A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BODIJA

MARKET, IBADAN, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA.

Olusegun Michael Ogundele

Research Group in Health and the Environment- Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Tel: +2347066249160
Email: ogundelemichael7@gmail.com

Stephanie Ijeoma Ladele

Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies
University of Ibadan
Email: stephanie.ijeoma@yahoo.com
Tel: 08039348833

ABSTRACT

The primary problem confronting environmental sustainability in a rapidly growing urban

market is poor management of solid and municipal waste. Bodija market in Ibadan is the largest
food stuff market in Nigeria. The market serves as haven for thousands of foodstuff sellers and
cattle dealers from across the country and suffered high rate of corresponding increase in the
generation of waste with little availability of waste management facility. Consequently, the
challenges of living in a constantly polluted environment, associated with stench smells and
discomfort resulting from this inadequacy remains a constant experience in Bodija Market. Like
many other urban markets in Ibadan, Bodija market has a chronic management problem of both
liquid and solid waste, hence exposes market women and its metropolis to environmental disaster
and threat to public health. This is evident in foul smells, indiscriminate disposal of refuse on
road sides, poor environmental sanitation and air pollution. The aim of this paper is to provide a
situational analysis of solid waste disposal methods and management in Bodija market. The
paper further examine health hazards and emerging infectious diseases due to vectors carrying
organisms observed to find comfortable breeding zones in the market. The paper portends
improved government efforts towards solid waste management, adequate disposal methods
within the market area, proper and regular sanitation. Public enlightenment/ education of market
women and men, and reinstitution of waste disposal and management policies to enforce
environmental sustainability are further recommended.

Keywords: environmental sustainability, Bodija market, solid waste management, environment

and health.
.
INTRODCUTION

In a growing urban market like Bodija, in Ibadan, solid waste disposal and management has
poses greater environmental disaster and public health hazards on sellers and buyers within the
market and people living in its metropolis. The generation of waste and the collection,
processing, transport and disposal of waste—the process of ‘waste management’—is important
for both the health of the public and environmental reasons. Waste is anything discarded by an
individual, household or organization. As a result; waste is a complex mixture of different
substances, only some of which are intrinsically hazardous to health. The potential health effects
of both waste itself and the consequences of managing it have been the subject of a vast body of
researches. Studies have further reveals health risks associated with different methods of waste
management and areas characterized with poor environmental pollution management.
Indiscriminate waste disposal causes emission of large number of substances and most in small
quantities and some in extremely low amounts. Incidences of low birth weights, occurrence of
various congenital malformations and drain brain volume has been associated with
environmental pollution arising from poor solid waste management methods. Studies of cancer
incidence and mortality in populations around landfill sites or incinerators have been equivocal,
with varying results for different cancer sites were not excluded in recent research works.

Management of solid and liquid waste in Bodija market poses serious and annoying problems;
including widespread of indiscriminate dumping on roadsides forming clogs of streams and
water bodies around the market. With respect to waste management, a direct relationship exists
between a city’s population size and both the percentage of waste removed and rate of household
enjoying regular waste collection. If solid wastes are not managed properly, they can pose many
environmental and human health risks (Brima et al., 2010). For instance, for many market
women and men in Bodija and people living within Bodija metropolis; refuse blocking streams,
gutters and canals causes flooding and breeding spaces for mosquitoes spreading malaria. Illegal
dumping of solid waste on road sides and in open air causes major air pollution which
subsequently results to release of environmental toxins and stench smells; causing respiratory
diseases, and reducing visibility; making environmental health dangerously unstable and
possibly spreading contaminants inhibiting public health.

Consequent upon the volume of activities taking place daily, especially in a leading food stuff
market like Bodija, much refuse is generated. The refuse dumps remain part of the surroundings
of sellers for a long time, decomposing with strong stench, blocking the roads and preventing
ease of movement in and out of the market. This eventually is responsible for land and air
pollution manifesting inform of foul odours produced from sewage and refuse dumped on major
road sides and in open air; making an ugly sight of roads and cities around this urban market. In
the words of Awa and Ajayi, (2013), illegal dumping of refuse on roadside affects air oxygen and
perhaps accounts for one reason why air pollution according to the European Public Health
Alliance (Awa and Ajayi,2013; EPHA, 2009 ) is one of the most common form of pollution
throughout the world. Again, poor refuse and sewage disposal contaminates the well through
dirty flowing water and pollutes the water with which meals are prepared in market restaurants
and the water in-take of individuals. The heaps of dirt further prevent the flow of water into other
wells thus discouraging the digging of additional well and making available water unsafe for
drinking (Awa and Ajayi, 2013).
Indiscriminate disposal of solid and liquid waste and poor management of waste in Bodija
market has contributed greatly to environmental degradation, and threatened health of market
women and men. According to Awa and Ajayi, (2013) lack of adequate management of refuse
dump which has contributed to the increasing pollution of the market environment is still a clog
in the wheel of environmental development in Ibadan. The consequences of which are evident in
stench and offensive smell, dirtiness of the environment and disease infestation. This pollute the
air people breathe and adversely affect their health. Also, the source of water supply which is
mostly wells and bore hole in the market are also polluted with the water that flows in from dirty
gutters and water from animal dung are used to cook foods in the market which most of the
marketers eat in their restaurants. All these can predispose marketers and their wards to water
borne diseases like typhoid, dysentery, diarrhea, cholera and other physical discomforts such as
stench and ugly sights of refuse dump. Insects and rodent vectors are attracted to the waste and
can spread diseases such as cholera, dengue fever, malaria and sleeping sickness.

