȚ ȞȩȝȠȚ țĮȚ țĮȞȩȞİȢ ȝİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȠȠʌȠȓȠțĮșȠȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚĲȠİȓįȠȢ ĲȦȞȝĮșȘȝȐĲȦȞȘįȚįĮțĲȑĮ
ȪȜȘȠȚıĲȩȤȠȚțĮȚȠȚȝȑșȠįȠȚįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȢȠȚȫȡİȢʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘȢțĮȚȠȚȣʌȠȤȡİȫ
ıİȚȢįȚįĮıțȩȞĲȦȞțĮȚįȚįĮıțȠȝȑȞȦȞȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ- ȋȡȩȞȘıȆȠȜȜȑȢĳȠ
ȡȑȢĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠİȝĳĮȞȓȗİĲĮȚȞĮȝȘȞʌȡȠıİȖȖȓȗİȚĲȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȝȐșȘıȘȢȦȢȝȚĮʌĮȡĮ
ĲİĲĮȝȑȞȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȝİıĲȩȤȠĲȘȞțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘĲȠȣțȩıȝȠȣĮȜȜȐĮȞĲȓșİĲĮįȓȞİȚʌȡȠ
ĲİȡĮȚȩĲȘĲĮ ıĲȘ ȝİĲȐįȠıȘ ıĲȠȚȤİȚȦįȫȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ țȐȜȣȥȘ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘȢ
įȚįĮțĲȑĮȢȪȜȘȢȂȠȪȜȚȠȣı
ǹȞĲȓșİĲĮĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮȚıĲȘȞʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘʌȠȣıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚȝİĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ įİ ȣʌȠȤȡİȫȞİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣĲȩ ȈĲȘȞ ȐĲȣʌȘ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ įİȞ
9. http://www.pi-VFKRROVJUSURJUDPVGHSSVĭǼȀǺ-03-2003).
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įȚȑʌȠȞĲĮȚȘįȚįĮțĲȑĮȪȜȘțĮȚȠȚȫȡİȢįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȢȘʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘįİȞİȓȞĮȚȣʌȠ
ȤȡİȦĲȚțȒțĮȚȘȖȞȫıȘʌȠȣșĮȑȤİȚĮʌȠțȠȝȚıĲİȓįİșĮȑȤİȚĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȘșİȓȝİȑȞĮįȚĮȖȫ
ȞȚıȝĮ Ȓ ȝİ ȑȞĮ ȕĮșȝȩ ȩʌȦȢ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ıĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘ ı
ȈĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȘİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘİȓȞĮȚʌȚȠ İȜĮıĲȚțȒ, įȚĮĳĮȓȞİĲĮȚțĮȚİĳĮȡȝȩȗİĲĮȚȝȑ
ıĮĮʌȩĲȚȢįȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȑȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚʌȡȠıĳȑȡİĲĮȚȝİĲȑĲȠȚȠĲȡȩʌȠʌȠȣȠȝĮ
șȘĲȒȢ įİȞ ĮȚıșȐȞİĲĮȚ ȩĲȚ İțʌĮȚįİȪİĲĮȚ ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ ȩıȠ, Ș ȝĮșȘıȚĮțȒ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓĲȘȞİȞİȡȖȩıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒĲȠȣʌĮȚįȚȠȪıĲȠȞțȩıȝȠțĮȚıĲĮʌȡȐȖȝĮĲĮʌĮ
ȡĮȜİȓʌȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȠ ıȤȠȜȚțȩ İȖȤİȚȡȓįȚȠ ĲȩıȠ ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠ șĮ İțĲȚȝȐĲĮȚ țĮȚ Ș ıȣȝȕȠȜȒ
ĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞıĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘıǾ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĲȘȢ
ȝȐșȘıȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮșȠȡȓȗİĲĮȚĲȩıȠĮʌȩĲĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐțȓȞȘĲȡĮțĮȚĲȚȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓ
İȢĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞĮʌȩĲȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢĲĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮțĮȚĲĮʌȚıĲİȪȦĲȠȣȢȩıȠțĮȚĮʌȩ
ĲȚȢįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲİȢİʌȚȜȠȖȒȢțĮȚİȜȑȖȤȠȣʌȐȞȦıĲȠİȓįȠȢțĮȚıĲȠʌȜȒșȠȢĲȦȞȖȞȫıİȦȞ
ʌȠȣ ȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ Ƞ țĮșȑȞĮȢ ĲȠȣȢ (Falk & Dierking, ı ©Ǿ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȝİ ĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ İȣțĮȚȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȠȜȚıĲȚțȒ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ
ĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞª (ȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘı
ǱȡĮ ȠȚ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȓ ȠĳİȓȜȠȣȞ ȞĮ İȟİĲȐıȠȣȞ ĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ ȝȚĮ
İʌȓıțİȥȘ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȩıȠ ĲȠ įȣȞĮĲȩ ʌȚȠ İʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȐ ǹȣĲȩ İʌȚĲȣȖȤȐȞİĲĮȚ
İʌȚȜȑȖȠȞĲĮȢȝȠȣıİȚĮțȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ
ȒȩĲĮȞ ȠȚȓįȚȠȚıȤİįȚȐıȠȣȞțĮȚİĳĮȡȝȩıȠȣȞȝȚĮıİȚȡȐįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞȝȑıĮıĲȠȤȫ
ȡȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȉȠʌȡȦĲİȪȠȞİȓȞĮȚȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȞĮȝȘȞȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞȦȢ șİĮĲȑȢıĲȠ
ȤȫȡȠ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ĮȜȜȐ ȞĮ İȝʌȜĮțȠȪȞ İȞİȡȖȐ țĮȚ İʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȐ ȝȑıĮ ıİ ĮȣĲȩȞ
ȆȡȠȢ ĮȣĲȒ ĲȘȞ țĮĲİȪșȣȞıȘ țȚȞİȓĲĮȚ Ș İʌȚıĲȒȝȘ ĲȘȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ ʌĮȡȑȤȠ
ȞĲĮȢʌȡȠĲȐıİȚȢıĲȠȣȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢȖȚĮȞĮțȡĮĲȒıȠȣȞıİİȖȡȒȖȠȡıȘĲȠİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ
ĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȝİıțȠʌȩȞĮĮȞĲȜȒıȠȣȞȠȣıȚȫįİȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȠȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠİȣȤȐȡȚıĲĮ țĮȚįȚĮıțİįĮıĲȚțȐ
ǲȞĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩ ȝȑȡȠȢ ĲȘȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢ ȝȐșȘıȘȢ ıȣȞȚıĲȐ Ș įȚĮıțȑįĮıȘ ĮĳȠȪ Ƞ
ȝĮșȘĲȒȢ ĮʌȠțĲȐ ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡİȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ, ȩĲĮȞ ʌȡȠıȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ ȝİĲȐ Įʌȩ
ȑȞĮİȣȤȐȡȚıĲȠȕȓȦȝĮ. ȉĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞıȒȝİȡĮıȣȝȝİȡȓ
ȗȠȞĲĮȚ ĲȚȢįȚĮʌȚıĲȫıİȚȢĮȣĲȑȢțĮȚʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮıĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȞĮʌİ
ȡȐıȠȣȞİȣȤȐȡȚıĲĮțĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐĲȠȤȡȩȞȠİʌȓıțİȥȒȢĲȠȣȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȞįȣȐȗȠ
ȞĲĮȢʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮțĮȚĲȘȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȒĲȠȣȢ. ȂȩȞȠȝİĲȘȞİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮțĮȚȘıȣȞİȡȖĮ
ıȓĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚıȤȠȜİȓȠȣĲİȜİıĳȠȡİȓȘȠȜȩʌȜİȣȡȘțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮĲȦȞȞȑȦȞ
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ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 4Ƞ : ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ
4.1. ǾıȘȝĮıȓĮĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
ȅȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȖȚĮȞĮțĮĲĮțĲȒıȠȣȞĲȘȖȞȫıȘʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȑȡșȠȣȞıİȐȝİıȘ
İʌĮĳȒȝİĲȠșȑȝĮʌȠȣ İȟİĲȐȗȠȣȞȞĮȑȤȠȣȞİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢȞĮʌİȚȡĮȝĮĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȞĮİʌȚȤİȚ
ȡȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȠȪȞ ȞĮ șȑĲȠȣȞ İȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ĲĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮ ĲȦȞ
įȚțȫȞĲȠȣȢİȞİȡȖİȚȫȞȁĮȝȕȐȞȠȞĲĮȢȣʌȩȥȘĲĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ, “ȘıȣȖțȡȩĲȘıȘȞȠȘȝȐĲȦȞ
Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȓįȚȠȣȢ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ șİȦȡİȓĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȦȢ ĮʌȜȫȢ İʌȚĲȡİʌĲȒ țĮȚ
șİȝȚĲȒĮȜȜȐȞĮțȡȓȞİĲĮȚȦȢĮʌȠȜȪĲȦȢĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮȞĮİȞșĮȡȡȪȞİĲĮȚțĮȚȞĮțĮȜȜȚİȡȖİȓ
ĲĮȚ” ȂȠȪȜȚȠȣı
O ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȢıĲȩȤȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİțʌȜȘȡȦșİȓȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȘıȤİįȓ
ĮıȘ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒ țĮȚ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȦȞ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȦȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝ
ȝȐĲȦȞ
ȅǿ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ İĳȚțĲȑȢ țĮĲȐ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȦȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠ
ȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚĲȠșİĮĲȡȚțȩʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚȘįȡĮȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚȡȩ
ȜȦȞĲĮĳȣȜȜȐįȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȘȝȑșȠįȠȢproject, ȠȚțĮĲĮıțİȣȑȢȘȗȦȖȡĮĳȚțȒțĮĲȩ
ıȠıĲȠȤȫȡȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚȑȟȦĮʌȩĮȣĲȩ ȈțȠʌȩȢȩȜȦȞĮȣĲȫȞĲȦȞįȡĮıĲȘ
ȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ İʌȓıțİȥȘ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȝȚĮ ȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȚțȒ
țĮȚ ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ ǼȓȞĮȚ șİȝĮĲȚțȐ ȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞİȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ʌȠȣ İʌȚȤİȚ
ȡȠȪȞ ıİ įȚĮȜȠȖȚțȒ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıįȫıȠȣȞ ȞȠȒȝĮĲĮ ıĲĮ İțșȑȝĮĲĮ ĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȞĲȚȢıȤȑıİȚȢʌȠȣıȣȞįȑȠȣȞĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȝİĲĮȟȪĲȠȣȢțĮȚ
ȞĮıȣȞșȑıȠȣȞĲȚȢİʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢıİȖȞȫıİȚȢīțȩĲıȘȢıȅȝȠȣ
ıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢȒȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢʌȠȣșĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİȚȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ĲȠ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩĲȘȞ țĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘ ĲȦȞ
ȞȠȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ țĮȚ ıĲȠ ĲȑȜȠȢ ȞĮ ĲȠȣȢ İȝȥȣȤȫıİȚ ȞĮ įȚĮĲȣʌȫıȠȣȞ ĲĮ
įȚțȐĲȠȣȢıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ
ȈȣȝʌİȡĮıȝĮĲȚțȐ ʌȡȩțİȚĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣȕĮıȓȗİĲĮȚ ıİ İ
ȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȑȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢȝȐșȘıȘȢțĮȚĮȞĮʌĲȪııİĲĮȚȝİȕȐıȘĲȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚĲȚȢįȣȞĮĲȩ
ĲȘĲİȢĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪĲȠȣȢʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢțĮȚĲȚȢįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲİȢĲȠȣȤȫȡȠȣțĮȚĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩ
ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıʌȠȣįȫȞȋȠȡĲĮȡȑĮı
49
4.2. ǾıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ
ǾıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩİȓȞĮȚıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩȢʌĮ
ȡȐȖȠȞĲĮȢȖȚĮĲȘȞİʌȚĲȣȤȓĮĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ǾıȘȝĮıȓĮĲȘȢİțʌĮȚ
įİȣĲȚțȒȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒȢ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ ĲĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ȑȖȚȞİ
ȖȡȒȖȠȡĮĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȒıĲȘȞ ǼȣȡȫʌȘǹȞĲȓșİĲĮıĲȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮĲĮʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮĮȣĲȐȟİ
țȓȞȘıĮȞĮȡțİĲȑȢįİțĮİĲȓİȢĮȡȖȩĲİȡĮ ȀȩțțȚȞȠȢțĮȚǹȜİȟȐțȘı-188). ȉȠ
ȟİțȓȞȘıİ ĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ©ȂǼȁǿȃǹ- ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩȢªȦȢȚįȑĮĲȘȢ
ȂİȜȓȞĮȢȂİȡțȠȪȡȘǳĲĮȞȝȚĮțȠȚȞȒʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮĲȦȞȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȦȞȆĮȚįİȓĮȢțĮȚȆȠ
ȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ īİȞȚțȒȢ īȡĮȝȝĮĲİȓĮȢ ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ǼȞȘȜȓțȦȞ ȝİ ıĲȩȤȠ ĲȘȞ
ĮȞĮȕȐșȝȚıȘĲȠȣȡȩȜȠȣĲȦȞȉİȤȞȫȞțĮȚĲȠȣȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪıĲȘȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ įȚĮįȚțĮ
ıȓĮʌȠȣİʌȚĲİȪȤșȘțİıİıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩĲȘȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȣȜȚțȠȪțĮȚĲȘȢ ʌĮ
ȡȐȜȜȘȜȘȢİʌȚȝȩȡĳȦıȘȢ ĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞıĲȘȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ. 10
ȉĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮİʌȚĲİȜȠȪȞȑȞĮ ʌȠȜȪıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩıțȠʌȩʌȠȣȕȠȘșȐ
ĲȠȞİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘȞĮțĮĲĮȞȠȒıİȚ țĮȜȪĲİȡĮĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮțĮȚĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȞĮİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȒıİȚ
ȝİȩȜİȢĲȚȢȘȜȚțȓİȢĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪ-İʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞĲȠȣĮĳȠȪĮʌİȣșȪȞȠȞĲĮȚ ȩȤȚȝȩȞȠıİȞȑȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȩʌȦȢıİȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚıİİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢțĮȚȐĲȠȝĮĲȡȓ
ĲȘȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢ.
ǾȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȒĲȠȣȢ ĮʌȠĲİȜİȓįȣȞĮȝȚțȩıĲȠȚȤİȓȠıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝİĲĮȟȪĲȠȣʌȡȠıȦʌȚ
țȠȪ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗİĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ĮĳȠȪ ʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑĲİȚ ĲȘ ĮȝȠȚȕĮȓĮ ȣʌȠıĲȒȡȚȟȘ ȝİĲĮȟȪ
ĲȠȣİʌȚȝİȜȘĲȒțĮȚĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ ȐȜȜĮțĮȚĲȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪ.
4.3. ǺĮıȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
ȅȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪİȞȩȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȞĮȡȝȠȞȚ
ıĲİȓȝİĲȚȢȕĮıȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢıȪȝ
ĳȦȞĮȝİĲȘȞȆȚțȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ-ȉıȠȜȐțȘıİȓȞĮȚȠȚĮțȩȜȠȣșİȢ
ĮȆȡȠțĮĲĮȡțĲȚțȒȑȡİȣȞĮȖȚĮĲȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚĲȠİʌȓʌİįȠȖȞȫıİȦȞĲȦȞȠȝȐįȦȞİ
ʌȚțȑȞĲȡȦıȘȢ
10 . http://www.yppo.gr/4/g40.jsp?obj_id=139
50
ȕȉȠʌȡȠȢĮĳȠȝȠȓȦıȘȣȜȚțȩʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİĲĮȚıİȝȚțȡȑȢİȞȩĲȘĲİȢȝİȣʌȠįȚ
ĮȚȡȑıİȚȢĮȞİȓȞĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠ
ȖǾȪȜȘțȐșİİȞȩĲȘĲĮȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȟİțȚȞȐĮʌȩĲĮȖȞȦıĲȐțĮȚȕȚȦȝȑȞĮțĮȚȞĮʌȡȠ
ȤȦȡȐıĲĮȐȖȞȦıĲĮȝİįȚĮıȣȞįȑıİȚȢțĮȚĮȞĮĳȠȡȑȢıĲȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȗȦȒ
įȃĮȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚĮȞĮȜȠȖȓİȢıȣȖțȡȓıİȚȢțĮȚȤȡȒıȘʌĮȡĮįİȚȖȝȐĲȦȞ
İȅȚȚįȑİȢȞĮİțĳȡȐȗȠȞĲĮȚȝİȩıȠĲȠįȣȞĮĲȩȞʌȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠĲȡȩʌȠțĮȚȞĮȖȓ
ȞȠȞĲĮȚ ȩĲĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠ įȚĮıȣȞįȑıİȚȢ ȝİĲĮȟȪ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ ĮĳȘȡȘȝȑȞȦȞ
ȚįİȫȞ
ıĲȃĮĲȓșİĲĮȚĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠįȚĮʌȡĮȖȝȐĲİȣıȘȢĲȠȣșȑȝĮĲȠȢ
ȗȞĮȖȓȞİĲĮȚĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȠȣȣȜȚțȠȪıİıȤȑıȘȝİĲȘȞĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲȐĲȠȣțĮȚ
ĲȘȞțȐȜȣȥȘĲȦȞıĲȩȤȦȞĲȠȣ
4.4. ȈțȠʌȠȓțĮȚıĲȩȤȠȚĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
īȚĮĲȘȞİʌȚĲȣȤȒįȚȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȝȚĮȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢı¶ȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠĮʌĮȡĮȓĲȘĲȘ
ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ʌȡȠțĮșȠȡȚıȝȩȢ ĲȦȞ ıțȠʌȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ıĲȩȤȦȞ Ƞ ȑȖțĮȚȡȠȢ ʌȡȠ
ȖȡĮȝȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢțĮȚȘțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȘʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮțĮȚȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ-ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ȉĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮȐȜȜȦıĲİȕĮıȓȗȠȞĲĮȚĮțȡȚȕȫȢı¶ĮȣĲȒĲȘȞĮȝĳȓįȡȠȝȘ
ıȤȑıȘĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȌĮȡȡȐțȘ-ȂʌİȜİıȚȫĲȘı35).
ȍȢıțȠʌȠȓİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȚ
x ǾİȟȠȚțİȓȦıȘȝİĲȠșİıȝȩĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
x ǾİȟȠȚțİȓȦıȘȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȦȢȤȫȡȠțĮȚȝİĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĲȠȣ
x ǾȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮ
x ǾİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒȝȐșȘıȘ
x ǾİʌĮȞȐȜȘȥȘĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢ
x ǾĮȜȜĮȖȒıĲȐıȘȢĮʌȑȞĮȞĲȚıĲĮȝȞȘȝİȓĮĲȠȣțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪțĮȚĳȣıȚțȠȪʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠ
ȞĲȠȢȉȗȚĮĳȑȡȘȩʌ ı58).
ȅȕĮıȚțȩȢıĲȩȤȠȢİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȜȠȖȓȗİĲĮȚȘĮ
ʌȩțĲȘıȘĲȘȢįİȟȚȩĲȘĲĮȢĮʌȩĲȠȣȢıȣȝȝİĲȑȤȠȞĲİȢ©«ȞĮįȫıȠȣȞȞȩȘȝĮıİȩĲȚȝʌȠȡİȓ
țĮȞİȓȢȞĮįİȚȞĮįȚĮȕȐıİȚȞĮĮȖȖȓȟİȚȒȞĮĮțȠȪıİȚıİȤȫȡȠȣȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪªȋȡȣıȠȣ
ȜȐțȘ ı133). ȆȚȠ ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȐ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıĲȫıȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ ȠȚ ıĲȩȤȠȚ ʌȠȣ
İʌȚįȚȫțİĲĮȚȞĮİʌȚĲİȣȤșȠȪȞȝȑıȦĲȘȢȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
įȚĮțȡȓȞȠȞĲĮȚıİĮȖȞȦıĲȚțȠȪȢțĮȚȕțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȠȪȢ
51
ĮīȞȦıĲȚțȠȓ
ȂİĲĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ĮʌȠȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİȖȚĮĲȠȞȝĮșȘĲȒ
x ȃĮȝĮșĮȓȞİȚȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜİȓıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮıĲȠȚȤİȓĮʌȠȣıȤİĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲĮİȡİșȓıȝĮ
ĲĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣİȝʌȜȠȣĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȢĲȠȞțȩıȝȠĲȦȞʌĮȡĮıĲȐıİȦȞĲȠȣ
x ȃĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘȠȡȠȜȠȖȓĮįȚĮıȣȞįȑȠȞĲĮȢĲȘȞȝİȠʌĲȚțȠĮțȠȣıĲȚțȠȪȢĲȡȩ
ʌȠȣȢțĮȚİʌȠʌĲİȓİȢ
x ȃĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮȚĲȘȞȚıĲȠȡȓĮĲȠȣȢİʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞȠȞĲĮȢ
ıȤȑıİȚȢțĮȚțȠȚȞȐȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȐʌȠȣįȚȑʌȠȣȞĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮıȣȖȤȡȠȞȚțȐțĮȚįȚ
ĮȤȡȠȞȚțȐ
x ȃĮįȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞİȚĲĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐțĮȚĮȞĲȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐțȡȚĲȒȡȚĮȝİĲĮȠʌȠȓĮĮȟȚȠȜȠȖİȓ
țȐșİȑȡȖȠĲȠıțȠʌȩȒĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȠȣ
x ȃĮįȚĮȤȦȡȓȗİȚĲȚȢțĮĲȘȖȠȡȓİȢĲĮıȪȞȠȜĮĲȚȢȣʌȠįȚĮȚȡȑıİȚȢʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ
ıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȖȚĮĲĮțȪȡȚĮıȤȒȝĮĲĮțĮȚĲȚȢįȠȝȑȢ
ĲȦȞĳĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚĲȦȞȚįİȫȞʌȠȣĮȣĲȩȑȤİȚȦȢĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȠ
x ȃĮĮȞĮʌĲȪııİȚĲȚȢȞȠȘĲȚțȑȢįİȟȚȩĲȘĲİȢȫıĲİȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓĲȠȣȜȚțȩʌȠȣȖȞȫ
ȡȚıİȖȚĮȞĮȜȪȞİȚĲĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮʌȠȣʌȡȠțȪʌĲȠȣȞ
x ȃĮĮʌȠțȦįȚțȠʌȠȚİȓįȚȐĳȠȡİȢıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȑȢʌĮȡĮıĲȐıİȚȢțĮȚȖİȞȚțȐȞĮȝĮșĮȓȞİȚȞĮ
ȝİĲĮĲȡȑʌİȚĲȘȞĮȡȤȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮıİȞȑĮȝȠȡĳȒ
x ȃĮİȞșĮȡȡȪȞİĲĮȚȞĮȝİĲĮįȫıİȚĲȚȢȚįȑİȢĲȠȣĲĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮĲĮțĮȚĲȚȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ
ĲȠȣȝȑıȦĲȘȢĮĳȒȖȘıȘȢĲȘȢıȣȖȖȡĮĳȒȢĲȘȢȗȦȖȡĮĳȚțȒȢȒĲȠȣșİĮĲȡȚțȠȪʌĮȚȤȞȚ
įȚȠȪ
x ȃĮĮȟȚȠȜȠȖİȓĲȘȞȪȜȘĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣįȚĮıȣȞįȑȠȞĲĮȢĲȘȞȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠțĮȚĲȘȞțĮ
șȘȝİȡȚȞȩĲȘĲĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚȦȢʌȘȖȒȑȝʌȞİȣıȘȢȖȚĮʌİȡĮȚĲȑȡȦįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮǱȜțȘıĲȚȢ
1995ı25-27).
ȕȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȠȓ
ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȠȓıĲȩȤȠȚȖȚĮĲȠȞ ȝĮșȘĲȒĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮ
ĲȠȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮȞĮĳİȡșȠȪȞ
x ǾİȟȠȚțİȓȦıȘȝİĲȘȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȘĲȘȞĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮțĮȚĲȘȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒțȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐ
țĮȚȘİȞİȡȖȩȢıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒı¶ĮȣĲȒ
52
x ǾİȟȠȚțİȓȦıȘȝİĲȠȤȫȡȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȫıĲİȞĮĮȞĲĮʌȠțȡȓȞİĲĮȚıĲĮțȓȞȘĲȡĮʌȠȣ
ĮȣĲȩʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚȖȚĮȑțĳȡĮıȘțĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚȖȚĮȞĮİʌȚșȣȝİȓȞĮİʌĮȞȑȜ
șİȚı¶ĮȣĲȩ
x ǾȖȩȞȚȝȘȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞĮȚıșȒıİȦȞʌȠȣĲȠȞȕȠȘșȠȪȞȞĮȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚĲȘȞ
ʌİȡȚȑȡȖİȚĮĲȠȣȞĮıȣȖțȚȞȘșİȓĮʌȩĲȘȕȓȦıȘĲȦȞĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞȞĮĮʌȠȜĮȪıİȚĲȘȞ
țĮȜȜȚĲİȤȞȚțȩĲȘĲĮ
x ǾĮȣșȩȡȝȘĲȘȑțĳȡĮıȘȘĮȣĲİȞȑȡȖİȚĮțĮȚȘĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȘȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢĲȠȣȚțĮ
ȞȩĲȘĲĮȢ
x ǾțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮĲȦȞĮĲȠȝȚțȫȞįİȟȚȠĲȒĲȦȞȩʌȦȢȘʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȘĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȘȝȞȒȝȘȘ
ĳĮȞĲĮıȓĮʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȝİĲȚȢȥȣȤȠıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȑȢĲȠȣȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲİȢ
x ǾĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘȣȥȘȜȫȞȚįĮȞȚțȫȞȘįȚİȪȡȣȞıȘĲȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢĲȠȣȘĮȣĲȠȠȜȠ
țȜȒȡȦıȘȩʌ ı25).
4.5. ȉĮİȓįȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
ǵĲĮȞȝȚĮıȤȠȜȚțȒĲȐȟȘİʌȚıțȑʌĲİĲĮȚȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠįȚĮțȡȓȞȠȞĲĮȚĲȑııİȡĮİȓįȘİʌȓ
ıțİȥȘȢ țĮȚ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ ĲȑııİȡĮ İȓįȘ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣ
ı-201):
1) ǹȣĲȩ-ʌĮȡİȤȩȝİȞȠ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ. ȉȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮĮȣĲȩıȣıĲȒȞİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠȩĲĮȞȠȓįȚȠȢȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢİʌȚșȣȝİȓȞĮȟİȞĮȖȒıİȚĲȘȞĲȐȟȘĲȠȣȈİĮȣĲȒȞĲȘȞ
ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠįȚĮșȑĲİȚȑȞĲȣʌȠȣȜȚțȩȠʌĲȚțȩ-ĮțȠȣıĲȚțȐȝȑıĮțĮȚıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮ
ʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢīȚ¶ĮȣĲȩĲȠȜȩȖȠįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞİʌȚȝȠȡĳȦ
ĲȚțȐ ıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȣȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ĲȠȣ
ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ȀȑȞĲȡȠȣ ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ȆȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣǹțȡȠʌȩȜİȦȢ
2) Ǿ ȝȠȞĮįȚțȒ İʌȓıțİȥȘ-ȟİȞȐȖȘıȘ ǼȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ıȣȞȘșȑıĲİȡȠȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȢ ȉȠ ʌȡȩ
ȖȡĮȝȝĮĮȣĲȩĳȑȡȞİȚıİİʌĮĳȒĲȠȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩțĮȚĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣĮʌȠıțȠʌȫȞĲĮȢıĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘȕĮıȚțȫȞĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȚțȫȞȚțĮȞȠĲȒĲȦȞ ȂİĮȣ
ĲȩȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠȝȚĮȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȝȚĮȢȒįȪȠȦȡȫȞıĲȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮįİșİȦȡİȓĲĮȚʌĮ
ȡȐȝȚĮʌȡȫĲȘİʌĮĳȒȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠʌȠȣȩȝȦȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțĮĲĮȜȒȟİȚıİȝȚĮıȪȞįİıȘ
ȝİĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȒıİȝȚĮ©ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘªĲȦȞıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞȉȠİȓįȠȢĮȣĲȩ
53
ĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢİĳĮȡȝȩȗİĲĮȚıİȩȜĮĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚįİȞİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓĲȘĲȘȘʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮ
ȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
3) ȉȠȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȠȡȖĮȞȫȞİȚİțʌĮȚįİȣ
ĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮıĲĮȠʌȠȓĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮıȣȝȝİĲȐıȤȠȣȞıȤȠȜȚțȑȢĲȐȟİȚȢȒȐȜȜİȢȠ
ȝȐįİȢĮĳȠȪʌȡȫĲĮįȘȜȫıȠȣȞıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȉȚȢʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡİȢĳȠȡȑȢ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚȝȓĮĮȡȤȚțȒ
İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȈİʌȠȜȜȐȝȠȣıİȓĮĲȘȢǼȜȜȐįĮȢĲĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠ
ȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠȪȞȝİȕȐıȘĮȣĲȒĲȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ.
4) ȅȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ. ȆȡȠțȡȓȞİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȣȢİțʌĮȚ
įİȣĲȚțȠȪȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ĮȞĮȗȘĲȠȪȞ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȩȖțȠ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘ
ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒįȡȐıȘ ȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢǼʌȓıȘȢʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚĲȘȞİȣțĮȚȡȓĮ ȖȚĮįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩ
ĲȘĲİȢ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ ĲȘ ıȣȜȜȠȖȒ ȖȚĮ ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡİȢ İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ ʌȠȜȪ
ȤȡȩȞȠ ıĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ǼʌȚĲȡȑʌİȚ ıĲȠȣȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢ ȞĮ İȡȖȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ıİ ʌȚȠ ȝİȖȐȜĮ
İțʌțȐȤȡȠȞȚțȐįȚĮıĲȒȝĮĲĮ ıȣıȤİĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȢĲȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩ
ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
4.6. ǾİʌȚĲȣȤȓĮİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİ

