SURVEY NOTES

 Error due to curvature and refraction can be neutralized by setting the level
midway between the two stations.
 Height of instrument method of levelling is quicker and less tedious for large
numbers of intermediate sights.
 The rise and fall method provides a check on the reduction of intermediate
point levels.
 If the staff is not held vertical at a levelling station, the reduced level
calculated from the observation would be less than true R.L.
 The difference between a level line and a horizontal line is that a level line is
a curved line while horizontal line is a straight line.
 The sensitivity of a bubble tube can be increase by increasing the diameter
of the bubble tube.
 With the rise in temperature sensitivity of a bubble tube decreases, because
with rise in temperature the liquid expands and bubble gets smaller.
 Refraction correction partially eliminates the curvature correction.
 As applied to staff readings, the corrections for curvature and refraction are
respectively "-" and "+".
 The correction for refraction as applied to staff reading is +1/7[d^2/(2R)].
 Sensitivity of a bubble tube is designated by radius of level tube.
 A gate cap is fitted with a prismatic compass
 The temporary adjustments of a prismatic compass are Centering, Leveling
and Focusing the prism respectively in order.
 Swinging is the process of turning the telescope about the vertical axis in
horizontal plane.
 Size of a Theodolite is specified by the diameter of the lower plate.
 If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the
Theodolite may be rotated on its inner spindle with a relative motion
between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate.
 A telescope is said to be inverted if its vertical circle is to its right and the
bubble of the telescope is down.
 The cross hairs in the surveying telescope are placed much closer to the
eye-piece than the objective piece.
 For the adjustment of horizontal axis, the spire test is used for its permanent
adjustment.
 The adjustment of horizontal cross hair is required when the instrument is
used for levelling.
 Error due to displacement of the station signal can not be eliminated by
repetition method of angle measurement.
 The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two.
 In the double application of principle of reversion, the apparent error is four
times the true error.
 Error due to line of collimation not being perpendicular to the horizontal line
can be eliminated by taking mean of both face observations.
 If a tripod settles in the interval that elapses between taking a back sight
reading and the following foresight reading, then the elevation of turning
point will increase.
 If altitude bubble is provided both on index frame as well as on telescope of
a theodolite, then the instrument is levelled with reference to altitude level
on the index frame or altitude level on telescope if it is to be used as a level.
 A 'level line' is a line parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of earth.
 Turning point is the station where both back sight and fore-sights are taken
 A rise and fall method provides us check on back-sights, foresight as well as
on intermediate sights.
 In internal focusing type of telescope a concave lens is provided.
1. The tolerance for a 20 m chain is +-5mm.

2. A chain length is measured from outside end of one handle to the outside
of other handle while chain is held straight.

3. Normal tension/pull is the amount of tension which neutralizes the pull

and sag correction.

4. Surveying map prepared by any country are prepared with reference to the
true meridian not magnetic meridian.

5. Prismatic compass has the WCB(Whole Circle bearing system) while

 Surveying compass has a quadrant bearing system.

6. French cross staff can be used to locate the 45 degrees and 90 degrees
offset.

7. Prismatic compass has the circular graduations with zero at South and the
needle attached together so, they do not move along with the box, while in
surveying compass only needle is constant in North-south direction but the
graduation move along with the box.

8. The horizontal angle between magnetic meridian and true meridian at a

place is known as the magnetic declination of that place.

9. The difference between the fore bearing and back bearing of a line AB is
180 degrees.

10. The permissible error in the chain survey for rough and hilly areas is 1 in
250.

1. A level cannot be used for

(a) Profile levelling
(b) Horizontal angle
(c) Vertical Angles
(d) Contouring

Ans : (c)

2. Alidade is used in
(a) Tachoemetry
(b) Plane Tabling
(c) Chaining
(d) Compass Surveying

Ans: (b)
3. Sag correction is
(a) Always positive
(b) Sometimes +ve sometimes -ve
(c) Always negative
(d) 0.

Ans: (c)

4. Principle of Chaining is

Ans: Triangulation

5. Aim/Advantage of working from whole to part is

(a) takes less time
(b) Plotting is easy
(c) Errors are reduced
(d) Need less observations
Ans: (c)

6. What is the main difference between an optical square and prism?

Ans: The angles are adjustable in optical square but they are fixed in prism.

7. A building is
(a) Obstacle for chaining but not for ranging
(b) Obstacle for ranging but not for chaining
(c) Obstacle for both chaining and ranging both.
(d) Not an obstacle to chaining or ranging.

Ans: (c)