ĲȘ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȝĮșȘĲȫȞ
Ǿ İʌȚĲȣȤȓĮİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİĲȘȞıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȝĮ
șȘĲȫȞıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ, İȟĮȡĲȐĲĮȚĲȩıȠıĲȠȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȩıȠțĮȚıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-
ȋȡȩȞȘı-ȅİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚʌȡȚȞȠȡȖĮȞȫıİȚĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘıİ
ȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ĮȞĮȑȤİȚİʌȚȜȑȟİȚʌȡȠıİțĲȚțȐĲȠȤȫȡȠ țĮȚȞĮįȚĮıĳĮȜȓıİȚĲȘȞĮıĳȐȜİȚĮĲȦȞȝĮ
șȘĲȫȞ ȕȞĮȑȤİȚıȤİįȚȐıİȚ ʌȡȠıİțĲȚțȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ ıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȘįȚįĮțĲȚțȒİȞȩ
ĲȘĲĮ, ĲȘȞȘȜȚțȓĮțĮȚĲĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ȖȞĮȑȤİȚıȣȞİȡȖĮıĲİȓȝİĲȠȣȢȣ
ʌİȪșȣȞȠȣȢ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ į ȞĮ ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓıİȚ ĲȠȣȢ ıĲȩȤȠȣȢ ĲȘȢ İʌȓıțİȥȘȢ İ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ
ʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝȐıİȚ ĲĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İʌȓıțİȥȘ İȞȫ ıȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȑȤİȚİȟĮıĳĮȜȓıİȚȩȜİȢİțİȓȞİȢĲȚȢʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢʌȠȣșĮİʌȚĲȡȑȥȠȣȞĲȘȞȠȝĮȜȒįȚİȟĮ
ȖȦȖȒĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȩʌȦȢ
ĮȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚĲȠțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȝİȘıȣȤȓĮșĮ
ȝʌȠȡȑıȠȣȞ ȞĮ İȡȖĮıĲȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȕ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ țȚȞȘșȠȪȞ ȐȞİĲĮ ıĲȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ.
54
ȈȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢĲȠİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȚĮĲȘȡİȓĲĮȚȗȦȘȡȩțĮȚĮȣĲȩİʌȚ
ĲȣȖȤȐȞİĲĮȚ:
ĮǵĲĮȞĮȣĲȩʌȠȣȕȜȑʌȠȣȞĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐȑȤİȚțȐʌȠȚȠȞȩȘȝĮ țĮȚĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮ ĲȠ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĲȠ İȡȝȘȞİȪıȠȣȞ ǵĲĮȞ ȑȤİȚ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȘ
ȖȞȫıȘʌȠȣȒįȘțĮĲȑȤȠȣȞ, ȖȚĮȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĲȘȞİʌĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȣȞĮʌȩĲȘȞȝȞȒȝȘĲȠȣȢ
țĮȚȞĮĲȘıȣȞįȑıȠȣȞȝİĲȠȑțșİȝĮʌȠȣȕȜȑʌȠȣȞ. ȅȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚȝİĲȘȞ
ĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘțĮȚ ĲȘȞ İʌȓįİȚȟȘ ȖȞȫıİȦȞȕ ȅȚ İȡȦĲȒıİȚȢʌȠȣ ĲȠȣȢ ȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚ įȠȝȘȝȑȞİȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İʌȚįȑȤȠȞĲĮȚ ĮȡțİĲȑȢ ĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȚȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ Ƞ ĳȩȕȠȢ
ĲȠȣ ıȦıĲȠȪ-ȜȐșȠȣȢ Ȗ ȅȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȤȦȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚ ıİ ȠȝȐįİȢ ıȣȞįȣȐȗȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȠ
ȠȝĮįȚțȩʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚȝİıțȠʌȩȞĮĮȞĮʌĲȪııİĲĮȚȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮȚȘİȣȖİȞȒȢȐȝȚȜȜĮĮȜ
ȜȐ ıȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢ ȞĮ ĮʌȠĲȣʌȫȞİĲĮȚ Ș įȚțȒ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ ĲĮ ȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮ ȤĮȡĮ
țĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȐĲȠȣȢįȉĮțİȓȝİȞĮʌȠȣįȓȞȠȞĲĮȚıĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚİȣțȠȜȠȞȩ
ȘĲĮȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞĲȘȞʌİȡȚȑȡȖİȚĮȞĮįȚİȣȡȪȞȠȣȞĲȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢȝİțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚĮİȞįȚĮĳȑ
ȡȠȞĲĮȞĮįȚİȖİȓȡȠȣȞĲȘȞĮȚıșȘĲȚțȒĮʌȩȜĮȣıȘțĮȚȞĮĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞĲȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮ
ȈȣȞİȚįȘĲȠʌȠȚȫȞĲĮȢ ȩȜĮ ĲĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ Ƞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢ ʌȡȚȞ İʌȚıțİĳșİȓ ȑȞĮ ȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌȚȜȑȖİȚȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȠȣȞĮĮȞĲĮʌȠțȡȓȞİĲĮȚıĲȚȢ
ĮȞȐȖțİȢĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞĲȠȣ ǹțȩȝȘĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİĲȚȢȘȜȚțȓİȢĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓȗȠȞĲĮȚĲĮ İțșȑȝĮĲĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞĲĮȢĲȘįȡĮȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚȡȩȜȦȞ
ȒĲȠșİĮĲȡȚțȩʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ (ȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘ, ı-62).
Ǿ İʌȚĲȣȤȓĮ ȝȚĮȢ İʌȓıțİȥȘȢ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȩĲĮȞ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ
ĲȚȢĮȚıșȘĲȘȡȚĮțȑȢĲȠȣȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚĲĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȐĲȠȣȢȩʌȦȢȞĮĮțȠȪıȠȣȞȞĮȝȚ
ȜȒıȠȣȞ ȞĮ ȖȡȐȥȠȣȞ ȞĮ ȗȦȖȡĮĳȓıȠȣȞ ȉȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȑȤİȚ ʌİĲȪȤİȚ ĲȠ
ıĲȩȤȠ ĲȠȣ ȩĲĮȞ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠʌȠȚİȓ ĲȚȢ ĮȚıșȒıİȚȢ ĲȠ ıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ ĲȘ ĳĮȞĲĮıȓĮ ĲȘ ıȣ
ȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ĲȘ ȤĮȡȐ ĲȘȢ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȢ ʌȡȠȢ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȣȢ ĮĳȒȞİȚ İȜİȪșİ
ȡȠȣȢȞĮİțĳȡȐȗȠȣȞĲȚȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢĲȠȣȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢțĮȚĲĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮĲȐĲȠȣȢ. ȂİĲȠ
ʌȑȡĮȢĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȞȚȫıȠȣȞȩĲȚįȚĮıțȑįĮıĮȞțĮȚ
ȩĲȚșȑȜȠȣȞȞĮİʌȚıțİĳĲȠȪȞȟĮȞȐ ĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
4.7. ǾıȤȠȜȚțȒİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮıȣȝȝİĲȠ
ȤȒȢ ĲȘȢĲȐȟȘȢıİİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
55
ǾİʌȓıțİȥȘĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢĲȐȟȘȢı¶ȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȘȢ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȢ
ĲȘȢıİȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮįȚĮȡșȡȫȞİĲĮȚıİĲȑııİȡȚȢĲȠȝİȓȢĮʌȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȠ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȕ țĮĲȐ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ Ȗ
ȝİĲȐĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮȚįȘĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝ
ȝĮĲȠȢ
ǹȆȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ. ȆȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘȖȚĮĲȘȞȣȜȠ
ʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ Ƞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İʌȚıțİĳșİȓ ĲȠ
ȤȫȡȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȞĮİȞȘȝİȡȦșİȓȖȚĮĲĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮʌȠȣĮȣĲȩʌȡȠ
ıĳȑȡİȚ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ĮȣĲȫȞ, ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ İȞȘȝİȡȫıİȚ
ĲȠȣȢȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȣȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȖȚĮĲȘȞİʌȚțİȓȝİȞȘİʌȓıțİȥȘțĮȚȞĮȑȤİȚıȣȞİȡȖĮıĲİȓ
ȝĮȗȓ ĲȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȠȝĮȜȒ įȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒ ĲȘȢ ȆĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ İȞȘȝİȡȫıİȚ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȠȣ
ȖȚĮĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚȖȚĮĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȠȣ
șĮʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȠȣȞțĮȚĲȠȣȢʌȡȠȧįİȐȗİȚțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮȖȚĮĮȣĲȩǾʌȡȠʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒĲȘȢ
İʌȓıțİȥȘȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚȐȝİıĮȝİĲȘįȚįĮțĲȑĮȪȜȘ, ȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠȣțĮȚĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢșĮ ʌȐȡȠȣȞ
ȝȑȡȠȢ.
Ǻ ȀĮĲȐ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ . ȈĲȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ ĲȘȢ İʌȓ
ıțİȥȘȢ ıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȖȚĮĲȘȞȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȞĮ
ȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞĲȠȞȤȫȡȠȑĲıȚȫıĲİȞĮʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıĲȠȪȞȖȚĮȞĮȞȚȫıȠȣȞȐȞİĲĮțĮȚİȣȤȐȡȚ
ıĲĮȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĲȠȣȢİĳȚıĲȠȪȝİĲȘȞʌȡȠıȠȤȒȖȚĮĲȠĲȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȞțĮȚĲȚįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮțȐȞȠȣȞʌȤȞĮ ĳȦȞȐȗȠȣȞȒȞĮĲȡȫȞİıĲȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȉȠȣȢİȞȘȝİ
ȡȫȞȠȣȝİȖȚĮĲȘįȚȐȡșȡȦıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢțĮȚȝİĮʌȜȩțĮȚįȚĮıțİįĮıĲȚțȩĲȡȩʌȠ
ȟİțȚȞȐȝİ ĲȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
īȂİĲȐĲȘȞȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ. ǵĲĮȞȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦșİȓ
ĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦ
ȖȩȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚʌĮȡȒȖĮȖĮȞĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȟİĲȐ
ıȠȣȞ ȝİ ʌȠȚȠȣȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȟİȜȚȤșİȓ ĲȠ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ıĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ Ȓ țĮȚ ıĲȠ
ıʌȓĲȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ıĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ Ȓ
İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȤȡİȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ĲȘ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ țĮȚ ȖȠȞȑȦȞ ıĲȠ ıʌȓĲȚ ȝİĲĮĳȑȡȠ
ȞĲĮȢȩıĮİȓįĮȞțĮȚįȚįȐȤșȘțĮȞțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȘȢ İʌȓıțİȥȒȢ ĲȠȣȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ǻǾ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ. Ǿ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚ
įİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ıȣȞșȑĲİȚ ĲȠ ĲİȜİȣĲĮȓȠ ıĲȐįȚȠ ĲȘȢ İʌȓıțİȥȘȢ ȝȚĮȢ ıȤȠȜȚțȒȢ
56
ĲȐȟȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚĲȘȢıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȢıİȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮǾĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘ
ıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȖȓȞİĲĮȚĮʌȩĮĲȠȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȠȠʌȠȓȠȢȕȜȑ
ʌİȚ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ țĮȚıȘȝİȚȫȞİȚ ĲȚȢ ĮȞĲȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ țĮĲȐĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȠȣ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣĲȩȢ ʌȠȣ ȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȒȤȘıȘ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ȝȑıĮ
ıĲȘ ıȤȠȜȚțȒ ĲȐȟȘ ȝİĲȐ ĲȠ ĲȑȜȠȢ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ȕ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ ĲȠȣ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȠȠʌȠȓȠȢĮȞĲȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİĲĮȚı¶ȩȜȘĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ, ĲȚȢ
ĮȞĲȚįȡȐıİȚȢĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ (ĲȚĲȠȣȢȐȡİıİĲȚĲȠȣȢ įȣıĮȡȑıĲȘıİĲȚĲȠȣȢ țȠȪȡĮıİ)Ȗ
ȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢʌȠȣʌȒȡĮȞȝȑȡȠȢıĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮİȓȞĮȚȠȚțĮș¶ȪȜȘȞĮȡȝȩįȚȠȚȞĮĲȠĮȟȚȠ
ȜȠȖȒıȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĲȠ ȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȒıȠȣȞ į ȠȚ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȠȚ
ȠʌȠȓȠȚʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞĲȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢțĮȚİȓȞĮȚıİșȑıȘȞĮ
İʌȚıȘȝȐȞȠȣȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ İȜȜİȓȥİȚȢ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ țĮȚ İ ȠȚ
ȖȠȞİȓȢĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚșĮȖȓȞȠȣȞȠȚʌĮȡĮȜȒʌĲİȢĲȦȞșİĲȚțȫȞȒĮȡȞȘĲȚțȫȞıȤȠ
ȜȓȦȞĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞĲȠȣȢȖȚĮĲȘȞʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ǾĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȖȓȞİȚȝİįȪȠĲȡȩʌȠȣȢȐȝİıĮțĮȚȑȝȝİıĮ
ǱȝİıĮ Į Ș ĮȞĲĮʌȩțȡȚıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ İȝĳĮȞȒȢ țĮș
ȩȜȘ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȠȣ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȅ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢȝʌȠȡİȓıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȞĮȣʌȠ
ȕȐȜȜİȚıĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢʌȠȣșĮȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞ ıĲȘȞĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝ
ȝĮĲȠȢȕȘȕȚȞĲİȠıțȩʌȘıȘ ĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢșĮȕȠȘșȠȪıİĲȠȣȢȐȝİıĮİȝʌȜİțȩȝİ
ȞȠȣȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ țĮȚ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ ȞĮ įȚİȡİȣȞȒıȠȣȞ ȩȜȘ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȝİʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȘʌȡȠıȠȤȒȖȚĮȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȞĲĮįȣȞĮĲȐțĮȚĲĮĮįȪ
ȞĮȝĮıȘȝİȓĮĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘıİȜȖȘıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦ
ıȘ İȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓȦȞ ȩȜȦȞ ȩıȦȞ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıĮȞ ĲȠ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĮȝȑıȦȢ ȝİĲȐ ĲȠ
ĲȑȜȠȢĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ǲȝȝİıĮĮȘıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıȘİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓȦȞĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȠȚȠ
ʌȠȓȠȚȒĲĮȞțĮȚȠȚĲİȜȚțȠȓĮʌȠįȑțĲİȢĲȠȣ ĮȞĲȓțĲȣʌȠȣ ʌȠȣİȓȤİȘİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ȖȚĮĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐțĮȚȕĮʌȩĲȘıȣȗȒĲȘıȘʌȠȣșĮȑȤİȚȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢȝİĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ĲȠȣ ıĲȘȞ ĲȐȟȘ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȡȦĲȘșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ĮȞ ĲȠȣȢ Ȑȡİıİ Ȓ ȩȤȚ ĲȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȠȣȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıĮȞıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚȖȚĮĲȠĮȞİʌȚșȣȝȠȪȞȞĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒ
ıȠȣȞ țȐĲȚĮȞȐȜȠȖȠȟĮȞȐıĲȠȝȑȜȜȠȞ
ǾĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘİȓȞĮȚȚțĮȞȒȞĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚıĲȘıȣȜȜȠȖȒʌȠȜȪĲȚȝȦȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ țĮȚ
ȚįİȫȞ ȝİıțȠʌȩĲȘȞ ĮȞĮȝȩȡĳȦıȘȩȤȚȝȩȞȠĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚȠʌȠȚĮıįȒʌȠĲİįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣʌȤİțșȑıİȚȢțĮȚȞĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚıĲȘȞ
57
ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ țĮȚ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȫȞ ıȤİįȓȦȞ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȕȠȘșȒıİȚ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȞĮ
țĮĲĮȜȐȕİȚțĮȜȪĲİȡĮĲȠȣȢȞİĮȞȚțȠȪȢİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢĲȠȣ țĮȚȞĮĮȞȠȓȟİȚįȚȐȜȠȖȠȝĮȗȓĲȠȣȢ
ȅ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢ İȞȩȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ İʌȓʌȠȞȘ țĮȚȝĮțȡȩȤȡȠȞȘ
ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ĮʌĮȚĲİȓ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ țȠȞįȪȜȚĮ țĮȚ ıțȜȘȡȒ įȠȣȜİȚȐ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȐįȚțȠ
țĮȚıȠȕĮȡȒĮʌȫȜİȚĮȖȚĮĲȠȣȢıȣȞĲİȜİıĲȑȢĮȣĲȫȞĲȦȞʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȚȫȞȞĮıĲĮȝĮĲȠȪȞ
ĲȠ ȑȡȖȠ ĲȠȣȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ıĲȠ įȚȐȜȠȖȠ țĮȚ ĲȚȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ
ȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢıȤİįȚȐıĲȘțĮȞȩȜĮĮȣĲȐȅȚțȠȞȩȝȠȣıİȜ-104).
58
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 5Ƞ : ǾȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮȑȡİȣȞĮȢ İțʌȩȞȘıȘȢĲȘȢʌĮ

ȡȠȪıĮȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
5.1. ǾĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩĲȘĲĮĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ
ǾʌĮȡȠȪıĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒİȡȖĮıȓĮİȞĲȐııİĲĮȚıĲȠʌİįȓȠĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ įȡȐıȘȢȘȠʌȠȓĮ
ĲĮĲİȜİȣĲĮȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȒĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘțĮȚıĲȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢĬİȦȡȠȪȝİȩĲȚ
ȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİĲĮȚıĲȘįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȝİĲȘȞțȜĮıȚțȒĲȘȢįȚȐ
ıĲĮıȘȩıȠțĮȜȒțĮȚĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒțĮȚĮȞțȡȓȞİĲĮȚĮȣĲȒǹȞĲȓșİĲĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȜİȚ
ĲȠȣȡȖİȓțĮȚȦȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȒȢİȚįȚțȐıĲȘȞʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘʌȠȣİȞįȚĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚȖȚĮĲȘȞİʌĮȖȖİȜ
ȝĮĲȚțȒĲȠȣĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘțĮȚĲȘȕİȜĲȓȦıȘĲȦȞįȚįĮțĲȚțȫȞʌȡĮțĲȚțȫȞĲȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢİĳĮȡȝȩ
ȗİȚıĲȘȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ
ǹʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ Ș İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ ʌȠȣ İʌȚȤİȚȡȠȪȝİ ĮʌȠıțȠʌİȓ ıĲȘ įȚİʌȚ
ıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒıȪȞįİıȘįȪȠİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞʌİįȓȦȞĲȘȢȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢțĮȚĲȘȢȂȠȣıİȚȠ
ȜȠȖȓĮȢ
īȚĮ ĲȠȣȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ ʌȚıĲİȪȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ Ș İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒ ȝĮȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮǼȣİȜʌȚıĲȠȪȝİȩĲȚșĮĮȞĮįİȓȟİȚĲȘȞĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚĲȘȞțĮȚȞȠĲȠ
ȝȓĮĲȑĲȠȚȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ȂİĮȣĲȩĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚĲȠİȞ
įȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ țĮȚ Ș ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ țĮȚ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ ĲȠȣȢ įȓȞİĲĮȚ Ș ĮĳȩȡȝȘıȘ
ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮțĮĲĮȞȠȒıȠȣȞțĮȜȪĲİȡĮĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚĲĮțȓȞȘ
ĲȡĮȩȜȦȞĲȦȞİȝʌȜİțȠȝȑȞȦȞȝİȡȫȞȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚțȐșİĳȠȡȐʌȡȦĲĮȖȦȞȚıĲȠȪȞıİĮȣĲȒȞ
5.2. ȈțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ– ȉĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȐİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ
ǺĮıȚțȩȢıțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞȐȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮĮʌȠįİȓȟȠȣȝİȩĲȚİȓȞĮȚİĳȚțĲȩȢȑȞĮȢıȣ
ıĲȘȝĮĲȚțȩȢ©įȚȐȜȠȖȠȢªĲȦȞįȣȠʌĮȡĮȖȩȞĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȫıĲİȞĮʌȡȠ
țȪȥȠȣȞȞȑİȢȝȠȡĳȑȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞįȡȐıİȦȞ
ȂİȐȟȠȞĮĲȠȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦıțȠʌȩįȚĮĲȣʌȫıĮȝİȖȚĮįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘĲĮʌĮȡĮțȐĲȦİȡİȣ
ȞȘĲȚțȐİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ
Į ʌȠȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ıȘȝĮıȓĮ ĲȘȢ ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒȢ ʌĮȚįİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ʌȫȢ İʌȚįȡȐ ıĲȠ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȠ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠ
59
ȕȆȠȚȠȢİȓȞĮȚȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣıĲȘıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘİʌȠȤȒ
ȖȆȠȚĮİȓȞĮȚȘıȣȝȕȠȜȒĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞıĲȘȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒĮ
ȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȚĮțȫȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞ
įȆȠȚĮȠĳȑȜȘșĮʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞĮʌȩĮȣĲȒĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȦȞįȪȠʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦĳȠȡȑ
ȦȞ
ǼȞțĮĲĮțȜİȓįȚșȑȜȠȣȝİȞĮțĮĲĮįİȓȟȠȣȝİȩĲȚȝİĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ
ȝİ ĲȠȣȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪȢ ıĲȘȞ țĮĲȐȡĲȚıȘ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ șĮ İʌȚ
ĲİȣȤșİȓĲȠİʌȚșȣȝȘĲȩĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮįȘȜĮįȒȘȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮĲȦȞįȪȠĳȠȡȑȦȞ
ȝİıțȠʌȩĲȘȞİȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒțĮȚȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘȝȐșȘıȘ
5.3. ȅȚİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚ- İʌȚȜȠȖȒĲȘȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȢȝİșȩįȠȣ.
ȅȚİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚįȚĮțȡȓȞȠȞĲĮȚıİʌȠȚȠĲȚțȑȢțĮȚʌȠıȠĲȚțȑȢȅȚʌȠıȠĲȚțȑȢĮ
ȞĮȜȪȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ʌȠıȩĲȘĲĮ İȝĳȐȞȚıȘȢ ĲȠȣ ĳĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȠȣ ʌȠȣ İȟİĲȐȗİĲĮȚ țĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȑȢ
ĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠ İȓįȠȢ ıĲȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮ ĲȠȣ ĳĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȠȣ (Kvale, S.
1996, p.67)ȀĮȚȠȚįȪȠȝȑșȠįȠȚįȓȞȠȣȞĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮıĲȠȞİȡİȣȞȘĲȒȞĮʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚ
ȑȞĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȩʌİįȓȠțĮȚȞĮİʌȚțİȞĲȡȦșİȓıİĮȣĲȩǼȝİȓȢșĮİʌȚȜȑȟȠȣȝİĲȚȢʌȠȚȠĲȚțȑȢ
İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢ
ȅ İȡİȣȞȘĲȒȢ ʌȠȣ ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒ ȝȑșȠįȠ ʌĮȡĮĲȘȡİȓ ʌĮȓȡȞİȚ ıȣȞİȞĲİȪȟİȚȢ
țȡĮĲȐıȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢʌİȡȚȖȡȐĳİȚțĮȚİȡȝȘȞİȪİȚĲĮĳĮȚȞȩȝİȞĮȩʌȦȢĮțȡȚȕȫȢȑȤȠȣȞǵ
ĲĮȞȠİȡİȣȞȘĲȒȢİȡȖȐȗİĲĮȚʌȐȞȦıĲȠʌİįȓȠʌȠȣȝİȜİĲȐİȓȞĮȚʌȐȞĲĮİȞİȡȖȩȢȖȚĮĲȓȠȚ
ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚĮʌĮȚĲȠȪȞȞĮȖȓȞİĲĮȚȤȡȒıȘȩȜȦȞİțİȓȞȦȞĲȦȞıĲȠȚȤİȓȦȞʌȠȣȠİ
ȡİȣȞȘĲȒȢıȣȞĮȞĲȐıȤȩȜȚĮĮʌȩȩıȠȣȢıȤİĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲȠĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȠʌȠȣȠȓįȚȠȢʌĮ
ȡĮĲȘȡİȓĮțȩȝĮțĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠʌȠȣĲĮȣʌȠțİȓȝİȞĮțȐșȠȞĲĮȚȒıȣȞȠȝȚȜȠȪȞ (Eis-
ner, W. Eı).
5.4. ǾʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘțĮȚĲĮİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚĮȦȢȝȑșȠįȠȚ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒȢ

ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ
Ǿ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ĲȘȢ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢ İʌȚȜȑȤșȘțİ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞȐ ȝĮȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȣȢ ʌĮȡĮțȐĲȦ
ȜȩȖȠȣȢ. ȂİĲȘȝȑșȠįȠĲȘȢʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢȑȤȠȣȝİĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȞĮțĮĲĮȖȡȐȥȠȣȝİĲȘȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ĲȘȞ İȚțȩȞĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȣʌȠțİȓȝİȞĮ
60
ȦȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ Ǿ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȓıȦȢ Ș ©ĮʌȜȠȪıĲİȡȘª ȝȑșȠįȠȢ

ıȣȜȜȠȖȒȢįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȚȠĲȚțȠȪȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮȈȣȞȓıĲĮĲĮȚıĲȘȞȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȘțĮȚıȣıĲȘ
ȝĮĲȚțȒ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȫȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢ țĮȚ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢȜİțĲȚțȒȢțĮȚȝȘțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ
ʌȜĮȚıȓȦȞ ǿȦıȘĳȓįȘȢ Ĭ, 2003, ı
ǹʌȩĲȘȞȐȜȜȘȝȓĮİʌȓıȘȢ ȕĮıȚțȒįȚȐțȡȚıȘĲȘȢʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚĮȣĲȒĮȞȐȝİ
ıĮıĲȘįȠȝȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚıĲȘȝȘ-įȠȝȘȝȑȞȘ ȒȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠįȠȝȘȝȑȞȘȒİȜİȪșİȡȘǾįȚĮĳȠ
ȡȐȑȖțİȚĲĮȚıĲȘȤȡȒıȘİȞȩȢʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣțĮĲȘȖȠȡȚȫȞʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢʌȠȣȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚ
ȦȢ©įȠȝȘȝȑȞȠȩȡȖĮȞȠʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢªĲȠȠʌȠȓȠİĳĮȡȝȩȗİĲĮȚıĲȘįȠȝȘȝȑȞȘʌĮȡĮĲȒ
ȡȘıȘ țĮȚ ĲȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗİȚ ıĲȚȢ ȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠ įȠȝȘȝȑȞİȢ ȝȠȡĳȑȢ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢ ǹȞĲȓ
ĮȣĲȠȪ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȤĮȜĮȡȩȢ ȠįȘȖȩȢ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢ Ǿ įİȪĲİȡȘ įȚȐțȡȚıȘ
ĮĳȠȡȐĲȘıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȒȝȘĲȠȣʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȘĲȒıĲȠʌİįȓȠĲȠȠʌȠȓȠʌĮȡĮĲȘȡİȓțĮȚȘĲȡȓĲȘ
ĲȠĮȞȘʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȖȓȞİĲĮȚȝİĳĮȞİȡȩȒıȣȖțİțĮȜȣȝȝȑȞȠĲȡȩʌȠĮȞįȘȜĮįȒĲĮȐĲȠ
ȝĮ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ȩĲȚ ʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȠȪȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮȞ İȡİȣȞȘĲȒ Ȓ ȩȤȚ (ȀȣȡȚĮȗȒ 1 ı
245)
Ǿ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȚțȒ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ȐȜȜİȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ
ıȣȖțȑȞĲȡȦıȘȢ ıĲȠȚȤİȓȦȞ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȝİ ĲȚȢ ıȣȞİȞĲİȪȟİȚȢ ȕȐșȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĲĮ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȐ Įȡ
ȤİȓĮİȞȫįİȞĮʌȠțȜİȓİĲĮȚȘıȣȝʌȜȘȡȦȝĮĲȚțȒȤȡȒıȘĲȘȢĲȣʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȘȢıȣȞȑȞĲİȣȟȘȢ
țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ĲȣʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȣ İȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓȠȣ ȀȣȡȚĮȗȒ N., 2002, ı. 245) ȉȠ ȕĮıȚțȩ
ʌȜİȠȞȑțĲȘȝĮĲȘȢıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȚțȒȢʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȩĲȚʌȡȩțİȚĲĮȚȖȚĮİȣȑȜȚțĲȘȝȑșȠ
įȠ Ǿ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ İȡİȣȞȘĲȒ ȞĮ İȚıȕȐȜİȚ ıİ ȑȞĮȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ ȤȫȡȠ ȞĮ
ȖȓȞİȚ įİțĲȩȢ ȞĮ ĮȞĲȚįȡȐıİȚ ĳȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ țĮȚ ȩıȠ ĲȠ įȣȞĮĲȩ ȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠ ʌĮȡİȝȕĮĲȚțȐ
İȓȞĮȚȘʌȚȠıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȒİȖȖȪȘıȘȖȚĮĲȘȞĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒĲȘȢȝİșȩįȠȣ (Ȁȣ
ȡȚĮȗȒ1, 2002, ı)
Ǿ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȚțȒ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ ȖİȞȚțȐ ĮʌȠĲİȜİȓ ȑȞĮ ȕĮıȚțȩ țȠȚȞȦȞȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩ İȡȖĮ
ȜİȓȠĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢʌİįȓȠȣfield workǾĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȘȢİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒȢĲȘȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȘțĮȚȖȚĮĲȚȢİʌȚıĲȒȝİȢĲȘȢʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢțĮȚĲȘȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ
ǲȞĮ ʌȠȜȪ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩ ıĲȐįȚȠ ıĲȘ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȚțȒ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș İʌȚȜȠȖȒ țĮ
ĲȐȜȜȘȜȦȞ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ ʌȠȣ șĮ İȚıȐȖȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ İȡİȣȞȘĲȒ ıĲĮ įȡȫȝİȞĮ ĲȘȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ
ıțȘȞȒȢȍȢĲȑĲȠȚĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮ- țȜİȚįȚȐİʌȚȜȑȖȠȞĲĮȚȐĲȠȝĮțȪȡȠȣȢĮȣșİȞĲȓİȢĮȡȤȘȖȠȓ
ʌȡȩıȦʌĮʌȠȣȤĮȓȡȠȣȞİțĲȚȝȒıİȦȢ ȁȣįȐțȘ ǹ, 2000, ı. 165). ȈĲȘȞʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘĲȠȣ
ıȤȠȜȚțȠȪȤȫȡȠȣĮȡȝȩįȚĮȐĲȠȝĮȞĮĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞĮȣĲȩĲȠȡȩȜȠİȓȞĮȚȠǻȚİȣșȣȞĲȒȢțĮȚ
61
ȠȚ įȐıțĮȜȠȚ ȈĲȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĲȘȢ ȑȡİȣȞȐȢ ȝĮȢ İȟĮıĳĮȜȓıĮȝİ ĲȘȞ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ Įʌȩ
ĲȠȞİȡİȣȞȘĲȒ-İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ȉĮİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚĮįİȞİȓȞĮȚĮʌȩĲȚȢʌȚȠİȞįİįİȚȖȝȑȞİȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒȢȑȡİȣ
ȞĮȢİʌİȚįȒıȣȞȒșȦȢĮʌĮȚĲȠȪȞĲĮȣʌȠțİȓȝİȞĮȞĮĮȞĲĮʌȠțȡȚșȠȪȞıİȑȞĮİȡȑșȚıȝĮțĮȚ
ȑĲıȚįİȞİȞİȡȖȠȪȞĳȣıȚțȐȍıĲȩıȠȑȤȠȣȞĲȚȢȤȡȒıİȚȢĲȠȣȢȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮȦȢȝȑıȠıȣȜȜȠ
ȖȒȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ Ȓ ĮʌȩȥİȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȚıĲİȓ Įʌȩ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȑȢ ȝİșȩ
įȠȣȢ Ȃİ ĮȣĲȩ ĲȠ ıțİʌĲȚțȩ ȑȞĮ İȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ įȚİȡİȣȞȒıİȚ ʌȫȢ ĮȣĲȐ
ȚıȤȪȠȣȞȖİȞȚțȐȈĲȘȞȚįĮȞȚțȒʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȑȞĮȢʌȠȚȠĲȚțȩȢ©ȑȜİȖȤȠȢªıİ
ȑȞĮ įİȓȖȝĮ ĲȦȞ ĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȦȞ ĲȠȣ İȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓȠȣ ȞĮ ĮȞĮįİȓȟİȚ ĲȠȞ ĲȡȩʌȠ ʌȠȣ ȠȚ
İȡȦĲȘșȑȞĲİȢİȡȝȒȞİȣıĮȞĲĮıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ ȈĲĮȝȑȜȠȢ– ǻȚĮțȠʌȠȣȜȠȣ-54).
ȉȠİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠıĲȘȞʌĮȡȠȪıĮİȡȖĮıȓĮİʌȚȜȑȤșȘțİȖȚĮȚıȤȣȡȠʌȠȚȒıİȚĲȚȢįȚĮ
ʌȚıĲȫıİȚȢʌȠȣțȐȞĮȝİȝİĲȘȞȝȑșȠįȠĲȘȢʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢ
ǺǯȂȑȡȠȢ
Ȉ¶ĮȣĲȩĲȠįİȪĲİȡȠȝȑȡȠȢĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İʌȚȜȑȟĮȝİȞĮıȤİįȚȐıȠȣȝİȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚ
țȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıİ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĲȘȞ țǽȣȖȠȪȡȘȃȚțȠȜȑĲĲĮȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ ĲȠȣ
ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȝİ șȑȝĮ ȅȚ ĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢ ĲȠȣ țĮȚ ĲĮ țİȚȝȒȜȚȐ
ĲȠȣȢ ʌȠȣıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚȝİĲȠİʌȓıȘȝȠıȤȠȜȚțȩĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑ
ȞĮĲȠıȤİįȚȐıĮȝİțĮȚĲȠİĳĮȡȝȩıĮȝİıİȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢıĲȠȝȐșȘȝĮĲȘȢǿ
ıĲȠȡȓĮȢ ȝİıțȠʌȩȞĮįȚĮʌȚıĲȫıȠȣȝİ, ȩĲȚȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ȝİĲȠȝȠȣ
ıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİʌȚĳȑȡİȚșİĲȚțȐĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮțĮȚȞĮĮʌȠįİȚȤșİȓ ʌİȡȚııȩ
ĲİȡȠĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒĮʌȩȩĲȚİȓȞĮȚıȒȝİȡĮ.
ȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮıĲȠȠȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝĮȢțȡȓȞȠȣȝİĮʌĮȡĮȓĲȘĲȠʌȡȫĲĮ
ȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȝİĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠʌĮȡĮșȑĲȠȞĲĮȢıĲȠȚȤİȓĮȖȚĮĲȘȞȓįȡȣıȒ
ĲȠȣĲĮțĲȓȡȚĮıĲĮȠʌȠȓĮıĲİȖȐȗİĲĮȚĲȚȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚĲȚȢțĮȚȞȠĲȠȝȓİȢĲȠȣĮȜ
ȜȐțĮȚĲȘȞʌȜȘșȫȡĮĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞʌȠȣȣȜȠʌȠȚİȓ
62
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 6Ƞ
6.1. ȉȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ
ȉȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠıĲİȖȐȗİĲĮȚȝȩȞȚȝĮıĲȠȂȑȖĮȡȠĲȘȢȆĮȜĮȚȐȢǺȠȣȜȒȢ
ıĲȘȞȠįȩȈĲĮįȓȠȣʌȜĮĲİȓĮȀȠȜȠțȠĲȡȫȞȘĮʌȩĲȠǹȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȩĲȠȣȘȚıĲȠȡȓĮ
ĲȠȣ ȞİȩĲİȡȠȣǼȜȜȘȞȚıȝȠȪȘʌİȡȓȠįȠȢĲȘȢĲȠȣȡțȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢțĮȚĳȡĮȖțȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢȘǼʌĮ
ȞȐıĲĮıȘĲȠȣȠȚĮʌİȜİȣșİȡȦĲȚțȠȓĮȖȫȞİȢȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣĮȞİȟȐȡĲȘĲȠȣțȡȐ
ĲȠȣȢȘʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒțĮȚʌȞİȣȝĮĲȚțȒİȟȑȜȚȟȘĲȠȣǼȜȜȘȞȚıȝȠȪ. 11
6.2. ǾȚıĲȠȡȓĮĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ȉȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠȚįȡȪșȘțİĮʌȩĲȘȞǿıĲȠȡȚțȒțĮȚǼșȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮ
ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ Įʌȩ ĲȘ ıȪıĲĮıȒ ĲȘȢ ĲȠ ȐȡȤȚıİ ĲȠ ȑȡȖȠ ĲȘȢ ıȣȜȜȠȖȒȢ Ț
ıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȣȜȚțȠȪ
ǾȑȞĮȡȟȘĲȘȢȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮȢĲȠȣİȓȞĮȚȐȡȡȘțĲĮıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞȘȝİĲȘȞʌȡȫĲȘİʌȓıȘȝȘ
įȘȝȩıȚĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮ ĲȘȢ ǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮȢ ĲȘȞ ǲțșİıȚȞ ȂȞȘȝİȓȦȞ ĲȠȣ ǿİȡȠȪ ǹȖȫȞȠȢ įȪȠ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ĮȡȖȩĲİȡĮ ȈĲȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ĮȣĲȒ ĮȞĲĮʌȠțȡȚȞȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ ȑțțȜȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮȢ
ʌĮȡĮȤȫȡȘıĮȞĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȩȜȠȚȩıȠȚİȓȤĮȞıĲȘȞțĮĲȠȤȒĲȠȣȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȐțİȚȝȒȜȚĮȝȚĮȢ
İʌȠȤȒȢȩȤȚʌȠȜȪȝĮțȡȚȞȒȢțȣȡȓȦȢȠȚȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢĲȦȞĮȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞĲȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
țȡĮĲȚțȠȓ ĳȠȡİȓȢ ȩʌȦȢ ĲĮ ȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓĮ ȈĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȃĮȣĲȚțȫȞ 7Į ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡĮ
Įʌȩ ĲĮ ĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ĮȣĲȐ ȝİĲȐ ĲȠ ʌȑȡĮȢ ĲȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ įȦȡȒșȘțĮȞ ıĲȠ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ĲȘȢ
ǿıĲȠȡȚțȒȢțĮȚǼșȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮȢĮʌȠĲİȜȫȞĲĮȢĲȠȞțİȞĲȡȚțȩʌȣȡȒȞĮĲȠȣ
ȅȣıȚĮıĲȚțȐ ĲȠ ǼșȞȚțȩ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȩ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ȖİȞȞȒșȘțİ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȒ įȡȐıȘ
ȝȚĮȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ȝİĲİȟİȜȚııȩĲĮȞ ȖȠȡȖȐ ıİ ȝȚĮ ʌİȡȓȠįȠ ĮȞĮȗȒĲȘıȘȢ ıȣȞİțĲȚțȫȞ
țȡȓțȦȞ țĮȚ İșȞȚțȒȢ ĲĮȣĲȩĲȘĲĮȢ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ ĲȦȞ șİıȝȫȞ ĲȘȢ ǹʌȩ ĲȩĲİ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ
ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ ȝȚıȩĮȚȫȞĮ ıȤİįȩȞ ĮįȚȐȜİȚʌĲĮ ĲȠ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠȪıİ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ ıİ
ĮȓșȠȣıİȢĲȠȣȆȠȜȣĲİȤȞİȓȠȣĮʌȠĲİȜȫȞĲĮȢıĲĮșİȡȩıȘȝİȓȠĮȞĮĳȠȡȐȢıĲȘȗȦȒĲȘȢʌȩ
ȜȘȢȈȣȞȑȤȚıİĲȠȑȡȖȠĲȠȣİȝʌȜȠȣĲȚıȝȠȪĲȦȞıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞĲȠȣĲȩıȠıĲȠİıȦĲİȡȚțȩĲȘȢ
ȤȫȡĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȫȞȠȞĲĮȢ İȟȠȡȝȒıİȚȢ ıİ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ĲȠȣ ǼȜȜȘȞȚıȝȠȪ İțĲȩȢ ĲȦȞ
11. http://www.nhmuseum.gr/el/poioi-eimaste/to-ethniko-istoriko-mouseio/
63
ĲȩĲİıȣȞȩȡȦȞıĲȘȂĮțİįȠȞȓĮĲȘȞǳʌİȚȡȠĲȘȂȚțȡȐǹıȓĮĲȘȞȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȚȞȠȪʌȠȜȘ
ĲȘȞǹȜİȟȐȞįȡİȚĮ
ȈĲȚȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȠȞȑȢ ĲȠȣ Ǻǯ ȆĮȖțȠıȝȓȠȣ ȆȠȜȑȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȠȜȘʌĲȚțȠȪȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ ĲĮ ĮȞĲȚ
țİȓȝİȞĮıȣıțİȣȐıĲȘțĮȞțĮȚțȡȪĳĲȘțĮȞıĲĮȣʌȩȖİȚĮĲȠȣȆȠȜȣĲİȤȞİȓȠȣțĮȚıİȚįȚȦĲȚ
țȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢ
ȂİĲĮʌȠȜİȝȚțȐ țĮȚ İȞȫ ȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȞ ȑȞĲȠȞİȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢ ȖȚĮ İȪȡİıȘ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȘȢ
ıĲȑȖȘȢİȞȠȚțȚȐıĲȘțİʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȐȑȞĮȠȓțȘȝĮıĲȘȞȠįȩǺĮıȚȜȓııȘȢǹȝĮȜȓĮȢȘȈĲȑȖȘ
ǹʌȩȡȦȞȀȠȡĮıȓįȦȞȩʌȠȣȜİȚĲȠȪȡȖȘıİȝȓĮʌȡȩȤİȚȡȘȑțșİıȘǹʌȩĲȠĲȠȂȠȣ
ıİȓȠıĲİȖȐȗİĲĮȚȝȩȞȚȝĮıĲȠȂȑȖĮȡȠĲȘȢȆĮȜĮȚȐȢǺȠȣȜȒȢıĲȘȞȠįȩȈĲĮįȓȠȣʌȜĮĲİȓĮ
ȀȠȜȠțȠĲȡȫȞȘ
ȉȠȠȆĮȞĲİȜȒȢȀȠȣȞĲȠȣȡȚȫĲȘȢĮʌȩȖȠȞȠȢĲȠȣȣįȡĮȓȠȣʌȡȩțȡȚĲȠȣȁĮȗȐȡȠȣ
ȀȠȣȞĲȠȣȡȚȫĲȘțȜȘȡȠįȠĲİȓıĲȘȞǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮĲȠȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩĲȠȣĮȡȤȠȞĲȚțȩıĲȘȞǶįȡĮ
ȝİʌȡȠȠʌĲȚțȒȞĮȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȒıİȚȦȢȂȠȣıİȓȠǹʌȩĲȠȘǿıĲȠȡȚțȒȅȚțȓĮȁĮȗȐȡȠȣ
ȀȠȣȞĲȠȣȡȚȫĲȘȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖİȓȦȢʌĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮĲȠȣǼșȞȚțȠȪǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚĮʌȠ
ĲİȜİȓȑȞĮıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩʌȩȜȠȑȜȟȘȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢʌȠȜȣʌȜȘșİȓȢİʌȚıțȑʌĲİȢĲȠȣȞȘıȚȠȪ 12
6.3. ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮȖȚĮȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ǹīȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȝİĲȚȢİȜȜȘȞȚțȑȢʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȑȢĳȠȡİıȚȑȢ
ǹʌİȣșȪȞİĲĮȚ ıİ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȫĲȦȞ ĲȐ
ȟİȦȞ ĲȠȣ ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪ ȉĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ȚıĲȠȡȓĮ țĮȚ ĲȘ
ȤȡȘıĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ İȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȒȢ İȞįȣȝĮıȓĮȢ Ƞȣ-
ȠȣĮȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȘȁĮȠȖȡĮĳȚțȒıȣȜȜȠȖȒĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ǺīĮȜĮȞȩȜİȣțȘȘșȦȡȚȐıȠȣ
ǹʌİȣșȪȞİĲĮȚıİȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢǼǯțĮȚȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪțĮșȫȢ
țĮȚĲȠȣīȣȝȞĮıȓȠȣȅȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢİȝȕĮșȪȞȠȣȞıĲȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮĲȘȢ
ϭϮ. http://www.nhmuseum.gr/el/poioi-eimaste/to-ethniko-istoriko-mouseio/
64
ıȘȝĮȓĮȢȦȢıȣȝȕȩȜȠȣțĮȚĮʌȠțȦįȚțȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲȚȢȚįȑİȢʌȠȣİțĳȡȐȗİȚ
īǵȥİȚȢĲȘȢțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȢȗȦȒȢĲȦȞǼȜȜȒȞȦȞȠȢ- ȠȢĮȚȫȞĮȢ
ǹʌİȣșȪȞİĲĮȚıİȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪțĮȚĲȘȢ
īǯīȣȝȞĮıȓȠȣȂȑıĮĮʌȩĲȠʌȜȠȪıȚȠȣȜȚțȩĲȠȣǼșȞȚțȠȪǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪ
ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣıİʌİȡȚȘȖȘĲȚțȐțİȓȝİȞĮȤĮȡĮțĲȚțȐțĮȚĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮ
șȘȝİȡȚȞȒȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȝĮșĮȓȞȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȚȢ ʌĲȣȤȑȢ ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ
ĲȦȞ ǼȜȜȒȞȦȞ İțİȓȞȘ ĲȘȞ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȒ ʌİȡȓȠįȠ țĮĲȠȚțȓĮ įȚĮĲȡȠĳȒ
ȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮĮıȤȠȜȓİȢțĮȚİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ǻǹȢīȞȦȡȓıȠȣȝİĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ
ǹʌİȣșȪȞİĲĮȚıİȝĮșȘĲȑȢȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣțĮȚǹǯĲȐȟȘȢǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈĲȩȤȠȢĲȠȣʌȡȠ
ȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢǾțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘĲȘȢȑȞȞȠȚĮȢıȣȜȜȠȖȒȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȘȞȠȝĮįȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞĮȞĲȚ
țİȚȝȑȞȦȞ ĲȠȣ ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ țĮȚ Ș ȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮ ȝİ ĲȚȢ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩĲİȡİȢ
ıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢ ĲȠȣ ȆȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮ ıĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ǼʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȠȓ ıȣȞİȡȖȐĲİȢ ĲȠȣ ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǿ
ıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣİʌȚıțȑʌĲȠȞĲĮȚĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠțĮȚʌĮȡĮįȓįȠȣȞıȤİĲȚțȩİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ
ȣȜȚțȩıĲȘȞȠȝȐįĮʌȠȣʌȡȩțİȚĲĮȚȞĮıȣȝȝİĲȐıȤİȚıĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
ǼȂİĲȘȝĮĲȚȐĲȦȞİĳȒȕȦȞ
ȂİĲȘȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒįȡȐıȘʌȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ
ȠȚȑĳȘȕȠȚȠȡȖĮȞȫȞȠȣȞĲȘįȚțȒĲȠȣȢʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲĮİȞįȚĮ
ĳȑȡȠȞĲȐĲȠȣȢ
ǼĳȘȕȚțȑȢȠȝȐįİȢİʌȚıțȑʌĲȠȞĲĮȚĲȠ ȂȠȣıİȓȠİʌȚȜȑȖȠȞĲĮȢ ȞĮįȚĮșȑıȠȣȞĲȠȞİȜİȪ
șİȡȠȤȡȩȞȠĲȠȣȢȝȑıĮıĲȠȈĮȕȕĮĲȠțȪȡȚĮțȠǲĲıȚȘİʌȓıțİȥȘʌĮȪİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚİȞĲĮȖ
65
ȝȑȞȘıĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮȚıĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚıĲȘȞʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȓĮĲȦȞțĮșȘȖȘĲȫȞțĮȚ
ĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞʌȠȣıȣȝȝİĲȑȤȠȣȞ
ȅȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢİʌȚȜȑȖȠȣȞĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮȖȚĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮșĮȒșİȜĮȞȞĮȝȐșȠȣȞʌİȡȚııȩĲİ
ȡİȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ țĮȚ țĮĲĮȖȡȐĳȠȣȞ ȩĲȚ ĲȠȣȢ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡİȚ įȚĮȕĮșȝȓȗȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȘȞ ʌȜȘȡȠ
ĳȠȡȓĮȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȠȡȖĮȞȫȞȠȣȞĲȘįȚțȒĲȠȣȢʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞİȝʌȜȠȣĲȓ
ȗȠȞĲȐȢĲȘȞȝİȜȠȖȠĲİȤȞȚțȐțĮȚȚıĲȠȡȚțȐțİȓȝİȞĮȝȠȣıȚțȒțĮȚİȚțȩȞĮțĮȚĮʌȠĲȣʌȫȞȠ
ȞĲĮȢĲȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢĲȠȣȢıȣȞİȚȡȝȠȪȢĲȠȣȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪȢțĮȚĲĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮĲȐĲȠȣȢ
țĮĲĮȖȡȐĳȠȞĲȐȢĲĮıİȕȓȞĲİȠǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓĲĮȚȑĲıȚȑȞĮʌȡȦĲȩĲȣʌȠȣȜȚțȩĲȠȠʌȠȓȠțĮ
ĲĮșȑĲȠȣȞıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠĲȠȣȢțĮȚʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞıĲȠȣȢıȣȝȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȠȣȢ
īȚĮĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠȘİȡȝȘȞİȓĮĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞĮʌȩĲȘıțȠʌȚȐĲȦȞȞȑȦȞĮʌȠĲİȜİȓʌȘ
ȖȒȑȝʌȞİȣıȘȢǲĲıȚȝȚĮĳȠȡȐĲȠȤȡȩȞȠıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȠȣıȤȠȜȚțȠȪȑĲȠȣȢʌĮȡĮȤȦȡİȓĲȘȞ
ǹȓșȠȣıĮȈȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȦȞĲȘȢȆĮȜĮȚȐȢǺȠȣȜȒȢȖȚĮĲȘȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȦȞįȡȐıİȦȞĲȦȞ
İĳȘȕȚțȫȞȠȝȐįȦȞʌȠȣıȣȝȝİĲİȓȤĮȞıĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ 13
ǼȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ
ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠįȚȠȡȖĮȞȫȞİȚȝȓĮȝİįȪȠȀȣȡȚĮțȑȢțȐșİȝȒȞĮİȞȘȝİȡȦĲȚțȑȢıȣȞĮȞĲȒ
ıİȚȢȝİĲȠȣȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢʌȠȣİʌȚșȣȝȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝȐıȠȣȞĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȒĲȦȞȝĮ
șȘĲȫȞĲȠȣȢıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ
ǼʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢıĲȩȤȠȚĲȦȞıȣȞĮȞĲȒıİȦȞĮȣĲȫȞİȓȞĮȚ
x ǾİȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȖȚĮĲȚȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢįȡȐıİȚȢĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣıĲȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮıȣȝȝİĲȐıȤȠȣȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
x ǾȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȝİĲȚȢșİȝĮĲȚțȑȢİȞȩĲȘĲİȢʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚıĲȘȝȩȞȚȝȘȑțșİıȘĲȠȣ
ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ
x ǾʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȦȞȝȚțȡȫȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȦȞȚıĲȠȡȚȫȞʌȠȣıȣȞȠįİȪȠȣȞĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚĮțĮȚ
įȚĮĳȦĲȓȗȠȣȞʌĲȣȤȑȢĲȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢįȡȐıȘȢıİțȐșİİʌȠȤȒ
x ǾĮȞĲĮȜȜĮȖȒĮʌȩȥİȦȞțĮȚȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮİȞȩȢĮȡȤİȓȠȣȝİİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȥȘĳȚĮțȩ
ȣȜȚțȩʌȠȣșĮʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚșİȝĮĲȚțȑȢțĮȚįȚĮșİȝĮĲȚțȑȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢĲȦȞĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑ
ȞȦȞĲȘȢȝȩȞȚȝȘȢȑțșİıȘȢĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ǻȘȜȫıİȚȢıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȢȤȦȡȓȢʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȩȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚȝȩȞȠȝȑıȦH-PDLOıĲȘȞțȃȚțȠ
ȜȑĲĮǽȣȖȠȪȡȘ 14
13. http://www.nhmuseum.gr/el/ekpaideysi/ekpaideytika-programmata-gia-mathites/
14 http://www.nhmuseum.gr/el/ekpaideysi/enimerosi-ekpaideytikon/
66
67
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 7Ƞ : ȉȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ: «ȅȚĮȖȦȞȚ

ıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣȢª
7.1. ȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
īȚĮĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ©ȅȚĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲĮ
țİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣªțȚȞȘșȒțĮȝİıĲȠȣȢʌĮȡĮțȐĲȦȐȟȠȞİȢ
ǹȉȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȑȜĮȕİȣʌȩȥȘĲȠȣĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩĮȞĮȜȣ
ĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮȚıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮĲȠȣȝĮșȒȝĮĲȠȢĲȘȢǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȘȢȈȉ
ĲȐȟȘȢįȘȝȠ
ĲȚțȠȪțĮȚĲȠıȣȞȑįİıİȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ȈȪȝĳȦȞĮȜȠȚʌȩȞȝİĲȠȕȚȕȜȓȠĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȘȢȈȉ
ĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣįȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ȘįȚįĮțĲȑĮȪȜȘıĲȘȞȠʌȠȓĮİȞĲȐııİĲĮȚĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮĮȞĲȚıĲȠȚȤİȓıĲȘȞ
ȕǯțĮȚȖǯİȞȩĲȘĲĮǾȕǯİȞȩĲȘĲĮĮȞĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚıĲȠȣȢǲȜȜȘȞİȢțȐĲȦĮʌȩĲȘȞȠșȦȝĮȞȚțȒ
ĮȣĲȠțȡĮĲȠȡȓĮ (1453- Ǿ Ȗǯ İȞȩĲȘĲĮ ĮȞĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚ ıĲȘ ȂİȖȐȜȘ ǼʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘ
(1821-1830).
īİȞȚțȩȢ ıĲȩȤȠȢ ĲȘȢ įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȢ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢ ǼʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȢ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮ
İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩĲİȡĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲĮ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ
ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȐ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȐ įȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȐ țȐ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȠȞȑȢ ĲȘȢ ǼʌĮ
ȞȐıĲĮıȘ ĲȠȣ ¶ ȑȦȢ ĲȘ įȠȜȠĳȠȞȓĮ ĲȠȣ ȀĮʌȠįȓıĲȡȚĮ ȃĮ İțĲȚȝȒıȠȣȞ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȖȫȞİȢ
ȖȚĮİȜİȣșİȡȓĮțĮȚİșȞȚțȒĮȞİȟĮȡĲȘıȓĮȞĮȑȜșȠȣȞĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐıİİʌĮĳȒȝİĲȘȞʌȠȜȚĲȚ
ıĲȚțȒĲȠȣȢțȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐǼʌȓıȘȢıĲȩȤȠȢĲȘȢįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȢĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮȝȐșȠȣȞ
ĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐȞĮțȐȞȠȣȞıȣıȤİĲȓıİȚȢ țĮȚȞĮʌȡȠȕĮȓȞȠȣȞıİĮʌȜȑȢȖİȞȚțİȪıİȚȢțĮșȫȢİʌȓ
ıȘȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıĲȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ıȤȑıȘ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ȝİ ĲȠ ĳȣıȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
țĮȚ ĲȠȞ ĮȖȫȞĮ ĲȠȣ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȩȠįȠ ȈĲȚȢ ĮȓșȠȣıİȢ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ İțĲȓșİȞĲĮȚ ĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ
ʌȠȣʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞʌİȡȓȠįȠ453 -1945 ʌ ȋ. ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ
ȀĮșȫȢĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣĮȞȒțȠȣȞțȣȡȓȦȢıĲȘȞİʌȠȤȒĲȘȢȉȠȣȡțȠțȡĮĲȓ
ĮȢȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢȈȉ
ĲȐȟȘȢįȚįȐıțȠȞĲĮȚĲȘȞȚıĲȠȡȓĮĲȘȢȞİȫĲİȡȘȢǼȜȜȐįĮȢȠİț
ʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢʌȡȠıĮȞĮĲȠȜȓıĲȘțİıĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩțĮȚĲȘȞȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝİȞȠıĲȘȞȉȠȣȡțȠțȡĮĲȓĮțĮȚıĲȠȞĮʌİȜİȣșİȡȦĲȚțȩĮȖȫȞĮ
ȈĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩțĮȚĲȘȞȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘĲȠȣıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮ
ĲȠȢ įȩșȘțİ ȕĮȡȪĲȘĲĮ ıĲȠȣȢ ĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢ ĲȠȣ ȫıĲİ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȞĮ ĮȞĲȚȜȘĳșȠȪȞ
68
ĲȘȞʌȡȠıĳȠȡȐĲȠȣȢțĮȚȞĮıȣȞİȚįȘĲȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞȩĲȚȤȦȡȓȢĲȘșȣıȓĮĮȣĲȫȞĲȦȞĮȖȦȞȚ
ıĲȫȞȓıȦȢıȒȝİȡĮȞĮȝȘȞȣʌȒȡȤİĲȠİȜȜȘȞȚțȩțȡȐĲȠȢ
ǺȆȡȦĲĮȡȤȚțȩȢıĲȩȤȠȢĲȠȣıȤİįȚĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢțĮȚĲȘȢ
ʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ İȡİȣȞȒıİȚ țĮĲȐ ʌȩıȠ ȑȞĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĲȠ
ȠʌȠȓȠ ıȤİįȚȐȗİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ țȠȚȞȠȪ ȝİ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮȚ ĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ țĮĲȠȡșȫȞİȚ ȞĮ İȟȠȚ
țİȚȫıİȚĲȠȣȢȝȚțȡȠȪȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȦȢșİıȝȩȦȢțĲȓȡȚȠȦȢİțșȑȝĮĲĮțĮȚ
ȞĮțȐȞİȚĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘĲȦȞȝȚțȡȫȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȝȚĮİȣȤȐȡȚıĲȘİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȝȑ
ıĮĮʌȩĲȘȞȠʌȠȓĮĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐșĮĮȖĮʌȒıȠȣȞĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȈĲȩȤȠĲȠȣİʌȓıȘȢȑȤİȚĲȘȞİ
ȞİȡȖȘĲȚțȒȝȐșȘıȘțĮȚĲȘȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȘȢțȡȚĲȚțȒȢıțȑȥȘȢĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞ
țĮȚĲȘȞțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮĲȦȞĮȚıșȒıİȦȞǹʌȫĲİȡȠȢıĲȩȤȠȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚĲĮʌĮȚ
įȚȐȞĮĮȖĮʌȒıȠȣȞĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚȞĮİʌĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȒĲȠȣȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ǼȚįȚțȩȢıĲȩȤȠȢĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢİȓȞĮȚȘİʌĮĳȒĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲĮȠʌȠȓĮșĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȞĲȘȞİʌȠȤȒĲȘȢȉȠȣȡțȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢșĮțĮ
ĲĮȞȠȒıȠȣȞ ĲȠȣȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ĮȞȐȖțĮıĮȞ ĲȠȣȢ ǲȜȜȘȞİȢ ȞĮ ȟİıȘțȦșȠȪȞ țĮȚ șĮ ĮȞĮ
ȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ șȣıȓİȢ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȞȚȫıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ʌȜİȣȡȐ ĲȠȣȢ ȝȑıĮ
ĮʌȩĲĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐĲȠȣȢĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ- țİȚȝȒȜȚĮǻȚĮȝȑıȠȣĲȠȣʌĮȚȤȞȚįȚȠȪșĮıȣȞİȚįȘ
ĲȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞĲȘȞȚıĲȠȡȚțȒĮȣĲȒʌİȡȓȠįȠțĮȚȩĲĮȞȑȡșȠȣȞıİİʌĮĳȒȝİĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİ
ȞĮ-İțșȑȝĮĲĮșĮțȐȞȠȣȞıȣıȤİĲȓıİȚȢȝİĲȘıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘȗȦȒȫıĲİȞĮĮȞĲȚȜȘĳșȠȪȞĲȘȞ
ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȒıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
ǾĮȞĮȗȒĲȘıȘĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞıĲȠȤȫȡȠȘıȣȗȒĲȘıȘȖȚĮĲȘȤȡȒıȘĲȦȞĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ
ĮȣĲȫȞȝʌȡȠıĲȐĮʌȩĲȚȢʌȡȠșȒțİȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣİȓȞĮȚȠȚĲȡȩʌȠȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȠʌȠȓ
ȠȣȢșĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȠȣȝİȞĮİʌȚĲȪȤȠȣȝİĲȠȣȢıĲȩȤȠȣȢȝĮȢ
īȍȢʌȡȠȢĲȚȢȕĮıȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȖȚĮ
ĲȠ ıȤİįȚĮȗȩȝİȞȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ Į ĲȑșȘțİ ĮȡȤȚțȐ ĲȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ įȚĮʌȡĮȖȝȐ
ĲİȣıȘȢĲȠȣșȑȝĮĲȠȢĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȒĲĮȞ©ȅȚĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣȢªȝİ
ıțȠʌȩȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȝİțĮȜȪĲİȡĮĲȠȣȢĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚȞĮįȠȪȝİĲȘȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚ
ȞȘʌȜİȣȡȐĲȠȣȢȕĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıȣȞįȑșȘțİȝİĲȠȝȐșȘȝĮĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȘȢȈȉ
ĲȐ
ȟȘȢĲȠȣįȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪıȤȠȜİȓȠȣīȚĮĲȠıțȠʌȩĮȣĲȩȑȖȚȞİʌȡȠțĮĲĮȡțĲȚțȒȑȡİȣȞĮĮʌȩĲȠȞ
İȡİȣȞȘĲȒ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ȪȜȘ ĲȠȣ ȝĮșȒȝĮĲȠȢ ĲȘȢ ȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢ ĲȘȢ ĲȐȟȘȢ ĮȣĲȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ
ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ıȤȠȜȚțȐ İȖȤİȚȡȓįȚĮ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ȐĲȣʌİȢ ıȣȗȘĲȒıİȚȢ
ȝĮȗȓĲȠȣȢȖĲȠʌȡȠȢĮĳȠȝȠȓȦıȘȣȜȚțȩʌȠȣĮĳȠȡȐ ĲȠĳȣȜȜȐįȚȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚ
įİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞĲĮȢ ȝȩȞȠ ĲȑııİȡȚȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ȫıĲİ ĲĮ
69
ʌĮȚįȚȐȞĮȝȘȞțȠȣȡĮıĲȠȪȞțĮȚįȣıĮȞĮıȤİĲȒıȠȣȞįȠȚĮıțȒıİȚȢĲȠȣĳȣȜȜĮįȓȠȣİȡ
ȖĮıȓĮȢȟİțȚȞȠȪȞĮʌȩțĮĲİțĲȘȝȑȞİȢȖȞȫıİȚȢĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚıĲĮ
įȚĮțȐʌȡȠȤȦȡȠȪȞıİȐȖȞȦıĲĮȖȚĮĮȣĲȐıĲȠȚȤİȓĮįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚ İĮȡțİĲȐ
ĮʌȩĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĲȘȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮȢȑȤȠȣȞĲĮĮȞȐȜȠȖĮĲȠȣȢıĲȘıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘİʌȠ
ȤȒ ʌȤ ȩʌȜĮ țȠȪʌİȢ įĮțĲȣȜȓįȚĮ ĳȠȡİıȚȑȢ ȠʌȩĲİ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ĲĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȞĮ țȐ
ȞȠȣȞĮȣĲȠȝȐĲȦȢĲȘȞıȣıȤȑĲȚıȘĲȘȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȒȢıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȢțĮȚıĲıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢȖȓȞİĲĮȚ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȖȚĮĲȘȞĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȠȣțĮȚĲȘȞțȐȜȣȥȘĲȦȞ
ıĲȩȤȦȞĲȠȣ
ǻȅıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢıĲȘȡȓȤșȘțİİʌȓıȘȢıĲȘıȪȖ
ȤȡȠȞȘ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ șİȦȡȓĮ ĲȘȢ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȠȣ
GardnerȂȑıȦĲȦȞįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞțĮȚĲȦȞĮıțȒıİȦȞĲȠȣĳȣȜȜĮįȓȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȑȖȚ
ȞİʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȞĮʌȡȠȦșȘșȠȪȞĲĮİȓįȘȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢĲȠȣGardner. ǼʌȓıȘȢȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
țȜȒșȘțĮȞ ȞĮ ĮʌĮȞĲȒıȠȣȞ ıİ İȡȦĲȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȜȪıȠȣȞ ĮıțȒıİȚȢ ıȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȚȢ
ȖȞȫıİȚȢʌȠȣĮʌȑțĲȘıĮȞıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠıĲȘȡȚȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıĲȘȜȠȖȚțȩ - ȝĮșȘȝĮĲȚțȒțĮȚıĲȘ
ȜİțĲȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘǹțȩȝȘȘȤȫȡȠ-ĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȚțȒțĮȚȘıȦȝĮĲȚțȩ-țȚȞĮȚıșȘĲȚțȒȞȠȘ
ȝȠıȪȞȘ ȕȠȒșȘıĮȞ ĲĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȞĮ țȚȞȘșȠȪȞ ıĲȚȢ ĮȓșȠȣıİȢ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȞĮ ĮȞĲȚȜȘĳ
șȠȪȞĲȠȤȫȡȠțĮȚȞĮİȞĲȠʌȓıȠȣȞĲĮĮȞĮȗȘĲȠȪȝİȞĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȉĮʌĮȚįȚȐțĮĲȐĳİȡĮȞ
ȝİĮȣĲȩȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠȞĮʌİȡȚȘȖȘșȠȪȞțĮȚȞĮʌȡȠıĮȞĮĲȠȜȚıĲȠȪȞıĲȠȤȫȡȠȞĮİȞĲȠʌȓ
ıȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ıȦıĲȑȢ ʌȡȠșȒțİȢ țĮȚ ĲĮ ıȦıĲȐ ĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ȅ ȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ıİ
ȠȝȐįİȢțĮȚȘİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮȚıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣȢȝȑıĮıİĮȣĲȑȢʌȡȠȫșȘıİĲȘįȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚ
țȒțĮȚĲȘȞİȞįȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘțĮșȫȢĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐȑʌȡİʌİȞĮȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞțĮȚ
ıĮȞȠȝȐįĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚȟİȤȦȡȚıĲȐĲȠțĮșȑȞĮȖȚĮȞĮțĮĲĮĳȑȡȠȣȞȞĮĮȞĲȚȜȘĳșȠȪȞĲȠȤȫ
ȡȠțĮȚĲĮʌȡȐȖȝĮĲĮȉȑȜȠȢ İʌȚıĲȡĮĲİȪĲȘțİ ȘȜİțĲȚțȒțĮȚȘİȞįȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȞȠȘȝȠ
ıȪȞȘȫıĲİȠȚȝȚțȡȠȓȝĮșȘĲȑȢȞĮİțĳȡȐıȠȣȞȖȡĮʌĲȫȢȝȑıĮıİȜȓȖİȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢĲȚȢİȞĲȣ
ʌȫıİȚȢĲȠȣȢĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ǼȉȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮĲĮĲȐııİĲĮȚıĲȠİȓįȠȢĲȠȣȠȡȖĮȞȦ
ȝȑȞȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ʌȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȫȞİȚ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮȚ ıĲȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȝʌȠ
ȡȠȪȞȞĮıȣȝȝİĲȐıȤȠȣȞıȤȠȜȚțȑȢȒȐȜȜİȢȠȝȐįİȢȖȚĮȝȚĮĳȠȡȐĮĳȠȪʌȡȠȘȖȠȣȝȑȞȦȢ
įȘȜȫıȠȣȞıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒīȚĮĲȘȞİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒ-įȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒȕȑȕĮȚĮĲȠȣıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣʌȡȠ
ȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȘȠʌȠȓĮȑȖȚȞİıĲĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮĲȘȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢİțʌȩȞȘıȘȢĮȣĲȒȢ
ĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȠ İȡİȣȞȘĲȒȢ ȒĲĮȞİțİȓȞȠȢ ʌȠȣȗȒĲȘıİĲȘıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢĲȐ
ȟȘȢıĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮșȫȢĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮįİȞʌĮȡȑȤİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĮȜȜȐıȤİ
70
įȚȐıĲȘțİĮʌȩĲȠȞȓįȚȠıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțǽȣ
ȖȠȪȡȘȃȚțȠȜȑĲĲĮ.
Ȉȉ) ȅ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıİ ʌȡȠıİțĲȚțȐ ĲȘȞ İʌȓıțİȥȘ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ǼʌȑȜİȟİ
ʌȡȠıİțĲȚțȐ ĲȠ ȤȫȡȠ-İȪțȠȜĮ ʌȡȠıȕȐıȚȝȠ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ- țĮȚ ĲȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩ
ȖȡĮȝȝĮıȪȝĳȦȞĮȝİĲȘįȚįĮțĲȚțȒİȞȩĲȘĲĮțĮȚĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮįȘ
ȜĮįȒĲȘȞȪȜȘĲȠȣȝĮșȒȝĮĲȠȢĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȘȞȘȜȚțȓĮțĮȚĲĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮĲȦȞʌĮȚ
įȚȫȞʌȡȠİĲȠȓȝĮıİ ȝİĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐıĲȠȜȓȗȠȞĲĮȢĲȘȞıȤȠȜȚțȒ ĮȓșȠȣıĮ ȝİįȚȐĳȠȡİȢİȚțȩ
ȞİȢĲȘȢİʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȢĲȠȣțĮȚıȣȞİȡȖȐıĲȘțİȝİĲȠȣȢȣʌİȣșȪȞȠȣȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
țĮȚĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩț. ǽȣȖȠȪȡȘȃȚțȠȜȑĲĲĮȅȚıȣȞİȞȞȠȒıİȚȢİțȝȑȡȠȣȢĲȠȣ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ȑȖȚȞĮȞ ĮʌİȣșİȓĮȢ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚ ĲȠȣ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ İȟĮıĳȐȜȚıĮȞ İțİȓȞİȢ ĲȚȢ ʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȠȝĮȜȒ įȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒĲȠȣ ʌȡȠ
ȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ȩʌȦȢ ĲȘȞ ĳȚȜȚțȒ įȚȐșİıȘ ʌȡȠȢ ĲĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ țĮȚ ĲȠȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ĲȘȞ İȞ
șȐȡȡȣȞıȘ ȞĮ țȚȞȘșȠȪȞ ȩȜȠȚ ȐȞİĲĮ ıĲȠ ȤȫȡȠ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ʌĮȡȩĲȡȣȞıȘ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒ
ıȠȣȞĲȚȢĮȓșȠȣıİȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȖȚĮĲȘįȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ǽȉȑȜȠȢȦȢʌȡȠȢĲȘįȠȝȒĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢĮțȠȜȠȣșȒșȘțĮȞȩȜĮ
ĲĮıĲȐįȚĮĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢțĮȚĲȘȢıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȢĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢĲȐȟȘȢıİȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮĮʌȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘʌȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȕțĮĲȐ
ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȘȢ İʌȓıțİȥȘȢțĮĲȐ ĲȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ Ȗ ȝİĲȐ ĲȘȞ İʌȓıțİ
ȥȘȝİĲȐĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮȚįȘĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ
7.2. ȈȣȞȠʌĲȚțȒʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȘȢįȠȝȒȢțĮȚĲȦȞįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ
ĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ.
ȉȠʌĮȡȩȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȑȤİȚȦȢȠȝȐįĮ ĮȞĮĳȠȡȐȢĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢȈȉǯ
țĮȚǼǯĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣǾȑȡİȣȞĮ țĮȚȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢțȡȐĲȘıİʌȐȞȦĮʌȩ
ȑȟȚȝȒȞİȢİȞȫĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĲȠĮȡȤİȚĮțȩȣȜȚțȩ țĮȚȠȚțĮĲĮȖȡĮĳȑȢİʌȚȜȑȤșȘțĮȞȝȑ
ıĮĮʌȩĲȠʌȜȒșȠȢĲȦȞıȣȜȜȠȖȫȞʌȠȣįȚĮșȑĲİȚĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ǾįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȠȣ İȓȞĮȚįȪȠ
įȚįĮțĲȚțȑȢȫȡİȢțĮȚ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝĮĲȓıĲȘțİȞĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȘșİȓĲȠȞǹʌȡȓȜȚȠĲȠȣ
ıİȝȓĮįȓȦȡȘ ıȣȞȐȞĲȘıȘ.
ȆȚȜȠĲȚțȐİĳĮȡȝȩıĲȘțİ ĲȠȞǹʌȡȓȜȚȠĲȠȣ6 ıĲȠ ǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȝİĲȘ
ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȝĮșȘĲȫȞĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢțĮȚ18 ȝĮșȘĲȫȞĲȘȢǼǯ ĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣȠȣ ǻȘȝȠĲȚ
țȠȪ ȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ ȀĮĲȐ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȘȢ ıȣȞȐȞĲȘıȘȢ ȑȖȚȞİ ȖȩȞȚȝȠȢ įȚȐȜȠ
71
ȖȠȢ įȚĮĲȣʌȫșȘțĮȞ ʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ țĮĲĮĲȑșȘțĮȞ ȞȑİȢ ȚįȑİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ țĮȜȪĲİȡȘ İ
ĳĮȡȝȠȖȒĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢıĲĮıȤȠȜİȓĮ
ȉȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮĮȞĮʌĲȪȤșȘțİıİĲȡİȚȢĳȐıİȚȢ
x ȝİĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣȠȣ ǻȘȝȈȤȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣĲȠȞ
ȃȠȑȝȕȡȚȠĲȠȣȩʌȠȣȑȖȚȞİȘʌȡȫĲȘȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣǼșȞȚțȠȪ
ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ.
x ȝİĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȩʌȠȣȑȖȚȞİȘȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮĲȘȢ
ȝİĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐʌȠȣșĮȜȐȕȠȣȞȝȑȡȠȢıĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȈĲȘıȣȞȐȞĲȘıȘĮȣĲȒĲĮʌĮȚ
įȚȐȖȞȫȡȚıĮȞĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠĲȚȢıȣȜȜȠȖȑȢĲȠȣȩʌȦȢİțĲȓșİȞĲĮȚ
ıĲȚȢįȚȐĳȠȡİȢĮȓșȠȣıȑȢĲȠȣȑȝĮșĮȞȖȚĮĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚĲȠȞȡȩȜȠ
ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪțĮȚıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢıȣȗȒĲȘıĮȞȝİĲȠȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȖȚĮĲȘȞ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȗȦȒĲȦȞǼȜȜȒȞȦȞĲȘȢİʌĮȞĮıĲĮĲȚțȒȢʌİȡȚȩįȠȣĲȠȣȉĮʌĮȚįȚȐ
ıĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȤȦȡȓıĲȘțĮȞıİĲȑııİȡȚȢȠȝȐįİȢǾțȐșİȠȝȐįĮĮȞȑȜĮȕİȞĮʌĮȡȠȣ
ıȚȐıİȚȑȞĮȞȒȡȦĮĲȘȢİȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢİʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȢĲȠȣǾʌȡȫĲȘĮȠȝȐįĮĮȞȑ
ȜĮȕİȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚĲȠȞĬİȩįȦȡȠȀȠȜȠțȠĲȡȫȞȘȘįİȪĲİȡȘȕȠȝȐįĮĮȞȑȜĮȕİ
ȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚĲȠȞǿȦȐȞȞȘȂĮțȡȣȖȚȐȞȞȘȘĲȡȓĲȘȖȠȝȐįĮĮȞȑȜĮȕİȞĮʌĮȡȠȣ
ıȚȐıİȚĲȘȞȂʌȠȣȝʌȠȣȜȓȞĮțĮȚȘĲȑĲĮȡĲȘįȠȝȐįĮĮȞȑȜĮȕİȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚĲȠȞ
ȜȩȡįȠǺȪȡȦȞĮ.
x ȝİĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘțĮȚĲȘȞȟİȞȐȖȘıȘĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞ. ȄİțȚȞȐİȚĮʌȩĲȠıȒȝİȡĮțĮȚĲĮ
ȟȚįİȪİȚĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐʌȓıȦıĲȠȤȡȩȞȠȕȠȘșȫȞĲĮȢĲĮȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȞĲȘȞȚıĲȠȡȓĮĲȘȢ
ȤȫȡĮȢȝĮȢʌȡȚȞțĮȚȝİĲȐĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘĲȠȣȉȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮİȞȑȤİȚ
įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢȩʌȦȢʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚıĲȡĮĲȘȖȚțȒȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢʌȠȜȑȝȠȣȢĲȘȢʌİȡȚȩįȠȣĲȠȣ
ȤȡȒıȘıȪȖȤȡȠȞȦȞİĳĮȡȝȠȖȫȞțĮȚȞȑȦȞĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚȫȞĳȪȜȜĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȠ
ʌĲȚțȠĮțȠȣıĲȚțȩȣȜȚțȩȝĮȗȓȝİıʌȐȞȚİȢțĮĲĮȖȡĮĳȑȢțĮȚıȣȞİȞĲİȪȟİȚȢĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢȤȡȠȞȠȖȡĮȝȝȒȢȝİİșȞȚțȐȖİȖȠȞȩĲĮǹȣșİȞĲȚțȐĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮĲȘȢʌİȡȚȩ
įȠȣĮʌȩĲȠȦȢĲȘįİțĮİĲȓĮĲȠȣİȓȞĮȚıĲȘįȚȐșİıȘĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞ
x ȂİĲȘȞĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȩʌȠȣȑȖȚȞİȖȩȞȚȝȠȢįȚȐȜȠ
ȖȠȢįȚĮĲȣʌȫșȘțĮȞʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢțĮȚțĮĲĮĲȑșȘțĮȞȞȑİȢȚįȑİȢȖȚĮĲȘȞțĮȜȪĲİȡȘ
İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢıĲĮıȤȠȜİȓĮ
7.3. ȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢțĮȚİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
72
7.3.1 ȆȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ
ȉȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȩʌȦȢ ȒįȘ ĮȞĮĳȑȡșȘțİ ĳȑȡİȚ ĲȠȞ ĲȓĲȜȠ «ȅȚ ĮȖȦȞȚ
ıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲĮ țİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣȢªțĮȚİĳĮȡȝȩıĲȘțİʌȚȜȠĲȚțȐĲȠȞ ǹʌȡȓȜȚȠĲȠȣ6,
ȝİĲȘıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒĲȦȞ Ȉȉ' țĮȚǼǯĲȐȟİȦȞ ĲȠȣ2Ƞȣ ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ,
ıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠǹșȒȞĮȢ.
ȅȚ ʌȡȫĲİȢ İʌĮĳȑȢ İț ȝȑȡȠȣȢ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ ıĲȘȞ
ʌȚȜȠĲȚțȒ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ ĲȠ ȝȒȞĮ
ǻİțȑȝȕȡȚȠĲȠȣ 2015. ȅİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȢİʌȚıțȑĳĲȘțİĮȡțİĲȑȢĳȠȡȑȢĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȞȠ
ȝȓȜȘıİȝİĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩțĮȚʌİȡȚȘȖȒșȘțİıİȩȜİȢĲȚȢĮȓșȠȣıİȢȖȚĮȞĮĮȞĮ
ȖȞȦȡȓıİȚțĮȚȞĮțĮĲĮȞȠȒıİȚ ĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚĮĲȦȞĮȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĮʌȠĳĮıȓıĲȘțİ
Įʌȩ țȠȚȞȠȪ ĲȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȪȞĲȠȝȠįȚȐȡțİȚĮȢȝȓĮȢȫȡĮȢʌİȡȓʌȠȣǼʌȓıȘȢĲĮ
ʌȡȩıȦʌĮĲȦȞĮȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞȞĮıȣȞįȣȐȗȠȣȞȩȜİȢĲȚȢ
ʌĲȣȤȑȢĲȘȢİʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȢ
ǹʌȠĳĮıȓıșȘțİ İʌȓıȘȢ ȝİĲĮȟȪ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣ
ĲȚțȠȪ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ Ș ʌȚȜȠĲȚțȒ İ
ĳĮȡȝȠȖȒĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȝİĲȘıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒĲȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣȈȉ
įȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ȝİĲȐ ĲĮ ȝȑıĮ ȂĮȡĲȓȠȣ ĲȠȣ ĲȡȑȤȠȞĲȠȢ ȑ
ĲȠȣȢ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ țĮȜȣĳșİȓ ȝİȖȐȜȠȢ ȝȑȡȠȢ ĲȘȢ įȚįĮțĲȑĮȢ ȪȜȘȢ ĲȠȣ ȝĮșȒȝĮĲȠȢ ĲȘȢ
ǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢʌȠȣĮĳȠȡȠȪıİıĲȘȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȒİʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘ
ȈĲȚȢ 3/03 Ș ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢ ț ǽȣȖȠȪȡȘ İʌȚıțȑĳșȘțİ ĲȠ Ƞ ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȩ
ȈȤȠȜİȓȠ ȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ ȖȞȦȡȚıĲİȓ ȝİ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȘȢ Ȉȉǯ ĲȐȟȘȢ ȈĲȘȞ
ĮȡȤȒʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıİĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝȚȜȒıĮȝİȖȚĮĲȘȞİȜȜȘ
ȞȚțȒİʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘțĮȚĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȆȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌȚıȘȝĮȞșİȓȩĲȚȠȚȓįȚȠȚ
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ İȓȤĮȞ İʌȚıțİĳșİȓ ĲȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠĲȠȞȃȠȑȝȕȡȚȠĲȠȣȉȑȜȠȢĮʌȠĳĮıȓıĲȘ
țİȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȞĮȤȦȡȚıĲȠȪȞıİĲȑııİȡȚȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ
ȀȐșİ ȠȝȐįĮ ĮȞȑȜĮȕİ ȞĮ ıȣȜȜȑȟİȚ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ
ȖȚĮȑȞĮȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȒȡȦĮȝİıțȠʌȩıĲȘıȣȞȑ
ȤİȚĮȞĮĲȠȣȢʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıȠȣȞʌȡȫĲĮıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘțĮȚ
ıĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮıĲȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣǾʌȡȫĲȘȠȝȐįĮșĮĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚȞĮʌĮȡȠȣ
73
ıȚȐıİȚĲȠȞȀȠȜȠțȠĲȡȫȞȘȘįİȪĲİȡȘșĮĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚĲȠȞȂĮțȡȣȖȚȐȞȞȘ
ȘĲȡȓĲȘșĮĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚĲȘȞȂʌȠȣȝʌȠȣȜȓȞĮțĮȚȘĲȑĲĮȡĲȘșĮĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚ
ȞĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚ ĲȠȞ ȁȩȡįȠ ȂʌȐȚȡȠȞ Ǿ ĮȡȤȚțȒ ıțȑȥȘ İȓȞĮȚ ĲȠ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩ
ȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȠȣșĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚĮıĲİȓıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠȞĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȘșİȓıİ
ȝȠȡĳȒȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȢĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢıĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢǼǯĲȐȟȘȢ
7.3.2. ȀĮĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ
ǻȓȦȡȠȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȝİĲȘȞİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ
ȈĲȘȞĮȡȤȒȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢıȣȖțİȞĲȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȚȝʌȡȠıĲȐĮʌȩĲȠȐȖĮȜȝĮĲȠȣȀȠȜȠțȠĲȡȫ
ȞȘ țĮȚ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞ ĲȠ ʌȡȫĲȠ ĳȪȜ
ȜȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ĲȠȣȢ ȗȘĲȠȪıİ ȞĮ ıȣ
ȝʌȜȘȡȫıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ İʌȚȖȡĮĳȒ ıĲȘ ȕȐıȘ
ĲȠȣĮȖȐȜȝĮĲȠȢȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȠȚȝĮșȘ
ĲȑȢ țĮĲİȣșȪȞȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ĮȓșȠȣıĮ ıȣ
ȞİįȡȚȐıİȦȞĲȘȢȆĮȜĮȚȐȢǺȠȣȜȒȢȂĮȢ
ȣʌȠįȑȤİĲĮȚ Ș ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢ ț
ǽȣȖȠȪȡȘțĮȚʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ ȘİȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȖȚĮĲȘȡȠȒĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ȅȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ıȣȖțİȞĲȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ĮȓșȠȣıĮ ıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȦȞ ĲȘȢ ȆĮȜĮȚȐȢ ǺȠȣȜȒȢ
ȀĮȜȦıȩȡȚıȝĮȝĮșȘĲȫȞĲȡȚȫȞ. ǼȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȖȚĮĲȘȡȠȒĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ȘǻȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮ
ȉĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ĲȘȢ Ȉȉǯ ĲȐȟȘȢ ȤȦȡȓȗȠ
ȞĲĮȚıİĲȑııİȡȚȢȠȝȐįİȢȈĲĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ
țĮȚĲȦȞįȪȠĲȐȟİȦȞįȓȞİĲĮȚ ĳȐțİȜȠȢ,
ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ ĲȠ ĳȪȜȜȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ȝȓĮ ʌȡȠıȦʌȠȖȡĮĳȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȒȡȦĮ ĲĮ
ȠʌȠȓĮ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ ȦȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ
İȡȖĮȜİȓȠ țĮș¶ ȩȜȘ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȠȣ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȈĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮțĮȜȠȪ
ȞĲĮȚ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ ĲȘ ȤȡȠȞȠ
ȖȡĮȝȝȒ țĮȚ ĲȠȣȢ ȗȘĲİȓĲĮȚ ȞĮ İȞĲȠʌȓıȠȣȞ ıİ ʌȠȚȠ ȤȡȠȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ıȘȝİȓȠ ȕȡȓıțȠȞĲĮȚ
İȞȫ ĮȡȖȩĲİȡĮĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐıȣȝȝİĲȑȤȠȣȞıİȑȞĮıȪȞĲȠȝȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚİȡȦĲȒıİȦȞȝİıțȠʌȩ
ĲȠȞ İȞĲȠʌȚıȝȩĲȦȞȚıĲȠȡȚțȫȞʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞȖȚĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮșĮĮȞĮĳİȡșȠȪȞ.
74
ǾȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮįĮȖȦȖȩȢțǽȣȖȠȪȡȘ İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞİȚıĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐĲȠȞ ĲȩʌȠțĮȚĲȠȤȡȩȞȠ
ȑȞĮȡȟȘȢ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ǽȘĲİȓĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȞĮ ȕȡȠȣȞ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ĳĮțȑ
ȜȠȣȢʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞĲȠĳȪȜȜȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȖȚĮȞĮȟİțȚȞȒıİȚĲȠįİȪĲİȡȠıțȑȜȠȢĲȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ Ș
ȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȂİĲȘıİȚȡȐĲȘȢȘ țȐșİȠȝȐįĮĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢȑȤȠȞĲĮȢȠȡȓıİȚİțĲȦȞʌȡȠ
ĲȑȡȦȞĲȠȞȝĮșȘĲȒʌȠȣșĮțȐȞİȚĲȘȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȠȣțȐșİȒȡȦĮȟİțȚȞȐĲȘȞȟİȞȐȖȘ
ıȘ
ǾʌȡȫĲȘȠȝȐįĮțĮĲİȣșȪȞİȚĲȠȣȢȣʌȩȜȠȚ
ʌȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢıĲȘȞĮȓșȠȣıĮȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮ
ʌȠȣ ĮĳȠȡȠȪȞ ĲȠȞ ȒȡȦĮ ȂĮțȡȣȖȚȐȞȞȘ īȓ
ȞİĲĮȚ ȝȓĮ ĮȞĮĳȠȡȐ ıĲȘȞ ȗȦȒ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠ
ıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ ȒȡȦĮ țĮȚ ıĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ Ȗȓ
ȞİĲĮȚ ȜİʌĲȠȝİȡȒ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚ
țȫȞ ĲȠȣ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıĲȚȢ
ʌȡȠșȒțİȢȅȚȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȝİĲȐĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȘȢȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȢĲȠȣȒȡȦĮıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫ
ȞȠȣȞĲȠĳȪȜȜȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİȞȫʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮįȚĮĲȣʌȫȞȠȣȞİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢȖȚĮĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ
ȖȚĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮİȞȘȝİȡȫșȘțĮȞȉȑȜȠȢȑȞĮȢȐȜȜȠȢȝĮșȘĲȒȢĮȞĮĳȑȡİȚıĲȠȣȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢ
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢȖȚĮĲȠĲȚĮʌȑȖȚȞĮȞȠȚȒȡȦİȢĲȘȢǼʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȢĲȠȣȝİĲȐĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȘȢ
ǾįİȪĲİȡȘȠȝȐįĮțĮĲİȣșȪȞİȚĲȠȣȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢıĲȘȞĮȓșȠȣıĮȝİĲĮİțșȑ
ȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ĮĳȠȡȠȪȞ ĲȠȞ ȒȡȦĮ ȀȠȜȠțȠ
ĲȡȫȞȘīȓȞİĲĮȚȝȓĮĮȞĮĳȠȡȐıĲȘȞȗȦȒțĮȚ
ĲȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȠȣȒȡȦĮțĮȚıĲȘıȣ
ȞȑȤİȚĮȖȓȞİĲĮȚȜİʌĲȠȝİȡȒʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȦȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞ ĲȠȣ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡ
ȤȠȣȞıĲȚȢʌȡȠșȒțİȢȅȚȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ȝİĲȐ ĲȠ ĲȑȜȠȢ ĲȘȢ ȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȢ ĲȠȣ ȒȡȦĮ
ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞ ĲȠ ĳȪȜȜȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İȞȫ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ įȚĮĲȣʌȫȞȠȣȞ İȡȦĲȒıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ
ĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȖȚĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮİȞȘȝİȡȫșȘțĮȞ
75
Ǿ ĲȡȓĲȘ ȠȝȐįĮ țĮĲİȣșȪȞİȚ
ĲȠȣȢ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ıĲȘȞ
ĮȓșȠȣıĮ ȝİ ĲĮ İțșȑȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ Į
ĳȠȡȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ ȘȡȦȓįĮ ȂʌȠȣ
ȝʌȠȣȜȓȞĮ īȓȞİĲĮȚ ȝȓĮ ĮȞĮĳȠȡȐ
ıĲȘȞ ȗȦȒ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘ
ĲĮĲȘȢȘȡȦȓįĮȢțĮȚıĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ȜİʌĲȠȝİȡȒ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ
ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞ ĲȘȢ ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑ
ȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıĲȚȢ ʌȡȠșȒ
țİȢ ȅȚ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȝİĲȐ
ĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȘȢȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȢĲȘȢȘȡȦȓįĮȢıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞĲȠĳȪȜȜȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİȞȫʌĮȡȐȜ
ȜȘȜĮįȚĮĲȣʌȫȞȠȣȞİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢȖȚĮĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȖȚĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮİȞȘȝİȡȫșȘțĮȞ
ȉȑȜȠȢȝȚĮȝĮșȒĲȡȚĮĲȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢĮȞĮĳȑȡİȚıĲȠȣȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȖȚĮĲȘȞʌȡȠ
ıĳȠȡȐĲȦȞȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞıĲȠȞĮȖȫȞĮĲȘȢǼʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȢĲȠȣ
ǾĲİĲȐȡĲȘȠȝȐįĮțĮĲİȣșȪȞİȚĲȠȣȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢıĲȘȞĮȓșȠȣıĮȝİĲĮİțșȑ
ȝĮĲĮʌȠȣĮĳȠȡȠȪȞĲȠȞĳȚȜȑȜȜȘȞĮ
țĮȚ ȒȡȦĮ ȜȩȡįȠ ȂʌȐȣȡȠȞ īȓȞİ
ĲĮȚȝȓĮĮȞĮĳȠȡȐıĲȘȞȗȦȒțĮȚĲȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮĲȠȣȒȡȦĮțĮȚıĲȘ
ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ȜİʌĲȠȝİȡȒ ʌĮ
ȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞ ĲȠȣ
ĮȞĲȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıĲȚȢ
ʌȡȠșȒțİȢ ȅȚ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ȝİĲȐ ĲȠ ĲȑȜȠȢ ĲȘȢ ȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȢ ĲȠȣ
ȒȡȦĮıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞĲȠĳȪȜȜȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİȞȫʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮįȚĮĲȣʌȫȞȠȣȞİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢȖȚĮ
ĲĮĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮȖȚĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮİȞȘȝİȡȫșȘțĮȞ
ȉȑȜȠȢȑȞĮȢȝĮșȘĲȒȢĲȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢĮȞĮĳȑȡİȚıĲȠȣȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȖȚĮĲȘȞʌȡȠ
ıĳȠȡȐĲȦȞĳȚȜİȜȜȒȞȦȞıĲȠȞĮȖȫȞĮĲȘȢǼʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȢĲȠȣ
76
ȅȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ıȣȖțİȞĲȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ ȟĮȞȐ ıĲȘȞ
ĮȓșȠȣıĮ ıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȦȞ ĲȘȢ ȆĮȜĮȚȐȢ ǺȠȣ
ȜȒȢ ȅȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĮĳȠȪ ȟİțȠȣȡȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ
ȜȓȖȠ ıĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞĲĮȢ ĲȠ
ĳȪȜȜȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ȤȡȠȞȚțȒ ĮȣĲȒ ʌİȡȓȠ
įȠ ȝİ İȡȦĲȒıİȚȢ ʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮ ĮȞĲȚıĲȠȓȤȚıȘȢ
ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢ İʌİȟİȡȖȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ĲȚȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠ
ȡȓİȢʌȠȣĲȠȣȢįȓȞİȚȘȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢȖȚĮ
ĲȠȞĮʌİȜİȣșİȡȦĲȚțȩĮȖȫȞĮĲȦȞǼȜȜȒȞȦȞİȞȐȞĲȚĮĲȦȞȉȠȪȡțȦȞǾİȡȖĮıȓĮʌȡĮȖȝĮ
ĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚıİȝȚțȡȑȢȠȝȐįİȢıȣȗȒĲȘıȘȢțĮȚıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚĲĮʌȠȡȓıȝĮĲȐ
ĲȠȣȢıĲȘȞȠȜȠȝȑȜİȚĮȉȑȜȠȢĮĳȚİȡȫıĮȝİȤȡȩȞȠȖȚĮĲȘȞĮȞĮĲȡȠĳȠįȩĲȘıȘțĮȚĮȟȚȠȜȩ
ȖȘıȘ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ȝİ ȝȚĮ ıȪȞĲȠȝȘ ıȣȗȒĲȘıȘ ȝİ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ Ǿ ıȣȞȠȜȚțȒ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢįȚȒȡțİıİįȪȠįȚįĮțĲȚțȑȢȫȡİȢ
7.3.3. ȂİĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ
ȈȣȗȒĲȘıȘțĮȚĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ȂİĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıİȝȚĮİʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȒıȣȗȒĲȘıȘıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȝİĲĮ
ʌĮȚįȚȐĲȦȞįȪȠĲȐȟİȦȞȖȚĮȞĮĮȞĲȚȜȘĳĲȠȪȝİĲȚȢİȞĲȣʌȫıİȚȢĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȅȚȝĮșȘ
ĲȑȢ ȒĲĮȞ İȞșȠȣıȚĮıȝȑȞȠȚ ȝİ ĲȘȞ įȚȐȡșȡȦıȘ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȦĲȠĲȣʌȓĮ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢǼȚįȚțȐȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢǼǯĲȐȟȘȢİȞĲȣʌȦıȚȐıĲȘțĮȞĮʌȩĲȘȞȟİȞȐȖȘıȘ
ĲȦȞıȣȝȝĮșȘĲȫȞĲȠȣȢĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮʌȩĲȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢĲȠȣȢȂȚȜȒıĮȝİȟĮȞȐ
ȖȚĮ ĲȠȣȢ ȒȡȦİȢ ĲȠȣ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ ȝȐșĮȝİ ȐȖȞȦıĲİȢ ʌĲȣȤȑȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ȗȦȒ ĲȠȣȢ
İȞȫʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȑțĮȞĮȞʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢȖȚĮĲĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐĲȠȣȢĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞĮ
țĮĲĮȜȒȖȠȞĲĮȢȞĮȝȚȜȒıȠȣȝİȖȚĮĲȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȗȦȒĲȠȣȢǾİʌȓıțİȥȘțĮȚȘȖȞȦȡȚ
ȝȓĮĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȝİĲȘȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȒĲĮȞİʌȓıȘȢȑȞĮșİĲȚțȩıȘȝİȓȠ
ȖȚĮĲȘȞʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȠʌȠȓȠĲȠȞȓıĲȘțİȚįȚĮȓĲİȡĮ ȆȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮİʌȚıȘȝȐȞȠȣȝİȩĲȚȝİĲȐĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢıȣȗȘĲȒıĮȝİȝİ
ĲȘȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȖȚĮĲĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮĮȣĲȠȪĲȠȣİȖȤİȚȡȒȝĮĲȠȢțĮȚȝİȓȞĮȝİĮʌȩ
ȜȣĲĮȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȚĮĳȠȪȟİʌȑȡĮıİĲȚȢĮȡȤȚțȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢȝĮȢīȚ¶ĮȣĲȩĲȠȜȩȖȠȘ
ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩȢ ıȣȞȑĲĮȟİ ȑȞĮ țİȓȝİȞȠ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȝİ ĲȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ țĮĲĮįİȚțȞȪİĲĮȚ
77
ȟİțȐșĮȡĮ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ʌȜİȣȡȐ ĲȠȣ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ Ș İʌȚĲȣȤȓĮ ĮȣĲȒȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȦĲȩȖȞȦȡȘȢ
ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȢ 15
ȀĮĲȩʌȚȞįȩșȘțİıĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȑȞĮİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠȞĮĮʌĮȞĲȒıȠȣȞȝİıțȠʌȩȞĮ
įȚĮʌȚıĲȫıȠȣȝİ ĮȞ İʌȚĲİȪȤșȘțĮȞ ȠȚ ıĲȩȤȠȚ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ȑĲıȚ
ȫıĲİȞĮȖȓȞİȚȘĲİȜȚțȒĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ.
ȀĮĲĮȡȤȒȞȩȜĮĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐȑȤȠȣȞİʌȚıțİĳșİȓȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚĲȚȢʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡİȢĳȠȡȑȢ
ʌȠȣİʌȚıțȑĳșȘțĮȞțȐʌȠȚȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȑțĮȞĮȞȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȝȩȞȠ
ȠȚĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞȩĲȚİʌȚıțȑĳĲȘțĮȞȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİĲȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑ
ȞİȚȐĲȠȣȢİȞȫȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢİʌȚıțȑĳĲȘțĮȞȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȈĲȘȞİȡȫĲȘıȘ³ʌȩıȠȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȢ-ȘİȓıĮȚĮʌȩĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢıȠȣıİȝȠȣıİȓĮ´
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ʌȠȜȪªȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ȝȑĲȡȚĮªțĮȚȝĮșȘĲȒȢĮ
ʌȐȞĲȘıİ©țĮșȩȜȠȣª
ȈĲȘȞİȡȫĲȘıȘ³ĲȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢȩĲȚșĮ ȑțĮȞİĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢıȠȣıİȝȠȣıİȓĮʌİȡȚııȩĲİ
ȡȠ İȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢ´ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ ĲȘ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ ȞĮ ĮȖȖȓȗȠȣȞ ĮȞĲȓȖȡĮĳĮ ĲȦȞ
İțșİȝȐĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȦȞ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
ȝȑıȦȞ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ ĲȘȞ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠ
ȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞĮʌȩĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞȩȜĮĲĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
ȈĲȘȞİȡȫĲȘıȘ³ȖȚĮĲȚȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚȠȚȖȞȫıİȚȢʌȠȣʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ´
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞȩĲȚİȓȞĮȚʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠİȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢĮʌȩĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣİȞȫ
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞȩĲȚİȓȞĮȚĲȠȓįȚȠİȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢȝİĲȚȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚȠȚȖȞȫ
ıİȚȢĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ȈĲȘȞİȡȫĲȘıȘ³ȀĮĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȒıȠȣıİțȐʌȠȚȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȚțȐȞİȚȢıȣȞȒșȦȢ´
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ ȩĲȚʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞȝȓĮȟİȞȐȖȘıȘțĮȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ ȩĲȚ
țȚȞȠȪȞĲĮȚİȜİȪșİȡĮıĲȠȤȫȡȠ
ȈĲȘȞİȡȫĲȘıȘ³ʌȡȚȞĮʌȩȝȚĮİʌȓıțİȥȘıİȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȗȘĲȐĲİȝİĲȠįȐıțĮȜȠȒ
ĲȘįĮıțȐȜĮıĮȢıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘȖȚĮĲȠĲȚʌȡȩțİȚĲĮȚȞĮįİȓĲİ´ȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ ©ȆȐ
ȞĲĮªȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ «ȂİȡȚțȑȢĳȠȡȑȢªțĮȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ȆȠĲȑª
ȈĲȘȞ İȡȫĲȘıȘ “ȝİĲȐ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ İʌȓıțİȥȒ ıĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ıȣȗȘĲȐĲİ ȝİ ĲȠ įȐ
ıțĮȜȠ Ȓ ĲȘ įĮıțȐȜĮ ıĮȢ ıĲȘȞ ĲȐȟȘ ȖȚĮ ĮȣĲȐ ʌȠȣ İȓįĮĲİ´ 20 ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ
©ȆȐȞĲĮªțĮȚ4 ȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ «ȂİȡȚțȑȢĳȠȡȑȢª
15ȉȠțİȓȝİȞȠĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪȕȡȓıțİĲĮȚıĲȠʌĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
78
ȉĮʌĮȚįȚȐĳĮȓȞİĲĮȚʌȦȢĮʌȠțȩȝȚıĮȞȝȚĮșİĲȚțȒİȚțȩȞĮĮʌȩĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȈĲȘȞİȡȫ
ĲȘıȘ ³ʌȩıȠȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȢ-ȘİȓıĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȒıȠȣıĲȠǼǿȂ´ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞʌȦȢĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȣȢȐȡİıİ©ʌȠȜȪªȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ȝȑĲȡȚĮªțĮȚ
ȝĮșȘĲȒȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıİ©țĮșȩȜȠȣª
ȈĲȘȞ İȡȫĲȘıȘ ³șĮ İȡȤȩıȠȣȞ ȟĮȞȐ ıĲȠ ǼșȞȚțȩ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȩ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ´ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ȃĮȚªțĮȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ǵȤȚª
ȈĲȘȞİȡȫĲȘıȘ³ĬĮʌȡȩĲİȚȞİȢıİȑȞĮȖȞȦıĲȩıȠȣȞĮİʌȚıțİĳĲİȓĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ´
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ȃĮȚªțĮȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ǵȤȚª
ǹȞĮĳȠȡȚțȐȝİĲȠĲȚȐȡİıİĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȠȚĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȚȢ
ʌȠȚțȓȜȠȣȞ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ĲȘȞ ĲȐȟȘ țĮȚ ĲȠ ĳȪȜȠ ȀȐʌȠȚȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȚȢ įȡȐ
ıİȚȢʌȠȣĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıĮȞțĮĲȐĲȘȞįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȘȢȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȢİȞȫȐȜȜȠȚțȐȞȠȣȞȜȩȖȠȖȚĮ
ĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣǲĲıȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ, ȩĲȚĲȠȣȢȐȡİıİȘȟİȞȐȖȘıȘ
ĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞ ĲȘȢǼǯĲȐȟȘȢ ʌȠȣȑȖȚȞİĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢİȞȫȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
İȞĲȣʌȦıȚȐıĲȘțĮȞĮʌȩĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮʌȠȣİȓįĮȞ ȀȣȡȓȦȢĲȠȣȢİȞĲȣʌȦıȓĮıİĲȠȝʌĮȠȪȜȠ
– țȡİȕȐĲȚĲȠȣȜȩȡįȠȣȂʌȐȣȡȠȞǼʌȓıȘȢĲȠȣȢȐȡİıİĲȠĳȪȜȜȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȒĲĮȞ
ȤȡȘıĲȚțȩțĮȚĲȠȣȢįȚİȣțȩȜȣȞİıĲȠȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞʌȚȠİȪțȠȜĮĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮ
ǹȞĮĳȠȡȚțȐȝİĲȠĲȚįİȞȐȡİıİĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȠȚĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȚȢȒĲĮȞıȤİ
įȩȞȩȜİȢĮȡȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮȞȑĳİȡĮȞȩĲȚțȠȣȡȐıĲȘțĮȞȖȚĮĲȓȒĲĮȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȩȡșȚȠȚ
țĮȚ ȝĮșȘĲȒȢ ȩĲȚ įİȞİȓįİ țȐĲȚ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠ ĮĳȠȪ İȓȤİ İʌȚıțİĳĲİȓ ĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠ ȟĮȞȐ
ĲȠȞȃȠȑȝȕȡȚȠ
ǼįȫșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌȚıȘȝĮȞșİȓȩĲȚȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢȈȉǯĲȐȟȘȢİȓȤĮȞİʌȚıțİĳșİȓĲȠ
ǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȞʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠȃȠȑȝȕȡȚȠȝİĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮȞĮȑȤȠȣȞȑȡșİȚ
ıİİʌĮĳȒȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮȖȚĮĲĮȠʌȠȓĮȑȖȚȞİʌȚȠİțĲİȞȒȢ ĮȞĮĳȠȡȐıĲȘȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ
ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
79
ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 8Ƞ: ȈȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ-ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ- ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ
8.1. ȈȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ
ȈĲȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ĲȘȢ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ĮʌȠıĮĳȘȞȓıĲȘțĮȞ ȠȚ ȩȡȠȚ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮȚ ıȤȠ
ȜİȓȠțĮȚįȚİȡİȣȞȒșȘțİȘıȤȑıȘȝİĲĮȟȪĲȠȣȢǲȖȚȞİĮȞĮĳȠȡȐıĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚ
țȒțĮȚıĲȠʌȦȢİĳĮȡȝȩȗİĲĮȚıĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞțĮȚĲȠȞȓ
ıĲȘțİȠțĮĲĮȜȣĲȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȚĮțȫȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞıĲȘȖȞȦ
ȡȚȝȓĮĲȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȘʌĮȡȠȪıĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȑȤİȚȦȢİʌȓ
țİȞĲȡȠ ıĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ ȑȦȢ İĲȫȞ ȍȢ
ȑȡİȣȞĮʌİįȓȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢȘȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘțĮȚȘİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒİȞȩȢİț
ʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȖȚĮĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠǹșȒȞĮȢ
īȚĮĲȘȞİțʌȜȒȡȦıȘĲȘȢʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȢİʌȚįȓȦȟȘȢȘİȡȖĮıȓĮıĲȘȡȓȤșȘțİ
ʌȐȞȦıİįȪȠȐȟȠȞİȢĲȠȞșİȦȡȘĲȚțȩ-ȚıĲȠȡȚțȩțĮȚĲȠȞİȝʌİȚȡȚțȩȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ
Į ıĲȠșİȦȡȘĲȚțȩ-ȚıĲȠȡȚțȩ ȝȑȡȠȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțİ ĲȠ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠ șİȦȡȘĲȚțȩțĮȚ İȞ
ȞȠȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩȣʌȩȕĮșȡȠıȤİĲȚțȐȝİĲȘıȤȑıȘ ʌȠȣįȚȑʌİȚĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠțĮȚĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıĲȘȞ
ȠȜȩʌȜİȣȡȘțĮȚȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲĮȝȠȣıİȚĮțȐİț
ʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮʌȠȣıȣȞȐįȠȣȞȝİĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
ȕıĲȠİȝʌİȚȡȚțȩȝȑȡȠȢʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİİțĲİȞȒȢİȝʌİȚȡȚțȒĮȞĮĳȠȡȐȝİİʌȓțİ
ȞĲȡȠțȣȡȓȦȢĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢʌȡȦĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢȑȦȢİĲȫȞțĮȚ
ĲȘįȚįĮțĲȑĮȪȜȘĲȠȣȝĮșȒȝĮĲȠȢĲȘȢǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȘȢȈȉ
ĲȐȟȘȢįȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȈȤİ
įȚȐıĲȘțİ ȠȡȖĮȞȫșȘțİ țĮȚ İĳĮȡȝȩıĲȘțİ ȑȞĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠ
ıȝȑȞȠıİĮȣĲȒĲȘįȚįĮțĲȑĮȪȜȘțĮȚİȞĮȡȝȠȞȚıȝȑȞȠȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑ
ȞȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
īȚĮĲȘȞțĮȜȪĲİȡȘįȣȞĮĲȒĮȞȐȜȣıȘțĮȚĲİțȝȘȡȓȦıȘĲȠȣșȑȝĮĲȠȢįȚİȟȐȤșȘțİʌȡȦ
ĲȠȖİȞȒȢțĮȚįİȣĲİȡȠȖİȞȒȢȑȡİȣȞĮǼȚįȚțȩĲİȡĮıĲȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠĲȘȢįİȣĲİȡȠȖİȞȠȪȢȑȡİȣ
ȞĮȢʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıĲȘțİİʌȚıțȩʌȘıȘĲȘȢıȤİĲȚțȒȢİȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢțĮȚȟİȞȩȖȜȦııȘȢȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮ
ĳȓĮȢ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȘ ıȤİĲȚțȒ ȑȞĲȣʌȘ țĮȚ ȥȘĳȚĮțȒ ĮȡșȡȠȖȡĮĳȓĮțĮȚ ĮȞĮȗȘĲȒșȘțĮȞ
ȤȡȒıȚȝĮ ıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ Įʌȩ ȕȐıİȚȢ įİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȡȝȩįȚȦȞ ĳȠȡȑȦȞ ʌȤ ȣʌȠȣȡȖİȓĮ ʌȠȜȚĲȚ
ıȝȠȪ țĮȚ ʌĮȚįİȓĮȢ ȈĲȩȤȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑıȦ ĲȘȢ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȘȖȫȞ ȞĮ
įȚİȟĮȤșȠȪȞ ȑȖțȣȡĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ıȤȑıȘ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ- ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ĲȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ
80
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞĲȠȣȢıĲȩȤȠȣȢțĮȚĲȚȢʌȡȠȠʌĲȚțȑȢıȣȞİȤȠȪȢțĮȜȣĲȑȡİȣıȘȢĲȠȣİțʌĮȚ
įİȣĲȚțȠȪȡȩȜȠȣĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣįȚĮȝȑıȠȣĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣʌȐȞĲĮıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣȝȠȣ
ıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪțĮȚĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ
ȈĲȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȦĲȠȖİȞȠȪȢ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȒįȘ ĮȞĮĳȑȡșȘțİ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ıȤİ
įȚȐıĲȘțİțĮȚȠȡȖĮȞȫșȘțİȑȞĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȠıĲȠıȤȠȜȚțȩ
ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıʌȠȣįȫȞĲȠȣȝĮșȒȝĮĲȠȢĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȘȢȈȉ
ĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣįȘȝȠ
ĲȚțȠȪıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚİȞĮȡȝȠȞȚıȝȑȞȠȝİĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮĲȠȣ ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ǹșȒȞĮȢ īİȞȚțȩȢ ıĲȩȤȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣĲȒ Ș ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȞĮ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȦȝĮĲȚțȐ ȦȢ
ʌȡȠȢ ĲĮ İȣȡȒȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ĲȚȢ ȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțȪʌĲȠȣȞ Įʌȩ ĲȘ įİȣĲİȡȠȖİȞȒ
ȑȡİȣȞĮȂİĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠĮȣĲȩȞİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮĲȩȞȞĮȠįȘȖȘșİȓȘȑȡİȣȞĮıİȝȚĮȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȒ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ĲȦȞ șİȦȡȘĲȚțȫȞ İȣȡȘȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞ ȞȑĮ įİįȠȝȑȞĮ ʌȡȠıĳȑ
ȡȠȞĲĮȢȑĲıȚȝȚĮȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȠȣșȑȝĮĲȠȢ
īȚĮĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıĮȝİ ĲȘȞʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒȝȑ
șȠįȠȑȡİȣȞĮȢĮȞĲȜȫȞĲĮȢȣȜȚțȩʌȠȣȝĮȢȠįȒȖȘıİıĲȘıĳĮȚȡȚțȒĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘĲȦȞİʌȚȜȠ
ȖȫȞʌȠȣȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠıȤİĲȚțȐȝİĲȠșȑȝĮʌȠȣİȟİĲȐıĮȝİ
ıĲȠșİȦȡȘĲȚțȩȝȑȡȠȢ
īȚĮĲȘȞʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒʌȠȚȠĲȚțȫȞįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒıĮȝİ
ĮǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȚțȒİʌȚıțȩʌȘıȘĲȦȞȐȡșȡȦȞĲȠȣșȑȝĮĲȠȢʌȠȣȝĮȢĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıİ
ȕİʌȚĲȩʌȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮțĮȚʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȝİĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢȝĮȢıĲȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢĲȠȣȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠȣ ıȣȗȘĲȒıĮȝİ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȘ ț ǽȣȖȠȪȡȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĲȠȣ ıȣȜȜȑȟĮȝİ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȡĮʌĲȩ țĮȚ ȠʌĲȚțȩ İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȩ ȣȜȚțȩ İʌȓıȘȢ șĮ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȒıĮȝİ
ȣȜȚțȩĮʌȩĲȘȞȚıĲȠıİȜȓįĮĲȠȣ
ȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝİĲĮĳȑȡĮȝİıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘȩȜȠĲȠʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦȣȜȚțȩȫıĲİȞĮʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝȐ
ıȠȣȝİ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȠȣ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȕȚȫıȠȣȞ ıĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ʌȜȘȡȑıĲİȡĮ ĲȘ
ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȉȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıĲȘțİįȚĮ
șİȝĮĲȚțȐ Ȃİ ĲȠȞ ĲȡȩʌȠ ĮȣĲȩ ʌȡȠıĳȑȡșȘțĮȞ İȣțĮȚȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ ȝȓĮ ȖȩȞȚȝȘ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ĮȞȐȝİıĮıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠțĮȚĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠțĮșȫȢıȣȞȚıĲȐȘʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĮȣĲȒȝȓĮĮȞȠȚțĲȒ
țĮȚįȚĮȡțȒȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȝȐșȘıȘȢȈ¶ĮȣĲȩĲȠıĲȐįȚȠȘİʌȓıțİȥȘĲȘȢȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮ
ȖȦȖȠȪțǽȣȖȠȪȡȘȝȑıĮıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘȒĲĮȞİʌȚȕİȕȜȘȝȑȞȘ
ȈĲȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȘİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİĲȘȞİȞİȡȖȒıȣȝȝİĲȠ
ȤȒȩȜȦȞĲȦȞİȝʌȜİțȩȝİȞȦȞȝİȡȫȞıĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
81
ȂİĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȘ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒȢ
İȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢțĮȚȘĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȝİĲȘıȣȝȝȑĲȠȤȘĲȠȣ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ- İȡİȣȞȘĲȒĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞțĮȚĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ
ȈĲȘȞʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚȐȝĮȢȜȠȚʌȩȞȞĮİȞįȣȞĮȝȫıȠȣȝİĮțȩȝȘʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠĲĮıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ
ĲȘȢʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘȢȝĮȢįȫıĮȝİİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠıĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȦȞįȪȠ ĲȝȘȝȐĲȦȞ.
ȈțȠʌȩȢĲȠȣİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓȠȣȒĲĮȞȞĮİțȝĮȚİȪıȠȣȝİțĮȚȞĮĮʌȠĲȚȝȒıȠȣȝİĲȚȢİȣțȠ
ȜȓİȢȒĲȚȢįȣıțȠȜȓİȢʌȠȣĮȞĲȚȝİĲȫʌȚıĮȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚ
țȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ țĮȚȞĮȝİĲȡȒıȠȣȝİĲȠİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞʌȠȣĲȠȣȢʌȡȠȟȑȞȘıİȘıȣȖțİ
țȡȚȝȑȞȘįȚįĮțĲȚțȒ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮ.
ȉȠİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠįȩșȘțİıĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȦȞĲȐȟİȦȞȒĲĮȞĮȞȫȞȣȝȠȩʌȦȢȣʌĮ
ȖȠȡİȪȠȣȞ ȠȚ țĮȞȩȞİȢ ĲȘȢ įİȠȞĲȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ĲȘȢ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ Ȃİ ĮȣĲȩ ĲȠȞ ĲȡȩʌȠ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ȝʌȩȡİıĮȞȞĮĮʌĮȞĲȒıȠȣȞıĲȚȢİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢȝİİȚȜȚțȡȓȞİȚĮıĲȠȚȤİȓȠʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓĲȘ
ĲȠȖȚĮĲȘȞĮȟȚȠʌȚıĲȓĮțĮȚİȖțȣȡȩĲȘĲĮĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢȉȠİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠȝİĲȘȝȠȡĳȒ
ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ įȩșȘțİ ıĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȠ ʌĮȡĮșȑĲȠȣȝİ ıĲȠ ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮ ĲȘȢ ȑȡİȣȞȐȢ
ȝĮȢ
ǹʌȩĲĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮĲȘȢıȣȗȒĲȘıȘȢȝİȩȜȠȣȢĲȠȣȢİȝʌȜİțȩȝİȞȠȣȢțĮȚĲȘȢĮʌȠ
įİȜĲȓȦıȘȢĲȠȣİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠȣ ʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıĮȝİʌȡȠțȪʌĲȠȣȞʌȠȜȪȤȡȒıȚȝĮıȣ
ȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮʌȠȣĮĳȠȡȠȪȞĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȅȚİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝĮȢȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢİʌĮȜȘșİȪĲȘ
țĮȞıİıȤȑıȘȝİĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ, İȞȫĲȠȖİȞȚțȩıȣȝʌȑȡĮıȝĮʌȠȣʌȡȠȑțȣȥİİȓȞĮȚʌȦȢ
ȑȤȠȣȞĮȞĮʌĲȪȟİȚȝȚĮʌȠȜȪțĮȜȒıȤȑıȘȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮȚĮȣĲȩʌȡȠĳĮȞȫȢȠĳİȓȜİĲĮȚ
ıĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠǹȞĮȜȣĲȚțȩĲİȡĮȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢİʌȚȕİȕĮȓȦ
ıĮȞ ʌȦȢ Ș ʌȜİȚȠȥȘĳȓĮ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıțȑȥİȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ ıİ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ıĲĮ
ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ İțįȡȠȝȫȞ ȝİ ĲȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȉĮ ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ įȒȜȦıĮȞ,
ȩĲȚșİȦȡȠȪȞĮȣĲȑȢĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢİȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢİȞȫȕĮȡİĲȑȢĲȚȢȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡȚıİʌİȡȓʌȠȣȠ
ȑȞĮȢ ıĲȠȣȢ ĲȡİȚȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȘȢ Ȉȉǯ ĲȐȟȘȢ Ǿ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȒ ıȤȑıȘ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ ĲȠȣ 2Ƞȣ
ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ ȝİĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮțĮĲĮįİȚțȞȪİĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȩĲȚșİȦȡȠȪȞ
ĲȚȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞİȟȓıȠȣȒțĮȚʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠİȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢĮʌȩİțİȓȞİȢ
ĲȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩĲȚ įȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȚ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ĲȘȢȈȉǯȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠĮʌȩĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢĲȠȣȢıİȝȠȣıİȓĮǼțĲȩȢĮȣĲȠȪȩʌȦȢĮȞĮȝİȞȩ
ĲĮȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢțĮȚĲȦȞįȪȠĲȐȟİȦȞįȒȜȦıĮȞȝİʌȠȜȪȝİȖȐȜĮʌȠıȠıĲȐʌȠȜȪȚțĮȞȠ
ʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȚĮʌȩĲȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĲȠȣȢıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ.
82
ȈĲȘȞİȡȫĲȘıȘĮȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚįȚȐȜȠȖȠȢıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘʌȡȚȞĮʌȩȝȚĮİʌȓıțİȥȘıİ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢțĮȚĲȦȞįȪȠĲȐȟİȦȞĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞȝİıȤİįȩȞȓįȚĮʌȠıȠıĲȐȩĲȚĲȑ
ĲȠȚȠȢįȚȐȜȠȖȠȢʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮȢʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚȝİȡȚțȑȢĳȠȡȑȢǹȞĲȓșİĲĮıĲȠİʌȩȝİ
ȞȠİȡȫĲȘȝĮʌȠȣĮĳȠȡȐĲȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘįȚĮȜȩȖȠȣĮʌȠĲȓȝȘıȘȢȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚ
țȒȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢȠȚʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢǼǯĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ©ʌȐȞĲĮªİȞȫȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ĲȘȢ Ȉȉǯ ĲȐȟȘȢ ĲȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ĮʌȐȞĲȘıĮȞ țĮĲȐ ʌȜİȚȠȥȘĳȓĮ ȩĲȚ Ș ıȣȗȒĲȘıȘ ȝİĲȐ ĲȘȞ
İʌȓıțİȥȘ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ĳȠȡȑȢ Ǿ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ įȚĮĳȠȡȠ
ʌȠȓȘıȘʌȠȣțĮĲĮȖȡȐĳȘțİȝİĲĮȟȪĲȦȞĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȦȞĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞĲȘȢǼǯțĮȚĲȘȢȈȉǯ
ĲȐȟȘȢıĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠİȡȫĲȘȝĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮʌȠįȠșİȓıĲȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȐįȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȒ
ĲĮțĲȚțȒʌȠȣ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ ȠȚ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȓ ĲȦȞ įȪȠ ĲȐȟİȦȞ ĮȞĮĳȠȡȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȠȡȖȐ
ȞȦıȘțĮȚĲȘȞĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞįȚįĮțĲȚțȫȞİʌȚıțȑȥİȦȞıİȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȠȣ2Ƞȣ ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ șİȦȡȠȪȞ, ȩĲȚțĮȜȩ
İȓȞĮȚȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚıȪȞįİıȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞȝİĲĮȝĮ
șȒȝĮĲĮʌȠȣįȚįȐıțȠȞĲĮȚıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢʌȠȣșĮĲȠȣȢțȚȞȘĲȠʌȠȚȠȪıİȞĮĲĮʌĮ
ȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȠȣȞȝİȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȠİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞțĮȚșĮĲȠȣȢȕȠȘșȠȪıİȞĮİȝʌİįȫıȠȣȞĲȚȢ
ȖȞȫıİȚȢʌȠȣĮʌȑțĲȘıĮȞıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠǹțȩȝȘȝȚĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȝĮȢȣʌȩșİıȘʌȠȣİʌȚȕİ
ȕĮȚȫșȘțİ ĮĳȠȡȠȪıİ ĲȘȞ ȟİȞȐȖȘıȘ ĲȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ ĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ ʌȡȩ
țȡȚȞĮȞȦȢĲȘıȣȞȘșȑıĲİȡȘʌȡĮțĲȚțȒʌȠȣĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓĲĮȚĮʌȩĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȩĲĮȞțȐʌȠȚĮ
ĲȐȟȘȒıȤȠȜİȓȠĲĮİʌȚıțȑʌĲİĲĮȚǹȞĲȓșİĲĮȘʌȡȠĲȓȝȘıȘĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞıĲȘȞĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘ
ıȘ ĲȦȞ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ȝȑıȦȞ ĲȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ĮȞĮȝȑȞĮȝİ ıĲȚȢ ĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȚȢ ĲȠȣ ĲİȜİȣĲĮȓȠȣ
İȡȦĲȒȝĮĲȠȢĮȞĮĳȠȡȚțȐȝİĲȚȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢʌȠȣșĮȕİȜĲȓȦȞĮȞ ĲȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȚ
įİȣĲȚțȒȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢıİȝȠȣıİȓȠįİȞİʌĮȜȘșİȪĲȘțİ ȈĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠİȡȫĲȘȝĮ ʌĮȡĮ
ĲȘȡȒșȘțİ įȚĮıʌȠȡȐ ĲȦȞĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȦȞ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ ıİ ȩȜİȢ ĲȚȢ įȚĮșȑıȚȝİȢ İʌȚȜȠȖȑȢ
ȝİĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮȞĮȝȘȞʌȡȠțȪʌĲİȚĮʌȠțȡȣıĲĮȜȜȦȝȑȞȘʌȡȩĲĮıȘțĮȚȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢȞĮİȝ
ĳĮȞȓȗȠȞĲĮȚİʌȓĲȠȣıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣșȑȝĮĲȠȢıȣȖțİȤȣȝȑȞȠȚ
ȅȜȠțȜȘȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȣȝİʌȦȢĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȦȞİȡȦĲȘ
ȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓȦȞʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȒșȘțİįȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘıİĮȡțİĲȑȢĮʌȩĲȚȢĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȚȢʌȠȣįȩșȘ
țĮȞıĲĮ İȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ ĲȠȣİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓȠȣǾįȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘʌȚıĲİȪȠȣȝİȩĲȚȠĳİȓȜİ
ĲĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ țȐșİ ȝĮșȘĲȒ țĮȚ ıĲȚȢ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȑȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ
ʌȠȣİĳĮȡȝȩȗȠȞĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȣȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢ ĲȦȞįȪȠĲȐȟİȦȞ.
ȉȠİʌȚıĲȑȖĮıȝĮȩȜȦȞĲȦȞʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦıȣȝʌİȡĮıȝȐĲȦȞȠĳİȓȜİĲĮȚıİʌȠȜȪȝİȖȐȜȠ
ȕĮșȝȩıĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣȝİĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠǹʌȩĲȘȞĮȡȤȒĲȘȢȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
83
ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȘıȣȞİȤȒȢȐȥȠȖȘ țĮȚİʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȘȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩĮȞȑįİȚȟİ, ȩĲȚȖȚĮȞĮʌİĲȪȤİȚȝȚĮİțʌĮȚ
įİȣĲȚțȒİʌȓıțİȥȘ- İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮİȓȞĮȚİʌȚȕİȕȜȘȝȑȞȘȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚȘțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘĲȠȣȡȩȜȠȣʌȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȑȤȠȣȞȩıȠȚİȝʌȜȑțȠȞĲĮȚıĲȘȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑ
ȞȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮǾıȣȝȕȠȜȒĲȘȢțǽȣȖȠȪȡȘıĲȠȞıȤİįȚĮıȝȩıĲȘȞįȚȐȡșȡȦıȘțĮȚıĲȘȞ
ȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ȒĲĮȞ țĮșȠȡȚıĲȚțȒ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İʌȚĲȣȤȒ țĮ
ĲȐȜȘȟȘĲȠȣ
ǼȣİȜʌȚıĲȠȪȝİȩĲȚțĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞʌȜİȣȡȐĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĮȣĲȒȒĲĮȞșİ
ĲȚțȒ țĮȚ ȑȖȚȞİ țĮĲĮȞȠȘĲȩ ʌȦȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȦșİȓ ȑȞĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȖȚĮ
ʌĮȚįȚȐĲȠȣǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞĲĮȚȣʌȩȥȘȠȚİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢțĮȚȠȚ
ĮʌȩȥİȚȢĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ
8.2. ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ – ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ
ȅȜȠțȜȘȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȘ ȝİȜȑĲȘ ȝĮȢ ȝİĲȐ Įʌȩ ȝȚĮ ıȪȞĲȠȝȘ İʌȚıțȩʌȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ıȤȑıȘȢ
țĮȚĲȦȞʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȦȞȝȚĮȢȖȩȞȚȝȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝİĲĮȟȪĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚĲȠȣȝȠȣ
ıİȓȠȣ İȟİĲȐıĮȝİ ĲȘȞ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĲȘȢ ıȤȑıȘȢ ĲȠȣ ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪ
ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȝİĲȠ2Ƞ ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȩȈȤȠȜİȓȠ ȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣǹʌȩĲĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮĲȘȢȑȡİȣ
ȞĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒıĮȝİ įȚĮʌȚıĲȫıĮȝİ ĲȘȞ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ ĲȠȣ 2Ƞȣ
ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ ĮʌȩĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣȢȝİĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚȚįȚĮȓĲİ
ȡĮȝİĲȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȝȠȣıİȓȠǹʌȩĲȘȞİȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȒȝĮȢȩȜȠĮȣĲȩĲȠįȚȐıĲȘȝĮȝİ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĮȞĮįİȓȤșȘțĮȞ țĮȚ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚ ĮıĲȐșȝȘĲȠȚ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞĲİȢ ʌȠȣ
İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞĲȘȞ ıȤȑıȘıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚȝȠȣıİȓȠȣīȚ¶ĮȣĲȩĲȠȜȩȖȠ, șĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȠȣȝİ
ȞĮʌȡȠĲİȓȞȠȣȝİĲȡȩʌȠȣȢțĮȜȪĲİȡȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĲȦȞįȪȠʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦșİıȝȫȞ
ȂİıȠȪıȘȢĲȘȢȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒȢțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢțȡȓıȘȢʌȠȣȝĮıĲȓȗİȚĲȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢįȘ
ȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțİȘ ĮȞȐȖțȘĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘȢȝȚĮȢȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȩĲİȡȘȢıȤȑıȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝİĲĮȟȪ
ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚĲȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ. ǹȞĮȣĲȩİʌȚĲİȣȤșİȓĲȩĲİțĮȚȠȚįȪȠșİıȝȠȓșĮȦĳİȜȘ
șȠȪȞ ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ șĮ İʌİțĲİȓȞȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ įȡȐıİȚȢ ĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ıİ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȑȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ İʌȚ
ıțİʌĲȫȞȝİĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘıĲȠȤİȣȝȑȞȦȞ ȝİșȩįȦȞıȪȖțȜȚıȒȢĲȠȣȢȉĮıȤȠȜİȓĮșĮĮ
ʌȠțĲȒıȠȣȞȞȑȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȖȚĮĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȦȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȫȞįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ įȚİȣ
ȡȪȞȠȞĲĮȢĲȘıȤȠȜȚțȒȖȞȫıȘǾıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮıȤȠȜİȓȦȞțĮȚȝȠȣıİȓȦȞ șĮİʌȚĳȑȡİȚĲȘȞ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘʌȡȠȕȠȜȒĲȘȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒȢȝĮȢ țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐȢ țĮȚșĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚȩȜİȢ
84
İțİȓȞİȢĲȚȢȕȐıİȚȢȖȚĮȞĮİʌȚĲİȣȤĲİȓȠȣȥȘȜȩȢıĲȩȤȠȢĲȘȢʌĮȚįİȓĮȢȝİıțȠʌȩĲȘȞȠȜȩ
ʌȜİȣȡȘĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢĲȠȣĮĲȩȝȠȣ
ǾİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒʌȠȣİĳĮȡȝȩȗİĲĮȚıȒȝİȡĮıĲȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢĮįȣȞĮĲİȓ ȞĮțĮ
ĲĮȞȠȒıİȚ, ȩĲȚ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩĲİȡȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞĲİȢ ĮȞȐʌĲȣ
ȟȘȢĲȘȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒȢıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢ ĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞțĮȚĮȣȡȚĮȞȫȞʌȠȜȚĲȫȞǹȞĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ
ĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚʌȡȦĲĮȖȦȞȚıĲȚțȩȡȩȜȠıĲȘȞȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮ ĲȠȣȝĮșȘĲȒȝİĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȩĲİșĮİ
ʌȚĲȪȤİȚȞĮİȞįȣȞĮȝȫıİȚĲȘȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȒĲȠȣʌȡȠıĳȠȡȐ.
ȉĮıȤȠȜİȓĮșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȞʌȜȑȠȞĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠȝİĲȠȞȠʌȠȓȠİʌȚıțȑʌĲȠȞĲĮȚĲĮ
ȝȠȣıİȓĮ țĮșȫȢ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒıĮȝİ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ șİȦȡȠȪȞ ıȣȞȣ
ĳĮıȝȑȞȘĲȘȞȟİȞȐȖȘıȘȝİĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘıİȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠ. ǺȑȕĮȚĮ ȠȚİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢİ
ʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ șĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȐıȤİįȚĮıȝȑȞİȢȖȚĮȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞĲȠ
İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȞĮıȣȞįȑȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲȚȢʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞİȢȖȞȫıİȚȢțĮȚİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ
țĮȚȞĮĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȠȪȞıĲȠȚȤİȓĮĲȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞīȚ¶ĮȣĲȩȠȚİțʌĮȚįİȣ
ĲȚțȑȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ, ȩʌȦȢ ĳȪȜȜĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİʌȠ
ʌĲȚțȩȣȜȚțȩȟİȞĮȖȒıİȚȢĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȝİıĲȩȤȠĲȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȝȚĮȢ
įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȒȢĮȜȜȐȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȒȢȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘȢȝȐșȘıȘȢĲȦȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȫȞıĲȠȚȤİȓ
ȦȞȖȚĮĲȘȞĮʌȩțĲȘıȘĲȘȢʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȒȢĲĮȣĲȩĲȘĲĮȢįȚĮȝȑıȠȣĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ.
ǵıȠȞ ĮĳȠȡȐ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ įȚĮȡțİȓ țȐșİ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ İʌȓıțİȥȘ-
ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȘȐʌȠȥȘȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȩĲȚ șĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȚĮȡțİȓʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ıĮȡȐȞĲĮȜİʌĲȐȅ
ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȤȡȩȞȠȢ įȚȐȡțİȚĮȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓ țȩʌȦıȘ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ıȚȖȐ - ıȚȖȐ ȤȐȞȠȣȞ
ĲȠİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȠȣȢǹțȩȝȘȝʌȠȡİȓȘȟİȞȐȖȘıȘ ȞĮįȚĮțȩʌĲİĲĮȚıİȝȚțȡȐįȚĮȜİȓȝȝĮĲĮ
ĮʌȩȐȜȜİȢįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ
ǹțȩȝĮ Ș įȚĮȝȩȡĳȦıȘ ĲȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȣ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȕȠȘșȠȪȞ
ıĲȘȞİʌȚĲȣȤȓĮȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢȅȤȫȡȠȢĲȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢȝȚĮȢİ
ʌȓıțİȥȘȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȜȜĮȖȝȑȞȠȢĮʌȩĲȠȞ ıȣȞȦıĲȚıȝȩțĮȚĲȠȞ șȩȡȣȕȠȀĮ
Ȝȩ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ İʌȓıțİȥȘ – ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ ȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢ
ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣȢ ȝİȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠĲȠȣȡȚıȝȩȒȫȡİȢĲȘȢȘȝȑȡĮȢȝİȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠțȩıȝȠǼʌȓıȘȢȠĮ
ȡȚșȝȩȢ ĲȦȞ İțșİȝȐĲȦȞ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İʌȚĲȡȑʌȠȣȞ ĲȘ ȜİʌĲȠȝİȡȒ țĮȚ
ĮȞĮȜȣĲȚțȒĲȠȣȢİȟİȡİȪȞȘıȘțĮȚȝİȜȑĲȘ
ǲȞĮȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȠțĮȚțĮȜȐįȠȝȘȝȑȞȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȕȠȘșȐİȚĲȘȞĮȣĲȠ
ʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘĲȘȞĮȣĲȠȖȞȦıȓĮ țĮȚĲȘȞįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘȩȜȦȞĲȦȞĮȞĲȚȜȒȥİȦȞ. īȚ¶Įȣ
ĲȩĲȠȜȩȖȠıĲȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌȡȠȕȜȑʌȠȞĲĮȚȤȫȡȠȚȒțĮșȓ
85
ıȝĮĲĮȖȚĮȞĮİȟȣʌȘȡİĲȠȪȞĲĮȚĲĮȐĲȠȝĮʌȠȣșȑȜȠȣȞȞĮȝİȓȞȠȣȞĮȡțİĲȒ ȫȡĮıĲȠȤȫȡȠ
ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣĮȜȜȐ ȜȩȖȦĲȘȢțȠȪȡĮıȘȢ ĮȞĮȖțȐȗȠȞĲĮȚȞĮ ĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞȠȞĲĮȚ. ȅȤȫȡȠȢ
ĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣșĮʌȡȑʌİȚİʌȓıȘȢȞĮİȓȞĮȚİȪțȠȜĮʌȡȠıȕȐıȚȝȠȢțĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑ
ȞȠȢțĮȚȞĮİȞșĮȡȡȪȞİȚĲȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘțĮȚĲȘȞȐȞİıȘĲȦȞİʌȚıțİʌĲȫȞ
ǾĳȦĲȠȖȡȐĳȚıȘĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞİȓȞĮȚİʌȚȕİȕȜȘȝȑȞȘ, ĮĳȠȪĲȠĳȦĲȠȖȡĮĳȚțȩȣȜȚțȩ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȦȢİʌȠʌĲȚțȩȣȜȚțȩțĮȚȦȢȕȠȘșȘĲȚțȩȣȜȚțȩ. ǼʌȚʌȡȩıșİĲĮ
ȘİʌȚȜȠȖȒĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİĲĮȚĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİĲĮİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮĲȦȞȝĮșȘ
ĲȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȠ șȑȝĮ ĲȘȢ įȚįĮțĲȚțȒȢ İȞȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȦȞ ıȤȠȜȚțȫȞ ȝĮșȘȝȐĲȦȞ Ǿ ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒ
İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘİʌȚĲȣȖȤȐȞİȚȞĮȕȠȘșȐĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢıĲȘȞțĮȜȪĲİȡȘțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘĲȘȢȪȜȘȢ
țĮȚıĲȘȞțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮĲȘȢțȡȚĲȚțȒȢıțȑȥȘȢ ĲȠȣȢ.
ȅȜȠțȜȘȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țĮĲĮȞȠȒıȠȣȝİ ʌȦȢ Ș ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌȡȠȦșİȓĲĮȚĲȩıȠĮʌȩĲȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȩıȠțĮȚĮʌȩĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠțĮȚȞĮĮʌİȣ
șȪȞİĲĮȚıİȩȜȠȣȢȤȦȡȓȢİȟĮȚȡȑıİȚȢ.
ȈȘȝİȓȦıȘ
ȉĮ ȖİȞȚțȐ ıĲȠȚȤİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡĮșȑĲȠȣȝİ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ǼșȞȚțȩ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȩ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠ
ȞĲĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞȚıĲȠıİȜȓįĮĲȠȣțĮȚĮʌȩİȞȘȝİȡȦĲȚțȐȑȞĲȣʌĮʌȠȣȝĮȢʌĮȡĮȤȦȡȒșȘțĮȞ
ĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȣʌİȣșȪȞȠȣȢĲȠȣǿįȡȪȝĮĲȠȢțĮĲȐĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢȝĮȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚĮʌȩİțįȩıİȚȢ
ĲȠȣʌȠȣįȚĮĲȓșİȞĲĮȚıĲȠʌȦȜȘĲȒȡȚȠǾʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ıĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚĮʌȠțȜİȚıĲȚțȐıĲȘȞʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȒȝĮȢțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚȐĲȠȣİȞȫȘĮȞȐȜȣıȘ
țĮȚ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȒ ĲȠȣ ȕĮıȓȗİĲĮȚ ĮȡȤȚțȐ ıĲȘ ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ țĮȚ ıĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
ıĲȘȞʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȒȝĮȢțĮȚıĲȚȢĮʌĮȞĲȒıİȚȢĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȝĮȢıİİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠĮȟȚ
ȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȈĲȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ İʌȚĲȩʌȚİȢ İʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢ
ıĲȠʌȡȩıĳĮĲȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȠȈȤǲĲȠȣȢ-țĮȚĮʌȠĲȑȜİıİʌȘ
ȖȒ ȑȝʌȞİȣıȘȢ ĮȣĲȒȢ ĲȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȜȩȖȦ ĲȘȢ ȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ıȤȠȜȚțȫȞ
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞıİĲȑĲȠȚȠȕĮșȝȩʌȠȣĮȖȖȓȗİȚĲȠĲȑȜİȚȠ
86
ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮİȜȜȘȞȚțȒ
x ǱȜțȘıĲȚȢȂȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚȈȤȠȜİȓĮǻİȚȞȩıĮȣȡȠȚțĮȚǹȖȖİȓĮİțįǼȜȜȘȞȚ

țȐīȡȐȝȝĮĲĮǹșȒȞĮ
x ǹȜȝĮȜȚȫĲȘȈ ȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȦȢʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞȝȐșȘıȘȢțĮȚİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢİȞȘ
ȜȓțȦȞȂİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȒİȡȖĮıȓĮǹȡȚıĲȠĲȑȜİȚȠȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘȢȉȠ
ȝȑĮȢȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢȉȝȒȝĮĭȚȜȠıȠĳȓĮȢțĮȚȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢȀĮĲİȪșȣȞıȘȈȣȞİȤȚ
ȗȩȝİȞȘİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
x ǹȞįȡİȐįȠȣȋ ȉȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȦȢȤȫȡȠȢįȚĮȝȩȡĳȦıȘȢĲȘȢȚıĲȠȡȚțȒȢțĮȜ
ȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮȢĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞțĮȚȝĮșȘĲȡȚȫȞĲȠȣįȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȂİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȒ
İȡȖĮıȓĮǹȡȚıĲȠĲȑȜİȚȠȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘȢȉȠȝȑĮȢȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ
ȉȝȒȝĮǻȘȝȠĲȚțȒȢǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȀĮĲİȪșȣȞıȘǻȚįĮțĲȚțȒĲȦȞȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞǼʌȚ
ıĲȘȝȫȞȝİİȚįȓțİȣıȘıĲȘȞǻȚįĮțĲȚțȒĲȘȢǿıĲȠȡȓĮȢ
x ǹȣįȒǹȋĮĲȗȘȖİȦȡȖȓȠȣȂĭȠȣȡȜȓȖțĮǼīĮȕȡȚȘȜȓįȠȣǿǺİȡȠʌȠȣȜȓįȠȣȇ
©ǼȟİȡİȣȞȫȞĲĮȢĲȘȞȚıĲȠȡȓĮİȞȩȢȤİȚȡȩȖȡĮĳȠȣĬİĮĲȡȚțȩİȡȖĮıĲȒȡȚȠıĲȠ
ȝȠȣıİȓȠȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȠȪʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪªıĲȠȂʌȠȪȞȚĮțĮȚıȣȞǾȉİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮıĲȘȞȊ
ʌȘȡİıȓĮĲȘȢȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚțȒȢȀȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȚȐȢǻȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘ-ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ-ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
İțįȀĮȜİȚįȠıțȩʌȚȠǹșȒȞĮıİȜ-280.
x īțĮȗȒǹ ǹʌȩĲȚȢ ȝȠȪıİȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠǾȚıĲȠȡȓĮİȞȩȢșİıȝȠȪįȚĮȝȑıȠȣ
ĲȦȞĮȚȫȞȦȞǹȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȓĮțĮȚȉȑȤȞİȢ-45.
x īțȩĲıȘȢȈĲ ©ǹȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȠțĮȚİȡȝȘȞİȓĮĮʌȩĲȚȢșİȦȡȘĲȚțȑȢĮȞĮȗȘĲȒıİȚȢ
ıĲȘȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒțĮȚİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒʌȡȐȟȘªıĲĮ ȆȡĮțĲȚțȐĲȠȣȠȣȆİȡȚĳİȡİȚĮțȠȪ
ȈİȝȚȞĮȡȓȠȣ
ȂȠȣıİȓȠ-ȈȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȊȆǼȆĬȊȆȆȅǻȚİșȞȑȢȈȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠȂȠȣıİȓ
ȦȞ,&20- İȜȜȘȞȚțȩĲȝȒȝĮǻȘȝȠĲȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠȀĮȕȐȜĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
x īȜȣțȠĳȡȪįȘ- ȁİȠȞĲıȓȞȘǹșµǾȀĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮĲȠȣīȠȪıĲȠȣțĮȚȘǹȚıșȘĲȚțȒ
ǹȖȦȖȒ¶ıĲȠīȚȫȡȖȠȢȀȩțțȚȞȠȢțĮȚǼȣȖİȞȓĮǹȜİȟȐțȘǼʌȚȝ
x īȜȪĲıȘǼǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣǹȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘīȆȚțȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ-ȉıȠȜȐțȘǻ
ȅȚǻȚĮıĲȐıİȚȢĲȦȞȆȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȫȞĭĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȦȞȉȩȝȠȢī¶µȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩȢțĮȚ
ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ¶ȆȐĲȡĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǹȞȠȚțĲȩȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠȀİĳțĮȚ
x ǻȐȜțȠȢī ȈȤȠȜİȓȠțĮȚȂȠȣıİȓȠǹșȒȞĮȀĮıĲĮȞȚȫĲȘȢ
87
x ǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣǼ©ǹȡȤȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚțĮȚĲİȤȞȚțȑȢȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ

ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞıĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮªıĲȠ ȅȚįȚĮıĲȐıİȚȢĲȦȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȫȞĳĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ĲȩȝȠȢīȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩȢțĮȚǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǹȞȠȚțĲȩȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠȆȐĲȡĮ
x ǿȦĮȞȞȓįȘȢĬ ǼʌȚȝ8PEHUWR(FRȆȠȜȚĲȚıĲȚțȐȀȠȚĲȐıȝĮĲĮǹșȒȞĮȆĮȡĮĲȘ
ȡȘĲȒȢ ĬȩįȦȡȠȢǿȦĮȞȞȓįȘȢ
x ȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ- ȋȡȩȞȘī ȂȠȣıİȓȠ-ȈȤȠȜİȓȠǹȞĲȚțȡȚıĲȑȢʌȩȡĲİȢıĲȘȖȞȫıȘ
ǹșȒȞĮȆĮĲȐțȘ
x ȀĮțȠȪȡȠȣ-ȋȡȩȞȘīȂȠȣıİȓȠ-ȈȤȠȜİȓȠĮȞĲȚțȡȚıĲȑȢʌȩȡĲİȢıĲȘȖȞȫıȘ
İțįȆĮĲȐțȘǹșȒȞĮ
x ȀȩțțȚȞȠȢī ǹȜİȟȐțȘǼİʌȚȝǻȚİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢıĲȘ
ȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒĮȖȦȖȒǹșȒȞĮ
x ȀȩțțȠĲĮȢȆ-ȆȜĮțȓĲıȘȀ ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȚțȩıȘȝİȓȦȝĮȈĲȠȀȩțțȠĲĮȢȆ-
ȆȜĮțȓĲıȘȀİʌȚȝȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıĲȚȢĭȣıȚțȑȢǼʌȚıĲȒ
ȝİȢǹșȒȞĮȆĮĲȐțȘȢ
x ȀȩțțȠĲĮȢȆ-ȆȒȜȚȠȣȡĮȢȆ©ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠȦȢȤȫȡȠȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıĲȚȢ
ĭȣıȚțȑȢǼʌȚıĲȒȝİȢȈȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢĲȐıİȚȢțĮȚʌȡȠȠʌĲȚțȑȢªıĲȠȀȩțțȠĲĮȢȆ-
ȆȜĮțȓĲıȘȀ>ǼʌȚȝȑȜİȚĮ@ȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıĲȚȢĭȣıȚțȑȢ
ǼʌȚıĲȒȝİȢĬİȦȡȓĮțĮȚȆȡȐȟȘǼțįȆĮĲȐțȘǹșȒȞĮ
x ȀȠȜȚȩʌȠȣȜȠȢǻ ©ǼʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮțĮȚȝȘĲȣʌȚțȑȢȝȠȡĳȑȢİț
ʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıĲȚȢĭȣıȚțȑȢǼʌȚıĲȒȝİȢǾ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘĲȘȢıȤȑıȘȢİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ
ȂȠȣıİȓȦȞțĮȚıȤȠȜİȓȠȣıĲȚȢİȜȜȘȞȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢªıĲȠȀȩțțȠĲĮȢȆ-ȆȜĮțȓĲıȘȀ
>ǼʌȚȝȑȜİȚĮ@ȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıĲȚȢĭȣıȚțȑȢǼʌȚıĲȒȝİȢĬİ
ȦȡȓĮțĮȚȆȡȐȟȘǼțįȩıİȚȢȆĮĲȐțȘǹșȒȞĮ
x ȀȠȣȕȑȜȘǹ ǾıȤȑıȘĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȝİĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠĬİȦȡȘĲȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖ
ȖȚıȘȑȡİȣȞĮıĲȘȞǹșȒȞĮțĮȚıĲȘȞǿțĮȡȓĮÂİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮǹșȒȞĮ
ǼȀȀǼ
x ȀȣȡȚĮȗȒ1 +ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒǲȡİȣȞĮǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ
x ȁȣįȐțȘ ǹ ȆȠȚȠĲȚțȑȢȂȑșȠįȠȚĲȘȢȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢǹșȒȞĮȀĮıĲĮ
ȞȚȫĲȘȢ
88
x ȂĮȡțĮȞĲȫȞȘȢ, ©ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠĲȠȣȝȑȜȜȠȞĲȠȢªıĲȠǹȞȐĲȣʌȠ

ĮʌȩĲĮȆȡĮțĲȚțȐĲȘȢǹ
ıȣȞȐȞĲȘıȘȢȜĮȠȖȡĮĳȚțȫȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞĲȦȞȤȦȡȫȞĲȘȢǼȣȡȦ
ʌĮȧțȒȢȀȠȚȞȩĲȘĲĮȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮȁĮȠȖȡĮĳȚțȒȢȂȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
x ȂȩțĮǺ ©ȈȤȠȜİȓȠ ȂȠȣıİȓȠª- ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒįȚĮĲȡȚȕȒǼǹȆȆȐĲȡĮ
x ȂȠȪȜȚȠȣȂ ǹʌȩĲȘȞȚıĲȠȡȓĮĲȘȢĮȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢıĲȘȞĮȞȐȖȞȦ
ıȘȝȠȣıİȚĮțȫȞİțșȑıİȦȞǹȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȉȑȤȞİȢ-58.
x ȂȠȪȜȚȠȣȂ©ȂȠȣıİȓĮȆİįȓĮȖȚĮĲȘȞțĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘĲȠȣțȩıȝȠȣªȉİĲȡȐįȚĮȂȠȣ
ıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢĲİȪȤȠȢıİȜ-17
x ȃȐțȠȣǼ ȂȠȣıİȓĮǼȝİȓȢĲĮȆȡȐȖȝĮĲĮțĮȚȠȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩȢǹșȒȞĮ
x ȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣȃµǾȅȡȖȐȞȦıȘĲȘȢǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȒȢȆȠȜȚĲȚțȒȢİȞȩȢȂȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚ
ȠȇȩȜȠȢĲȘȢȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ¶, ȐȡșȡȠĮʌȩĲȠȆȡȫĲȠǻȚİșȞȑȢȈȣȞȑįȡȚȠ
ȂȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢȂȠȣıİȓȠǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮțĮȚȃȑİȢȉİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓİȢȂȣĲȚȜȒȞȘȂĮǸ
Ƞȣ- ǿȠȣȞȓȠȣȂȣĲȚȜȒȞȘ
x ȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣȃ©ȅȡȩȜȠȢĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢıĲĮıȪȖȤȡȠȞĮȝȠȣ
ıİȓĮªȉİĲȡȐįȚĮȂȠȣıİȚȜȠȖȓĮȢ-25.
x ȃȚțȠȞȐȞȠȣȃȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒǹʌȩĲȘșİȦȡȓĮıĲȘȞʌȡȐȟȘİțį
ȆĮĲȐțȘȢǹșȒȞĮ
x ȅȚțȠȞȩȝȠȣȂȂȠȣıİȓȠǹʌȠșȒțȘȒǽȦȞĲĮȞȩȢȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢȂȠȣıİȚȠ
ȜȠȖȚțȠȓʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȓțĮȚȗȘĲȒȝĮĲĮİțįȀȡȚĲȚțȒǹșȒȞĮ
x ȆĮıȤĮȜȓįȘȢīȡµǹʌȩĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȣʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪıĲȠȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ¶,
ıĲȠȂĮĲȠȪȜĮȈțĮȜĲıȐǼʌȚȝǾȂȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮıĲȠȞȠǹȚȫȞĮșİȦȡȓĮțĮȚ
ʌȡȐȟȘĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘǼȞĲİȣțĲȒȡȚȠı
x ȆİĲȡȠȣȜȐțȘȢȃǺ ȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȓıĲȩȤȠȚȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮ
ǹșȒȞĮīȡȘȖȩȡȘ
x ȇȩȝʌȚȞıȠȞȀİȞ, ȅȚĲȑȤȞİȢıĲĮȈȤȠȜİȓĮǹșȒȞĮȀĮıĲĮȞȚȫĲȘ
x ȈțĮȜĲıȐȂ īȚĮĲȘȂȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮțĮȚĲȠȞȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ
ǼțįȩıİȚȢǼȞĲİȣțĲȒȡȚȠıİȜ-128.
x ȉȗȚĮĳȑȡȘȈȉȠȈȪȖȤȡȠȞȠȂȠȣıİȓȠıĲȘȞǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȠ
ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮĲȦȞǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞȆȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞǹșȒȞĮǹĳȠȓȀȣȡȚĮțȓįȘ
89
x ȋĮĲȗȘȞȚțȠȜȐȠȣȉ©ȂȠȣıİȚĮțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıĲȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮǿıĲȠȡȚțȒĮ

ȞĮįȡȠȝȒªıĲȠǺȑȝȘȂʌȃȐțȠȣǼİʌȚȝȑȜİȚĮȂȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘİțį
ȞȒıȠȢǹșȒȞĮ
x ȋȠȡĲĮȡȑĮǼ ©ǿıĲȠȡȚțȒİȟȑȜȚȟȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
ȝȠȣıİȓȦȞıĲȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮțĮȚıĲȠİȟȦĲİȡȚțȩªıĲȠȀȩțțȚȞȠȢī-ǹȜİȟȐțȘǼȣİʌȚȝȑ
ȜİȚĮǻȚİʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢıĲȘȝȠȣıİȚĮțȒĮȖȦȖȒ ǼțįȩıİȚȢȂİĲĮȓȤȝȚȠ
țĮȚȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠǹȚȖĮȓȠȣǹșȒȞĮ
x ȋȡȣıĮĳȓįȘȢȀǺȚȦȝĮĲȚțȒ– ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȒǻȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮǾǼȚıĮȖȦ
ȖȒĲȘȢȂİșȩįȠȣ3URMHFWıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ*XWHQEHUJǹșȒȞĮ
x ȋȡȣıȠȣȜȐțȘȈĲ (ǼȡȝȘȞİȪȠȞĲĮȢĲȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȆȡĮțĲȚțȐĲȘȢȘȝİȡȓįĮȢ
©ȆĮȚįİȓĮțĮȚǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮĲȠȣȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠȣȆȠȜȚĲȚ
ıȝȠȪªȋĮȜțȓįĮ-14.
x ȋȡȣıȠȣȜȐțȘȈĲ©ȂȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚȝȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮıĲȘıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘǼȜȜȐįĮª
ıĲȠȈțĮȜĲıȐȂİʌȚȝǾȂȠȣıİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮıĲȠȞȠĮȚȫȞĮ-șİȦȡȓĮțĮȚʌȡȐȟȘ
ȆȡĮțĲȚțȐįȚİșȞȠȪȢıȣȝʌȠıȓȠȣ-ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ-ȃȠİȝȕȡȓȠȣİțįǼȞĲİȣ
țĲȘȡȓȠȣĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ
x ȌĮȡȡȐțȘ-ȂʌİȜİıȚȫĲȘȃ©ȈȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ
ıĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠªıĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠ-ȈȤȠȜİȓȠȠȆİȡȚĳİȡİȚĮțȩȈİȝȚȞȐȡȚȠȀĮȕȐȜĮ-21-
ȈİʌĲİȝȕȡȓȠȣȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠȆĮȚįİȓĮȢ ĬȡȘıțİȣȝȐĲȦȞȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠȆȠȜȚĲȚ
ıȝȠȪǻȚİșȞȑȢȈȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠȂȠȣıİȓȦȞ,&20– ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩȉȝȒȝĮǻȘȝȠĲȚțȩȂȠȣ
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x Buffet Francoise, ³ȆȡȠȢȝȚĮȀȠȚȞȦȞȚȠįȚįĮțĲȚțȒȆȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȘȢıȤȑıȘȢȝİĲĮȟȪ
ȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ´ıĲȠǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣǹȓȖȜȘ İʌȚȝȂȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚȈȤȠȜİȓĮ
ǻȚȐȜȠȖȠȢțĮȚȈȣȞİȡȖĮıȓİȢǹȞĮʌĮȡĮıĲȐıİȚȢțĮȚȆȡĮțĲȚțȑȢǹșȒȞĮȉȣʌȦșȒ
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x ǹįĮȝȓįȘȢī ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮıİȜĮȠȖȡĮĳȚțȐȝȠȣıİȓĮȘıȘȝĮıȓĮ
ĲȠȣȢıĲȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞǻȚĮșȑıȚȝȠıĲȠ
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x ǿȦıȘĳȓįȘȢĬ©ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒıĲȘȞĮȞȐȜȣıȘįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞªȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠǹȚ
ȖĮȓȠȣȂȣĲȚȜȒȞȘ
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http://www.iatronet.gr/article.asp?art_id=6054&pr=1
x ȆĮʌĮȞȚțȠȜȠʌȠȪȜȠȣĬȋĮȜțȚȐȀ©ǱĲȣʌİȢȝȠȡĳȑȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮȚ
ĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȒĲȠȣȢıĲȘįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮıĲȠȚȤİȓȦȞĮıĲȡȠȞȠȝȓĮȢǾʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘĲȠȣȃȑȠȣ
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ȝȐĲȦȞĲȠȣǹȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘȢȉĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮȝȚĮȢȑ
ȡİȣȞĮȢȝİİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢMuseologyĲıİȜ-ǻȚĮșȑıȚȝȠıĲȠ:
http://museology.ct.aegean.gr/articles/201110417244.pdf. ǹȞĮțĲȒșȘțİıĲȚȢ-
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x ȈțĮȞįȐȜȘȂ ©ȆȡĮțĲȚțȑȢİĳĮȡȝȠȖȑȢĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢİțʌĮȓ
įİȣıȘȢıĲȠįȘȝȠĲȚțȩıȤȠȜİȓȠªȆȡĮțĲȚțȐĲȠȣǼȜȜȘȞȚțȠȪǿȞıĲȚĲȠȪĲȠȣǼĳĮȡȝȠ
ıȝȑȞȘȢȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢțĮȚǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢǼȁȁǿǼȆǼȀȠȈȣȞȑįȡȚȠȝİșȑȝĮ
©ȂĮșĮȓȞȦʌȫȢȞĮȝĮșĮȓȞȦª-ȂĮǸȠȣįȚĮșȑıȚȝȠıĲȠ
http://www.elliepek.gr/documents/5o_synedrio_eisigiseis/Skandali.pdf/.
ǹȞĮțĲȒșȘțİıĲȚȢ-01-2016.
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ıȣȞȠȤȒȢǻȚĮșȑıȚȝȠıĲȠ
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ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮ ǹ : ǾȐʌȠȥȘĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ
ǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ-ȠǻȘȝȠĲȚțȩȈȤȠȜİȓȠȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ
ȉȠȤȡȠȞȚțȩȝȚĮȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǾįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮ
ĲȠȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢȈĲ¶țĮȚǼĲȐȟȘȢȝİĲȓĲȜȠ
ȅȚǹȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢĲȠȣțĮȚĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣȢȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲȚȢȈȣȜȜȠȖȑȢĲȠȣǼșȞȚțȠȪ
ǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ȈȤȠȜȚțȩȑĲȠȢ-16
ȃȚțȠȜȑĲĲĮǽȣȖȠȪȡȘǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȢȂǻǼ
ǼʌȚȝİȜȒĲȡȚĮȈȣȜȜȠȖȫȞțĮȚǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞȆȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞĲȠȣǼǿȂ
ȅįȚİȣșȣȞĲȒȢĲȠȣȠȣǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣțȪȡȚȠȢǻȘȝȒĲȡȚȠȢȂʌȠȣ
ȡĮȞĲȐȢİʌȚıțȑĳĲȘțİĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȞȝȒȞĮȃȠȑȝȕȡȚȠİʌȚșȣȝȫȞĲĮȢ
ĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝĮȢıĲȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘ
ĲȑȢĲȘȢȈĲ¶țĮȚǼǯĲȐȟȘȢĲȠȣǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪıĲȠȤȫȡȠĲȠȣǼșȞȚțȠȪǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ȂĮȢİȞȘȝȑȡȦıİȩĲȚĲȩıȠȠșİȦȡȘĲȚțȩȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȩıȠȘİĳĮȡ
ȝȠȖȒțĮȚȘĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞıȣȝʌİȡĮıȝȐĲȦȞĲȠȣșĮĮʌȠĲİȜȑıİȚĮȞĲȚțİȓȝİȞȠȝİȜȑĲȘȢ
ĲȘȢ įȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ĲȠȣ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ȂİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȩ ȉȝȒȝĮ ǻȚȠȓțȘıȘȢ ȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȚ
țȫȞȅȝȐįȦȞıĲȠǹȞȠȚȤĲȩȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚȠ
ǾİȣțĮȚȡȓĮʌȠȣȝĮȢįȚȞȩĲĮȞȖȚĮıĲİȞȒıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİȑȞĮȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȜİȚĲȠȣȡ
ȖȩıĲȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȝȚĮȢįȡȐıȘȢțĮȚıĲȘȞʌȚȜȠĲȚțȒİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒĲȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȑȖȚȞİ
ĮʌȠįİțĲȒĮʌȩİȝȐȢȝİȝİȖȐȜȘȤĮȡȐĮĳȠȪȝȑȤȡȚĲȩĲİİȓȤĮȝİıȣȤȞȐȖȓȞİȚıȣȞİʌȓțȠȣ
ȡȠȚĲȑĲȠȚȦȞʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȚȫȞĮȜȜȐʌȠĲȑıȣȞĮȣĲȠȣȡȖȠȓ
ǼʌȚıĲȡĮĲİȪȠȞĲĮȢİʌȠȝȑȞȦȢĲȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢțĮȚĲȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȝĮȢıĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩĲȦȞ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ ĮĳȠȪ ȜȐȕĮȝİ ȣʌȩȥȘ ĲȘ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ĲȦȞ
ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ șĮ ıȣȝȝİĲİȓȤĮȞ ȦȢ ıȣȞįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȓ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȦȢ ĮțȡȠĮĲȑȢ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠ
ȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢʌȡȠĲİȓȞĮȝİȦȢʌȜȑȠȞİȜțȣıĲȚțȩțĮȚȖȚĮĲȚȢįȪȠĲȐȟİȚȢĲȠșȑȝĮĲȦȞǾȡȫ
ȦȞĲȠȣǹȖȫȞĮĲȘȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢǹȞİȟĮȡĲȘıȓĮȢȖȞȫȡȚȝȠțĮȚıĲȠȣȢȝȚțȡȩĲİȡȠȣȢȘȜȚțȚĮ
țȐȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ǾȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȝİĲȘȗȦȒțĮȚĲȘįȡȐıȘĲȦȞǹȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩĲĮ
țİȚȝȒȜȚĮ ʌȠȣ İțĲȓșİȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ǼșȞȚțȩ ǿıĲȠȡȚțȩ ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİĲİ ĲȘ ıĲȠȤȠșİıȓĮ
ĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢțĮȚĲȘȞĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘĲȦȞĲȡȚȫȞıĲĮįȓȦȞʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮȢĲȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
95
x ȉȠıĲȐįȚȠĲȘȢʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮȢĲȘȢıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘ
x ȉȘȢİĳĮȡȝȠȖȒȢĲȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
x ȉȘȢĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢțĮȚĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȒȢĲȘȢıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘ
ǾıĲȠȤȠșİıȓĮĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ
ȈĲȘıĲȠȤȠșİıȓĮĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢİȞĲȐȟĮȝİĮʌȩĲȘȞʌȡȫĲȘıĲȚȖȝȒĲȘȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮ
ĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞțĮȚĲȘȞİȟȠȚțİȓȦıȒĲȠȣȢȝİĲȠȞȤȫȡȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȫıĲİȞĮȝʌȠȡȑıȠȣȞ
ȞĮʌȡȠıĮȞĮĲȠȜȚıĲȠȪȞıİĮȣĲȩțĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȘȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȫȢĲȠȣȢİʌȚȜȑȖȠȞĲĮȢĲȚȢ
įȚțȑȢĲȠȣȢıĲȐıİȚȢȝʌȡȠıĲȐĮʌȩĲĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮ
ȉȘȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮĲȠȣȢȝİĲĮİʌȚȜİȖȝȑȞĮİțșȑȝĮĲĮȫıĲİȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞȝȚĮįȚĮ
ȜİțĲȚțȒıȤȑıȘȝİĮȣĲȐȞĮĲĮʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮĮȞĲȜȒıȠȣȞĮʌȩĮȣĲȐțȓȞȘĲȡĮȖȚĮ
ȑȡİȣȞĮȖȪȡȦĮʌȩĲȘȗȦȒĲȦȞǹȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞțĮȚĲȘȞǼʌȠȤȒĲȠȣȢ
ǼʌȩȝİȞȠȢıĲȩȤȠȢȒĲĮȞȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȞʌȠȚȩȢȒĲĮȞȠȡȩȜȠȢĲȦȞǹȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞıĲȠȞ
ǹȖȫȞĮ ĲȘȢ ǼșȞȚțȒȢ ǹȞİȟĮȡĲȘıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȗȦȞĲĮȞȑȥȠȣȞ ȝİ ĲȘ ĳĮȞĲĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣȢ ĲȠȞ
ĲȡȩʌȠȝİĲȠȞȠʌȠȓȠʌȠȜİȝȠȪıĮȞțĮȚȓıȦȢțĮȚȝȚĮȝȐȤȘıĲȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȑȜĮȕĮȞȝȑȡȠȢ
ȀĮȚĮțȠȜȠȪșȦȢȞĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȠȣȞȞĮʌİȡȚȖȡȐȥȠȣȞıĲȠȚȤİȓĮĮʌȩĲȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ
ĲȘĲȐ ĲȠȣȢ ȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȐ ʌȠȣ ĳȦĲȓȗȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ ȤĮȡĮțĲȒȡĮ ĲȘ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ĲȠȞ ıȣ
ȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȩĲȠȣȢțȩıȝȠ
ǲȞĮȢİʌȓıȘȢʌȡȦĲĮȡȤȚțȩȢıĲȩȤȠȢʌȠȣįȚȑĲȡİȤİȩȜȘĲȘįȡȐıȘȒĲĮȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ȞĮ ȕȚȫıȠȣȞ ĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȦȢ ȤȫȡȠ ʌȠȣ įȓȞİȚ țȓȞȘĲȡȠ ȖȚĮ ȖȞȫıȘ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȥȣȤĮȖȦȖȓĮ
țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜȑıİȚ Ș İʌĮĳȒ ĲȠȣȢ ȝİ ĮȣĲȩ ȝȚĮ İȣȤȐȡȚıĲȘ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ ʌȠȣ șĮ șİȜȒıȠȣȞ
ıĲȠȝȑȜȜȠȞȞĮĲȘȟĮȞĮȗȒıȠȣȞ
Ǿ ȠȝĮįȚțȒ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ țȡȓșȘțİ ĮʌĮȡĮȓĲȘĲȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ȝȠȓȡĮıȝĮ ĲȦȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ıțȑȥİȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ ǲĲıȚ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ȤȦȡȓıĲȘțĮȞ ıİ ĲȑııİȡȚȢ
ȠȝȐįİȢȀȐșİȠȝȐįĮĮȞȑȜĮȕİțĮȚĲȘȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘİȞȩȢǹȖȦȞȚıĲȒțĮȚĲȦȞțİȚȝȘ
ȜȓȦȞĲȠȣıĲȚȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢȠȝȐįİȢ.
ȈȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ- ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ
ȀĮĲȐĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝĮȢȠțȪȡȚȠȢȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȢİʌȚıțȑĳĲȘțİĮȡțİ
ĲȑȢĳȠȡȑȢĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠǾʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȓĮĮȣĲȫȞĲȦȞıȣȞĮȞĲȒıİȦȞȒĲĮȞʌȐȞĲĮįȚțȒĲȠȣ
ĮĳȠȪȠȤȡȩȞȠȢʌȠȣȝȠȚȡĮȗȩĲĮȞȝİĲĮȟȪıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚȝȠȣıİȓȠȣȒĲĮȞʌȐȞĲĮįȚĮșȑıȚȝȠȢ
ıĲȠĲȑȜȠȢĲȘȢİȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢȝȑȡĮȢǼțĲȚȝȫȞĲĮȢ ĲȘĳȚȜȩĲȚȝȘʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣ
ĲȚțȠȪțĮȚĮʌȩĲȘįȚțȒȝĮȢʌȜİȣȡȐĳȡȠȞĲȓȗĮȝİțȐʌȠȚİȢĳȠȡȑȢĮțȩȝȘțĮȚĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȝİȓȞİȚ ȜȓȖȠ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ĮȞȠȚȤĲȩ țĮȚ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣĲȩ ĲȠ ȜȩȖȠ șİȡȝȐ șȑȜȦ ȞĮ İȣȤĮȡȚ
96
ıĲȒıȦĲȠȣȢĳȪȜĮțİȢĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣʌȠȣȝİĲȘȞİȣȖȑȞİȚĮʌȠȣĲȠȣȢįȚĮțȡȓȞİȚıȣȞȑįȡĮ
ȝĮȞįȚĮțȡȚĲȚțȐĮȜȜȐȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȐıİĮȣĲȒȞĲȘȞʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ
ȀĮĲȐ ĲȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĲȦȞ ıȣȞĮȞĲȒıİȫȞ ȝĮȢ ıȤİįȚȐıĲȘțİ Ș ʌȡȠĮȞĮĳİȡȩȝİȞȘ ıĲȠȤȠ
șİıȓĮ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ıȣȗȒĲȘıȘ ĲȦȞ įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȫȞ ıĲȩȤȦȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠ
ĲȐııȠȞĲĮȚțĮȝȚȐĳȠȡȐĮʌȩĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıİıȤȑıȘȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠĮȜȜȐțĮȚĲȘȢĮȝĳȓ
įȡȠȝȘȢĮȞĮĲȡȠĳȠįȠĲȚțȒȢıȤȑıȘȢĲȠȣȢǹʌȩĲȘȞʌȜİȣȡȐĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣįȚĮĲȑșȘțİĮʌȩ
ĲȘȞʌȡȫĲȘıĲȚȖȝȒıĲȠȞțȪȡȚȠȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȩȜȠĲȠȥȘĳȚȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠĳȦĲȠȖȡĮĳȚțȩȣȜȚ
țȩĮʌȩĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚĮțĮȚĲĮʌȠȡĲȡĮȓĲĮĲȦȞǹȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞĲȠȣ¶ȝİĲȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢĮʌȠ
ĳȐıȚıĮȞȞĮĮıȤȠȜȘșȠȪȞȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚțĮĲȩȥİȚȢıȤİįȚĮȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚ
ĳȦĲȠȖȡĮĳȓİȢĲȦȞǹȚșȠȣıȫȞĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȩʌȠȣșĮȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȞİʌȚȜİțĲȚțȐȠȚıĲȐıİȚȢ
ĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȫıĲİȝİĮȣĲȩĲȠȞĲȡȩʌȠȞĮİʌȚĲİȣȤșİȓȘİȟȠȚțİȓȦıȘțĮȚȠʌȡȠıĮȞĮĲȠ
ȜȚıȝȩȢĲȠȣȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȚĮțȩȤȫȡȠ
ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠʌȐİȚȈȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȂȑıĮ ıĲĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ĲȘȢ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣ- ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ İȞĲȐȟĮȝİ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İʌȓ
ıțİȥȘĲȘįȚțȒȝȠȣȂĮȡĲȓȠȣıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȫıĲİĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐȞĮȑȤȠȣȞȝȚĮȟİȤȦȡȚ
ıĲȒȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȝİĲȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚȞĮįȠȣȞȩĲȚțȐʌȠȚİȢĳȠȡȑȢȝʌȠ
ȡİȓțĮȚĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠȞĮʌȐİȚıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠİȞȚıȤȪȠȞĲĮȢȝȚĮĮȝĳȓįȡȠȝȘıȤȑıȘĮȝȠȚȕĮȓĮȢ
İȝʌȚıĲȠıȪȞȘȢțĮȚıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝİİʌȓțİȞĲȡȠʌȐȞĲĮĲȠȞȝĮșȘĲȒ-İʌȚıțȑʌĲȘ
ȂȚțȡȐ įȦȡȐțȚĮ ȩʌȦȢ FG¶Ȣ ȝİ ȥȘĳȚĮțȐ ʌȐȗȜ ȗȦȖȡĮĳȚțȫȞ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȫȞ ıȣȞșȑıİȦȞ
ĲȠȣ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȝİ ʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮ ʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȘĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ įȩșȘțĮȞ ıİ țȐșİ ʌĮȚįȓ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ
ȖȡĮĳȚțȒȪȜȘĲİĲȡȐįȚĮıȘȝİȚȫıİȦȞĮʌȩĲȠʌȦȜȘĲȒȡȚȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣıİțȐșİȠȝȐįĮ
ȦȢȝȚĮȝȚțȡȒĳȚȜȚțȒʌĮȡȩĲȡȣȞıȘıĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩĲȘȢįȡȐıȘȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚȝȓĮĮțȩȝȘșİ
ĲȚțȒĮȞȐȝȞȘıȘʌȠȣșĮİȞȓıȤȣİĮȣĲȒȞĲȘȞʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ
ȂȑıĮıİįȪȠįȚįĮțĲȚțȑȢȫȡİȢȑȖȚȞİıĲȘȈĲǯ ĲȐȟȘȝȚĮıȪȞĲȠȝȘʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĲȘȢ
ȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢĲȠȣǼǿȂțĮȚĲȦȞțİȚȝȘȜȓȦȞĲȦȞǾȡȫȦȞĲȠȣ¶ʌȠȣȕȡȓıțȠȞĲĮȚıĲȘȞȂȩ
ȞȚȝȘǲțșİıȒĲȠȣ
ǹțȠȜȠȪșȦȢʌȡȠȕȜȒșȘțİȘȥȘĳȚĮțȒʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘȝİșȑȝĮ©ǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣ
ıİȓȠǹȞĮțĮȜȪʌĲȦʌĮȓȗȦȝĮșĮȓȞȦª ʌȠȣȝĮȢȑįȦıİĲȘȞĮĳȠȡȝȒȞĮıȣȗȘĲȒıȠȣȝİȝİ
ĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢȖȚĮĲȠȞȚįȚĮȓĲİȡȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩȡȩȜȠʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮȝȑıĮıİȝȚĮ
țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ʌȫȢ țĲȓȗȠȣȝİ ȝȑıĮ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȝȚĮ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ įȡȐıȘ
ĬȑıĮȝİıĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐĲȠȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȩʌȫȢșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮȖȓȞİȚȝİİȣȤȐȡȚıĲȠțĮȚ
97
ʌĮȚȖȞȚȫįȘ ĲȡȩʌȠ Ș ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ ĲȦȞ țİȚȝȘȜȓȦȞ ĲȦȞ ĮȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȚıĲȠȡȓĮȢ
ĲȠȣȢȫıĲİȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȚȠİȜțȣıĲȚțȒȖȚĮĲȠȣȢıȣȝȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȠȣȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚȖȚĮĲȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢ
ǹʌȩ ĮȣĲȒ ĲȘȞ ĮȡțİĲȐ İʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȒ ıȣȞȐȞĲȘıȒ ȝĮȢ ȝİ ĲȠ ȤȫȡȠ ĲȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
șİĲȚțȐ İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞȦ ĲȘȞ İȣȖİȞȚțȒ ȣʌȠįȠȤȒ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ȑȖȚȞİ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢ
ĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ 16
ǼȣȤȐȡȚıĲȘȑțʌȜȘȟȘȖȚĮȝȑȞĮȒĲĮȞĲȠșİȡȝȩİȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȦȞȝĮșȘĲȫȞȖȚĮĲȠșȑȝĮ
İʌȚȜȠȖȒȢĲȠȣȢĮĳȠȪȝİȕȠȝȕȐȡįȚıĮȞıĲȘȞțȣȡȚȠȜİȟȓĮȝİİȡȦĲȒıİȚȢ-ĮʌȠȡȓİȢʌȠȣĲȠȣȢ
İȓȤĮȞȖİȞȞȘșİȓțĮĲȐĲȘȞįȚĮįȚțĲȣĮțȒȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣİȓȤĮȞțȐȞİȚȖȚĮĲȘȗȦȒĲȦȞǹȖȦȞȚ
ıĲȫȞĲȠȣǯ
ȅıʌȩȡȠȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢİȓȤİȒįȘʌȑıİȚțĮȚȠțĮȡʌȩȢȝȚĮȢʌȠȜȣıȣȜȜİțĲȚțȒȢȖȞȦıĲȚ
țȒȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢȑįȚȞİ ȞȑĮĳĲİȡȐıĲȠȣȢȝȚțȡȠȪȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȑȢʌȠȣȝȑıĮĮʌȩıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
țĮȚıȣȗȒĲȘıȘİȓȤĮȞĲȘįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȞĮİʌȚȜȑȟȠȣȞĲȓșĮțȡĮĲȒıȠȣȞțĮȚĲȓșĮĮĳȒıȠȣȞ
țĮĲȐ ĲȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ ĲȘȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒȢ įȡȐıȘȢ ʌȠȣ ȖȚȞȩĲĮȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ įİȪĲİȡȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ
ĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ǾİʌȓıțİȥȘıĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠȂĮșȘĲȑȢİȞįȡȐıİȚ«
ȅȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȓȘıĮȞĲȘįȡȐıȘĲȠȣȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıĲȚȢǹʌȡȚȜȓȠȣǹȞȐ
ȠȝȐįĮʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞțȐșİǹȖȦȞȚıĲȒȝʌȡȠıĲȐĮʌȩĲĮțİȚȝȒȜȚȐĲȠȣǲȞĮĳȣȜȜȐįȚȠ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȠȣİȓȤİįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓȝİĲȚȢİȚțȩȞİȢĲȦȞțİȚȝȘȜȓȦȞʌĮȡȩĲȡȣȞİ ĲȠȣȢıȣȝȝİ
ĲȑȤȠȞĲİȢ ıĲȘ įȡȐıȘ ȞĮ İȞĲȠʌȓıȠȣȞ ĲĮ țİȚȝȒȜȚĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫıȠȣȞ ĲȘ ȜİȗȐȞĲĮ
ĲȠȣȢǾįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȘȢįȡȐıȘȢįİȞȟİʌȑȡĮıİȤȡȠȞȚțȐĲȘȫȡĮțĮȚĲĮ
ǵĲĮȞȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫșȘțİȘįȡȐıȘıĲȠȤȫȡȠĲȘȢȂȩȞȚȝȘȢǲțșİıȘȢĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ıȣ
ȖțİȞĲȡȦșȒțĮȝİıĲȘȞǹȓșȠȣıĮĲȘȢȆĮȜĮȚȐȢǺȠȣȜȒȢȩʌȠȣȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢİȓȤĮȞțȐʌȠȚİȢ
ıĲȚȖȝȑȢ ȟİțȠȪȡĮıȘȢ ȗȦȖȡĮĳȓȗȠȞĲĮȢ țĮȚ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȞĲĮȢ ȜȪıİȚȢ ĮȚȞȚȖȝȐĲȦȞ ıĲȠ
ĳȣȜȜȐįȚȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȖȪȡȦ Įʌȩ ĲĮ țİȚȝȒȜȚĮ ȈĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ıȣȗȘĲȒıĮȝİ ȝİ ĲĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ĲȚȢ
İȞĲȣʌȫıİȚȢĲȠȣȢĮʌȩĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĮȜȜȐțĮȚĲȠʌȫȢĲȠȣȢĳȐȞȘțİıȣȞȠȜȚțȐȘİȝʌİȚȡȓĮ
ĲȠȣȢĮʌȩĲȠȞıȤİįȚĮıȝȩĲȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
ȈȣȞȠįİȪȠȞĲĮȢĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢțĮș¶ȩȜȘĲȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȘȢıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠʌĮ
ȡĮĲȒȡȘıĮ ȩĲȚ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ țİȚȝȒȜȚĮ ĲĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞ ȜİʌĲȠȝİ
16 . ȉȠ Ƞ ǻȘȝ ȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ʌȚȠ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞĮ ıİ ȣʌȠįȠȝȑȢ ıȤȠȜİȓĮ ĲȘȢ ī¶ ǻȞıȘȢ
ǹșȝȚĮȢǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢǾİʌȓıțİȥȒȝȠȣıİĮȣĲȩȝİȖȑȝȚıİțȠȣȡȐȖȚȠİȜʌȓįĮțĮȚĮȚıȚȠįȠȟȓĮĮĳȠȪĮȞĮ
ȖȞȫȡȚıĮ ĲȘ ĳȡȠȞĲȓįĮ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȞȠȚȐıĲȘțĮȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȞȩȢ ĲȑĲȠȚȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ țĮȚ
İȣȤȒșȘțĮĮʌȜȐțĮȚĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮĲȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩĲȠȣȞĮĲȠțȠıȝİȓʌȐȞĲĮİʌȐȟȚĮȝİĲĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȢıĲĮʌĮȚįȚȐ
ĲȠıİȕĮıȝȩțĮȚĲȘȞĮȖȐʌȘȖȚĮĲȠıȣȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠĲȠȞʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩțĮȚĲȘȖȞȫıȘȦȢȝȑıȠĮȣĲȠȖȞȦıȓĮȢțĮȚ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢʌȡȠıĳȠȡȐȢ
98
ȡȫȢıİıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩȝİĲȘȞĮĳȒȖȘıȘıĲȠȚȤİȓȦȞĮʌȩĲȘȗȦȒĲȦȞǹȖȦȞȚıĲȫȞʌȡȚȞțĮȚ
ȝİĲȐ ĲȘȞ ǼʌĮȞȐıĲĮıȘȉȠ İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȩ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ĲȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ țĮȜȜȚİȡȖȒ
șȘțİ ıĲȠ ıĲȐįȚȠ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ȠʌȠȓȠȣ ȣʌȒȡȟĮ ĮȣĲȩʌĲȘȢ țĮȚ ĮȣĲȒțȠȠȢ
ȝȐȡĲȣȡĮȢ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȞ İʌȚıțİȥȒ ȝȠȣ ıĲȠ ȈȤȠȜİȓȠ įȚĮĲȘȡȒșȘțİ ĮȝİȓȦĲȠ țĮȚ țĮĲȐ ĲȘ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮĲȘȢİʌȓıțİȥȒȢĲȠȣȢıĲȠȂȠȣıİȓȠțĮȚȝȐȜȚıĲĮĮȞĮĲȡȠĳȠįȠĲȒșȘțİĮʌȩİȡȦ
ĲȒȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ĲȑșȘțĮȞ ȝİ ĮĳȠȡȝȒ ĲĮ țİȚȝȒȜȚĮ ĲȠȣ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ȀȐʌȠȚĮ Įʌȩ ĮȣĲȐ ĮʌĮȞĲȒșȘțĮȞ țĮȚ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȑįȦıĮȞ ĮĳȠȡȝȒ ıĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ʌȠȣ ĲȠ
İʌȚșȣȝȠȪıĮȞȖȚĮȞȑĮȑȡİȣȞĮıİĮȞȪʌȠʌĲȠȤȡȩȞȠ
ȈĲȚȢ ǹʌȡȚȜȓȠȣ ȤĮȚȡȑĲȘıĮ ȑȞĮȞ ȑȞĮȞ İȣȖİȞȑıĲĮĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȚıĲİȪȦ
ȩĲȚȑĳȣȖĮȞĮʌȩĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠȝİĲȘȞȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘȩĲȚȒĲĮȞʌȜȑȠȞȑ
ȞĮȢȠȚțİȓȠȢȤȫȡȠȢȖȚĮĮȣĲȠȪȢȠȠʌȠȓȠȢİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȓȘıİĲȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢİȝʌȜȠȪĲȚıİĲȠıȣ
ȞĮȓıșȘȝȐĲȠȣȢʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȞĲȐȢĲȠȣȢĲȘȤĮȡȐĲȘȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȢțĮȚĲȘȢĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘȢ
ǾĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȘȢįȡȐıȘȢıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘĮʌȩĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢ
ȉȠ İȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠ ʌȠȣ Ƞ țȪȡȚȠȢ ǻ ȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȢ ȑįȦıİ ıĲȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ıĲȠȣȢ
ȝĮșȘĲȑȢʌȠȣıȤİįȓĮıĮȞİțĲȑȜİıĮȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮʌȜȐʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıĮȞĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
ȩʌȦȢȠȚȝĮșȘĲȑȢĲȘȢǼ¶ĲȐȟȘȢȝĮȢȑįȦıİĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮĮʌȩĲȘȞșİĲȚțȒİȞĲȪʌȦıȘ
ʌȠȣĮʌȠțȩȝȚıĮȞıĲȠıȪȞȠȜȩĲȠȣȢĲĮʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡĮʌĮȚįȚȐĮʌȩĮȣĲȒȞĲȘįȡȐıȘİʌĮ
țȩȜȠȣșȠĲȘȢȠʌȠȓĮȢȒĲĮȞʌȚıĲİȪȦțĮȚĲȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȩĲȚĲĮʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡĮİʌȚıȒȝĮȞĮȞĲȘȞ
ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠİĲȠȚȝĮıȓĮȢ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıțȑȥİȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ
ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒȢĲȠȣȢıİİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ
ǹȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘĲȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ–ȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ǹȟȚȠȜȠȖȫȞĲĮȢĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĮȣĲȒșĮİıĲȚȐıȦıĲĮĲȡȓĮıĲȐįȚĮİȟȑȜȚȟȒȢĲȘȢȉȠ
ʌȡȫĲȠįȚİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȩʌȡȠțĮĲĮȡțĲȚțȩıĲȐįȚȠȒĲĮȞȩĲĮȞȠțȪȡȚȠȢȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȢȗȒĲȘıİ
ĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚıȣȗȘĲȒıĮȝİĲȘȕȐıȘʌȐȞȦıĲȘȞȠʌȠȓĮșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪ
ıİĮȣĲȒȞĮİʌȚĲİȣȤșİȓ
Ǽįȫ ȠĳİȓȜȦ ȞĮ ʌȦ ȩĲȚ ĮȞ țĮȚ Ș ʌȡȦĲȠȕȠȣȜȓĮ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȩĲĮıȘȢ ĮȞȒțİ ĳȣıȚțȐ ıĲȠȞ
ĮȟȚȩȜȠȖȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩțĮȚĳȓȜȠʌȜȑȠȞțȪȡȚȠǻȘȝȒĲȡȚȠȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȘĮȞĲĮʌȩțȡȚıȘ
ĲȠȣ ȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ ȣʌȒȡȟİ ȐȝİıȘ ĮĳȠȪ șİȫȡȘıİ ȩĲȚ Ș ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ ĮȣĲȒ ȐȞȠȚȖİ įȡȩȝȠ
ıĲȘȞ ȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ʌȠȣ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȩȡȡȠȚĮ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ- ȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣʌȐȞȦıİțȠȚȞȠȪȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȢıĲȩȤȠȣȢ
99
ǼʌȓıȘȢĲȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȩĲȚȠțȪȡȚȠȢȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȢİȓȤİİȞȘȝİȡȦșİȓȖȚĮĲȚȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢ
įȡȐıİȚȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚİȓȤİİʌȚȜȑȟİȚĲȠǼǿȂțĮȚĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĲȠȣȢȝȠȣıİȚȠ
ʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪȢĲȠȣȖȚĮĲȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȝȚĮȢʌȚȜȠĲȚțȒȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒȢįȡȐıȘȢĲȘȞȠʌȠȓĮ
șĮ ĲİțȝȘȡȓȦȞİ İʌĮȡțȫȢ ıĲȘ įȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȒ ĲȠȣ ȒĲĮȞ ȖȚĮ İȝȐȢ ȝȚĮ İȖȖȪȘıȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
țĮȜȒʌȡȩșİıȘĮȣĲȒȢĲȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȠȣİʌȡȩțİȚĲȠȞĮȖİȞȞȘșİȓ
ǹʌȩĲȘįȚțȒȝĮȢʌȜİȣȡȐĲȠțȓȞȘĲȡȠȒĲĮȞȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮİȞȩȢȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȠȣİț
ʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢʌȠȣșĮʌȡȠȑȕĮȜİȝȚĮĮʌȩĲȚȢȕĮıȚțȑȢșİȝĮĲȚțȑȢĲȠȣǼǿȂ
țĮȚșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİİȪțȠȜĮȞĮʌȡȠĲĮșİȓĮȜȜȐțĮȚȞĮİȟİȜȚȤșİȓȦȢįȡȐıȘțĮȚĮʌȩȐȜȜĮ
ıȤȠȜİȓĮ
ǲĲıȚȟİțȓȞȘıİȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢȈĲȠįİȪĲİȡȠıĲȐįȚȠĲȘȢĮȞȐʌĲȣ
ȟȘȢțĮȚİțĲȑȜİıȘȢĲȦȞıĲȩȤȦȞĲȠȣțĮȚĲȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪȖȪȡȦĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȚĲİȣȟȒ
ĲȠȣȢ Ș ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝĮȢ İȟİȜȓȤșȘțİ șİĲȚțȐ ȣʌȩ ĲȠ ȐȖȡȣʌȞȠ ȕȜȑȝȝĮ ĲȦȞ ȝĮșȘĲȫȞ
ʌȠȣ țȐʌȠȚȠȣȢ ıĲȩȤȠȣȢ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȡȩĲĮȟĮȞ țĮȚ țȐʌȠȚȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȩȤȚ ȝȠȡĳȠʌȠȚȫȞĲĮȢ ĲȘ
įȡȐıȘĮĳȠȪİȓįĮȝİıĲȘȞʌȡȐȟȘĲȓȝʌȠȡȠȪıİțĮȚĲȓįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮİʌȚĲİȣȤșİȓĮʌȩ
ĲȠȣȢȝĮșȘĲȑȢǼʌȓıȘȢıİĮȣĲȩĲȠıĲȐįȚȠĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȫȩĲȚȝİİʌȚĲȣȤȓĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȠʌȠȚȒ
șȘțĮȞıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠĮȜȜȐțĮȚıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȠȚİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢĲȦȞįȪȠĳȠȡȑȦȞ
ȈĲȠĲȡȓĲȠıĲȐįȚȠĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢĲȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĮĳȠȪİȓȤİȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦșİȓȘİĳĮȡ
ȝȠȖȒĲȠȣʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢıȣȗȘĲȒșȘțİȠȕĮșȝȩȢİʌȓĲİȣȟȘȢĲȦȞıĲȩȤȦȞĲȠȣȠȚįȣȞĮ
ĲȩĲȘĲİȢȕİȜĲȓȦıȒȢĲȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚȘİȝʌİȚȡȓĮʌȠȣĮʌȠțȠȝȓıĮȝİĮȝĳȩĲİȡȠȚĮʌȩĮȣĲȒȞ
ȂİșİĲȚțȑȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚĮȚıșȒȝĮĲĮĮʌȩĮȣĲȒĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮİȣȤȘșȒțĮȝİțĮȚȠȚįȪȠ
ȞĮ ıȣȞİȤȚıĲİȓ ȖȚĮ ʌȠȜȜȐ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ Ș İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȒ įȡȐıȘ ʌȠȣ ıȤİįȚȐıĮȝİ
ȖȚĮĲȠǼǿȂȞĮİȓȞĮȚȘĮȡȤȒȖȚĮʌȠȜȜȑȢȐȜȜİȢĮțȩȝȘʌȠȣșĮȝĮȢĮĳȒıȠȣȞĲȠȝȩȞȚȝȠ
țȑȡįȠȢ ȝȚĮȢ İȚȜȚțȡȚȞȠȪȢ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıĲȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ȝİ ĮȡȝȠȞȚțȐ
İȝʌȜİțȩȝİȞȠȣȢĲȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣĲȠȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩțĮȚĳȣıȚțȐĲȠȣȢȝĮ
șȘĲȑȢ
100
ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮǺ : ǲȡİȣȞĮ ȖȚĮĲȘıȤȑıȘıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚȝȠȣ

ıİȓȠȣ
ǼȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ³ ȅȚ ĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢ

ĲȠȣ țĮȚ ĲĮ țİȚȝȒȜȚȐ ĲȠȣȢ´ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘĲȑȢ ĲȠȣ Ƞȣ ǻȘȝ ȈȤ ȆİȡȚıĲİȡȓȠȣ.
ǾȑȡİȣȞĮĮĳȠȡȐıĲȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȠȣıȤİįȚȐıĲȘțİĮʌȩĲȘȞțǽȣȖȠȪȡȘ
ȃȚțȠȜȑĲĮȂȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩĲȠȣǼșȞȚțȠȪǿıĲȠȡȚțȠȪȂȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚĲȠȞȝİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮ
țȩĳȠȚĲȘĲȒțĮȚİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩțȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐǻȘȝȒĲȡȘ
101
ǼȇȍȉǾȂǹȉȅȁȅīǿȅȂǹĬǾȉȍȃ
ȉȐȟȘ Ȉȉ¶ Ǽ’1
ĭȪȜȠ ǹȖȩȡȚ ȀȠȡȓĲıȚ
1. ǲȤİȚȢİʌȚıțİĳĲİȓȐȜȜĮȝȠȣıİȓĮıĲȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
ĮȃĮȚ ȕǵȤȚ
2. ȉȚȢʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡİȢĳȠȡȑȢʌȠȣİʌȚıțȑĳșȘțİȢțȐʌȠȚȠȝȠȣıİȓȠĲȠȑțĮȞİȢ
ȝİĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȝİĲȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣ
ȝİȐȜȜȠȣȢıȣȖȖİȞİȓȢ ȝİĳȓȜȠȣȢȝȩȞȠȢ-ȘıȠȣ
3. ȆȩıȠȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȢ-ȘİȓıĮȚĮʌȩĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢıȠȣıİȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ȆȠȜȪ ȂȑĲȡȚĮ ȁȓȖȠ ȀĮșȩȜȠȣ
4. ȀĮĲȐĲȘȖȞȫȝȘıȠȣȠȚİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢıİȝȠȣıİȓĮİȓȞĮȚ
ȤĮȝȑȞȠȢȤȡȩȞȠȢ ȕĮȡİĲȑȢ İȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢțĮȚȤȡȒıȚȝİȢ
5. ȉȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢȩĲȚșĮȑțĮȞİĲȚȢİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢıȠȣıİȝȠȣıİȓĮʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠİȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢ
ǾįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȞĮĮȖȖȓȗİȚȢĮȞĲȓȖȡĮĳĮĲȦȞİțșİȝȐĲȦȞ
ǾĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘĲȦȞıȪȖȤȡȠȞȦȞĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞȝȑıȦȞĮʌȩĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ
ʌȤȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȑȢʌȠȜȣȝȑıĮĲȡȚıįȚȐıĲĮĲİȢĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıĲȐıİȚȢțĮ
ǾȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞĮʌȩĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮ;
ǵȜĮĲĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
ȉȓʌȠĲĮĮʌȩĲĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
6. ȅȚįȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢțĮȚȠȚȖȞȫıİȚȢʌȠȣʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠİȓȞĮȚ
ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠİȣȤȐȡȚ ȉȠȓįȚȠ İȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢ ȜȚȖȩĲİȡȠ İȣȤȐȡȚıĲİȢ
ıĲİȢĮʌȩĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ȝİĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ĮʌȩĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
7. ȉĮİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮĲȦȞȝȠȣıİȓȦȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȣȞįȑȠȞĲĮȚȝİĲĮȝĮșȒ
ȝĮĲĮĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ȈȣȝĳȦȞȫ ȂȐȜȜȠȞ ȂȐȜȜȠȞ ǻȚĮĳȦȞȫ
ĮʌȩȜȣĲĮ ıȣȝĳȦȞȫ įȚĮĳȦȞȫ ĮʌȩȜȣĲĮ
102
8. ȀĮĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȒıȠȣıİțȐʌȠȚȠȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȞȒșȦȢ
ȀȚȞİȓıĮȚİȜİȪșİȡĮıĲȠ ȆĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓȢȝȓĮ ȈȣȝȝİĲȑȤİȚȢİȞİȡȖȐ
ȤȫȡȠ ȟİȞȐȖȘıȘ ıİțȐʌȠȚĮįȡĮıĲȘ
ȡȚȩĲȘĲĮ
9. ȆȡȚȞĮʌȩȝȚĮİʌȓıțİȥȘıİȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȗȘĲȐĲİȝİĲȠįȐıțĮȜȠȒĲȘįĮıțȐȜĮ
ıĮȢıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘȖȚĮĲȠĲȚʌȡȩțİȚĲĮȚȞĮįİȓĲİ
ȆȐȞĲĮ ȂİȡȚțȑȢĳȠȡȑȢ ȆȠĲȑ
10. ȂİĲȐĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȒıĮȢıİȑȞĮȝȠȣıİȓȠıȣȗȘĲȐĲİȝİĲȠįȐıțĮȜȠȒĲȘįĮ
ıțȐȜĮıĮȢıĲȘȞĲȐȟȘȖȚĮĮȣĲȐ ʌȠȣİȓįĮĲİ
ȆȐȞĲĮ ȂİȡȚțȑȢĳȠȡȑȢ ȆȠĲȑ
11. ȆȩıȠȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȢ-ȘİȓıĮȚĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȒıȠȣıĲȠǼǿȂ
ȆȠȜȪ ȂȑĲȡȚĮ ȁȓȖȠ ȀĮșȩȜȠȣ
12. ȆȠȚȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıİȢ
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. ǲȤİȚȢȟĮȞĮıȣȝȝİĲȐıȤİȚıİİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ
ĮȃĮȚ ȕǵȤȚ
14. ȉȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮİȓȤİıȤȑıȘȝİĲĮȝĮșȒȝĮĲĮĲȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ĮȃĮȚ ȕǵȤȚ
15. ĬĮİȡȤȩıȠȣȞȟĮȞȐıĲȠǼșȞȚțȩǿıĲȠȡȚțȩȂȠȣıİȓȠ
ĮȃĮȚ ȕǵȤȚ
16. ĬĮʌȡȩĲİȚȞİȢıİȑȞĮȖȞȦıĲȩıȠȣȞĮİʌȚıțİĳĲİȓĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠ
ĮȃĮȚ ȕǵȤȚ
17. ȉȚțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠȑȝĮșİȢĮʌȩĲȠʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮıĲȠȠʌȠȓȠȑȜĮȕİȢȝȑȡȠȢ
……………………….……………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
103
18. ȉȚıȠȣȐȡİıİʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠīȚĮĲȓ
……………………….……………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19. ȉȚįİȞıȠȣȐȡİıİ īȚĮĲȓ
……………………….……………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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ǼȣȤĮȡȚıĲȫʌȠȜȪȖȚĮĲȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȂʌȠȣȡĮȞĲȐȢǻȘȝȒĲȡȘȢ
104
ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮī : ĭȪȜȜȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮǻ : ǻȚȐĳȠȡİȢĭȦĲȠȖȡĮĳȓİȢ
113
114

Το Σχολειο Σε Διάλογο Με Το Μουσείο - Μπουραντας

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Το Σχολειο Σε Διάλογο Με Το Μουσείο - Μπουραντας

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ǼȁȁǾȃǿȀȅǹȃȅǿȀȉȅȆǹȃǼȆǿȈȉǾȂǿȅ

ȅȞȠȝĮĲİʌȫȞȣȝȠ ȅȞȠȝĮĲİʌȫȞȣȝȠ ȅȞȠȝĮĲİʌȫȞȣȝȠ

ȁȑȟİȚȢțȜİȚįȚȐ: ȂȠȣıİȓȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȐĲȣʌȘ- ĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘșİȦȡȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ

‘The school in the dialogue with the museum - study of the

Full Name of Full Name of Full Name of

1.2.1. ȆĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐȂȠȣıİȓĮ ......................................................................21

1.2.3. ȂİĲĮȝȠȞĲȑȡȞĮȂȠȣıİȓĮ ....................................................................24

2.3. ȅıțȠʌȩȢțĮȚȠıĲȩȤȠȢĲȘȢȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ ................................30

2.4. ǾȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒțĮȚȠȚįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ .............................31

2.5. ȅȡȩȜȠȢĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȠȪ ..........................................................31

2.6. Ǿ ȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒ ıĲȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ ĲȦȞ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ

3.2. ȂȘĲȣʌȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ..........................................................................40

3.3. ǱĲȣʌȘİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ .................................................................................41

3.4. ǻȚĮĳȠȡȑȢĲȣʌȚțȫȞȝȘĲȣʌȚțȫȞțĮȚȐĲȣʌȦȞȝȠȡĳȫȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ........43

3.5. ǾʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĲȘȢıȤȑıȘȢȝȠȣıİȓȠȣțĮȚıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ................................43

3.5.2 ǾįȚĮıȪȞįİıȘțĮȚĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ– ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ .................46

4.3. ǺĮıȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȠȪİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ..................50

4.5. ȉĮİȓįȘĲȦȞİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ..........................................53

4.6. Ǿ İʌȚĲȣȤȓĮ İȞȩȢ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ıĲȠ ȝȠȣıİȓȠ ȝİ ĲȘ

5.2. ȈțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ– ȉĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȐİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ ................................59

5.3. ȅȚİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚ- İʌȚȜȠȖȒĲȘȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȢȝİșȩįȠȣ ...............60

7.2. ȈȣȞȠʌĲȚțȒ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ ĲȘȢ įȠȝȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ ĲȠȣ

7.3. ȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ țĮȚ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ

7.3.1 ȆȡȚȞĮʌȩĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ ......................................................................73

7.3.2. ȀĮĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ ............................................................................74

7.3.3. ȂİĲȐĲȘȞİʌȓıțİȥȘ ............................................................................77

ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠȠȈȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ-ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ- ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ ..........................80

8.2. ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ– ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ............................................................................84

ȈĲȠȞȠ ĮȚȫȞĮĲĮȝȠȣıİȓĮĳȚȜȠȟȑȞȘıĮȞĲȠȣȢʌȠȜȓĲİȢțĮȚ ĲȠİȣȡȪțȠȚȞȩǼȓȤĮȞȦȢ

ȣȜȚțȩĲȠȣ ȑȡȖĮĲȑȤȞȘȢİȡȖĮıĲȒȡȚĮȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮĲĮțĮ ʌȜȠȪıȚİȢĮȚıșȘĲȚțȑȢțĮȚʌȠ

ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ ȗȦȞĲĮȞȐ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ țĮȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȞĮ İʌĮȞĮ

ǾĲİȜİȣĲĮȓĮȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮĲȠȣȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȅʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȩȢȡȩ

ȉĮ ȝȠȣıİȓĮ ȣʌȒȡȟĮȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ țĮȚ İȟȣʌȘȡȑĲȘıȘȢ.

ȞĲİȜİȓĲĮȚ. ǼʌȓıȘȢįȓȞİĲĮȚȚįȚĮȓĲİȡȘıȘȝĮıȓĮıĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȠıȪȞșİıȘĲȦȞĮĲȩȝȦȞįȓȞȠȞĲĮȢ

ĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮĲȠȣİʌȚıțȑʌĲȘ ĲȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ (ȩıȠȞĮĳȠȡȐıĲȚȢįȚĮʌȡȠıȦ

ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 3Ƞ Ǿ ıȤȑıȘĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠȈȤȠȜİȓȠ

Ȃİ ĲȠȞ ȩȡȠ ȐĲȣʌȘ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ İȞȞȠȠȪȝİ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠĲİ įȚįĮțĲȚțȒ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲĮ

ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒ ĮȞĮȕȐșȝȚıȘ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠıĳİȡȩȝİȞȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ȑȡȖȠȣ ʌȡȠȐȖȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ıȣȜ

3.5.2 ǾįȚĮıȪȞįİıȘțĮȚĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȝȠȣıİȓȠȣ– ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ

ȈĲȚȢįȚĮʌȚıĲȫıİȚȢ ʌȠȣʌȡȠȘȖȒșȘțĮȞțĮĲĮȜȣĲȚțȩȡȩȜȠįȚĮįȡĮȝĮĲȓȗİȚ ȘİʌĮĳȒĲȦȞ

4.2. ǾıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪȝİĲȠȞȝȠȣıİȚȠʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȩ

4.6. ǾİʌȚĲȣȤȓĮİȞȩȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ıĲȠȝȠȣıİȓȠȝİ

ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 5Ƞ : ǾȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮȑȡİȣȞĮȢ İțʌȩȞȘıȘȢĲȘȢʌĮ

5.2. ȈțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ– ȉĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȐİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ

5.3. ȅȚİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚ- İʌȚȜȠȖȒĲȘȢİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒȢȝİșȩįȠȣ.

5.4. ǾʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘțĮȚĲĮİȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚĮȦȢȝȑșȠįȠȚ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒȢ

ȦȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ Ǿ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȓıȦȢ Ș ©ĮʌȜȠȪıĲİȡȘª ȝȑșȠįȠȢ

ī ǵȥİȚȢĲȘȢțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȢȗȦȒȢĲȦȞǼȜȜȒȞȦȞ ȠȢ- ȠȢĮȚȫȞĮȢ

ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 7Ƞ : ȉȠİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ: «ȅȚĮȖȦȞȚ

ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 8Ƞ: ȈȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮĲĮ-ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ- ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ

8.2. ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ – ȆȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ

x ǱȜțȘıĲȚȢ  ȂȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚȈȤȠȜİȓĮ ǻİȚȞȩıĮȣȡȠȚțĮȚǹȖȖİȓĮ İțįǼȜȜȘȞȚ

x ǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣǼ  ©ǹȡȤȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚțĮȚĲİȤȞȚțȑȢȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ

x ȂĮȡțĮȞĲȫȞȘȢ,  ©ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠĲȠȣȝȑȜȜȠȞĲȠȢªıĲȠǹȞȐĲȣʌȠ

x ȋĮĲȗȘȞȚțȠȜȐȠȣȉ  ©ȂȠȣıİȚĮțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıĲȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮǿıĲȠȡȚțȒĮ

x ȆĮʌȐȞȘȢǼȣ  ©ȆȠȚĮıȤȠȜİȓĮʌȡȠȐȖȠȣȞĲȘȞȣȖİȓĮªǻȚĮșȑıȚȝȠıĲȠ

ȆĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮǺ : ǲȡİȣȞĮ ȖȚĮĲȘıȤȑıȘıȤȠȜİȓȠȣțĮȚȝȠȣ

ǼȡȦĲȘȝĮĲȠȜȩȖȚȠ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ĲȠȣ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ ³ ȅȚ ĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢ

19. ȉȚįİȞıȠȣȐȡİıİ īȚĮĲȓ

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ȣȜȚțȩĲȠȣȑȡȖĮĲȑȤȞȘȢİȡȖĮıĲȒȡȚĮȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮĲĮțĮʌȜȠȪıȚİȢĮȚıșȘĲȚțȑȢțĮȚʌȠ

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ȀİĳȐȜĮȚȠ 3Ƞ Ǿ ıȤȑıȘĲȠȣȂȠȣıİȓȠȣȝİĲȠȈȤȠȜİȓȠ

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5.2. ȈțȠʌȩȢĲȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ– ȉĮİȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȐİȡȦĲȒȝĮĲĮ

ȦȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ Ǿ ʌĮȡĮĲȒȡȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȓıȦȢ Ș ©ĮʌȜȠȪıĲİȡȘª ȝȑșȠįȠȢ

īǵȥİȚȢĲȘȢțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȢȗȦȒȢĲȦȞǼȜȜȒȞȦȞȠȢ- ȠȢĮȚȫȞĮȢ

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x ǱȜțȘıĲȚȢȂȠȣıİȓĮțĮȚȈȤȠȜİȓĮǻİȚȞȩıĮȣȡȠȚțĮȚǹȖȖİȓĮİțįǼȜȜȘȞȚ

x ǽĮĳİȚȡȐțȠȣǼ©ǹȡȤȑȢȝȑșȠįȠȚțĮȚĲİȤȞȚțȑȢȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢİțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ

x ȂĮȡțĮȞĲȫȞȘȢ, ©ȉȠȂȠȣıİȓȠıĲȠıȤȠȜİȓȠĲȠȣȝȑȜȜȠȞĲȠȢªıĲȠǹȞȐĲȣʌȠ

x ȋĮĲȗȘȞȚțȠȜȐȠȣȉ©ȂȠȣıİȚĮțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıĲȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮǿıĲȠȡȚțȒĮ

x ȆĮʌȐȞȘȢǼȣ©ȆȠȚĮıȤȠȜİȓĮʌȡȠȐȖȠȣȞĲȘȞȣȖİȓĮªǻȚĮșȑıȚȝȠıĲȠ

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