No doubt, Bodija market being located in the heart of Ibadan- the third populous city after Lagos
and Kano is seriously facing the challenges of uncontrolled waste generation, disposal and
management methods. The market dumpsite is located at the centre of the market with little or no
adequate waste management methods. In fact, marketers at Bodija market enjoys open dumping
of refuse than to use the central market dump site. Most of the waste generated, both liquid and
solid, are discharged nearer to their market stalls. Open dumping on road sides is the most
common form of waste disposal practices by Bodija market women and men. These refuse are
indiscriminately dump on road sides and in open air across major roads surrounding the market.
They are collected by Oyo state Waste Management Agency, (OYWMA). The collection of this
waste are mostly delayed for more than two days before they are been packed away by the waste
workers. Like all markets operative in Ibadan, wastes are been collected once in a week- every
Thursdays- by the OYWMA. This results to all roads in and out of the market being littered with
refuses containing food scraps, used plastics and animal dungs. Hence comfortable breeding
spaces for all sort of vectors became available; threatening the public health of sellers and buyers
within the market and its metropolis. And as such deteriorating environmental quality and
increasing health hazards and exposure of foodstuffs sold in the market to heavy chemicals like
Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Arsenic, Lead, Copper and Mercury.

Despite high rate of waste generation at Bodija market, regular sanitation is very poor. In the
words of Adedeji, (2015); improving environmental sanitation is known to have a significant
beneficial impact on households’ health and across all communities (Adedeji, 2015; Omolara et
al., 2012; Taiwo and Ajayi, 2013). Coupled with the high population growth is the lack of
independent government institutional capacity to formulate and adopt strategies to ensure proper
environmental management in Bodija market. Even private individuals who are managing waste
generation at the market constitute part of the environmental disasters experienced by market
dwellers at Bodija market. Market women and men show reluctant altitude to environmental
sanitation. Therefore both organic and inorganic waste were indiscriminately dump on any
available space in and around the market and its environs, couple with unreliable sanitation
workers and conveyor ‘’mamak lorry’’ for proper disposal of waste ( Adedeji, 2015). As Adedeji
(2015) researches on the attitudinal character of Bodija market women to environmental
sanitation, he reveals that they do not seem to care about good environmental sanitation practices
and constantly littering indiscriminately without considering the future effects of such practices
on health and environment in generality (Adedeji, 2015). His study statistically reveals that
13.4% of market women participate in the weekly Thursdays environmental sanitation; longer
distance of waste bin to shops (49.4%), inadequate checking and monitoring by health officer
and sanitation workers, inconsistency and inefficiency of the private collection agents and lack of
funds on the part of the waste management authority has led to this practice.

STUDY AREA

The study area was Bodija market in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. The market is situated along
secretariat – University of Ibadan Road, within the territory of Ibadan North Local Government,
which is the most populated of the 11 local governments in Ibadan. The market is bordered in the
North by Agbowo and Orogun, in the south by Bodija estate, while in the West and East are
Sango and Bashorun-Ashi respectively. From the viewpoint of proximity, the market is easily
accessible to agricultural producers who come from Saki, Oyo, Ogbomoso and the Northern
parts of Nigeria. According to a research study carried out by Filani (2005); Bodija market
receives cattle dealers from ten northern states in Nigeria. Popular foodstuffs are brought to the
market for sale across all political regions of the country. The location of the market is also
suitable for easy distribution in and out of the city as it is served by varying network of roads.
Also important is its proximity to the University of Ibadan, serving the food needs of its
population of over 20,000 students and staff. The study area is not too distant from the
Polytechnic of Ibadan whose population also depends on the market foodstuffs and other
products. The study population included sellers in Bodija market, men and women, and people
who sell frequently in the market.

WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES IN BODIJA MARKET

Most solid wastes are disposed on the land in open dumps and at road sides. Disposal of solid
and liquid waste on the land without careful planning and management can present a danger to
the environment and the human health. As stated earlier, the ubiquitous piled- up garbage and
open air dumping of refuse in Bodija market contribute significantly to the spreading of vector-
propagated diseases. Currently most of the market roads, drains and surroundings are choked up
with refuse. Where special dumps or public “dustbins” or containers are provided, garbage is
often dumped outside due to lack of capacity, poor collection, and public insensitivity. Open
Dumps and containers allow free access to scavengers, animals, and flies; and often produce
unpleasant and hazardous smells that may cause respiratory illness.

Dumpsites are known for their smelly and unsightly conditions. These conditions are worse in
the summer because of extreme temperatures, which speed up the rate of bacterial action on
biodegradable organic material. Most developing countries, like Swaziland, use such dumpsites
rather than properly managed and environmentally safe landfills. Lack of capital and poor
government policies regarding wastes contributes to such conditions. There is therefore
considerable public concern over the possible effects of dumpsites on the health of people living
nearby, particularly those living where hazardous waste is dumped (Salam, 2010). However,
dumpsites in Bodija market appear smellier and irritating, releasing foul smells to passersby and
other people during raining season. Open dumpsites in the market are moistened due to rainfall
and thereby release unpleasant smells. During raining season, annual rainfalls do reach its peak
with heavy daily rainfall. Across Ibadan municipalities various cases of flood has caused great
damages to properties and many lives have been lost in flood disasters. At every rainfall, the
market is always been flooded and refuse are swept by erosion to major roads and most of the
times causing obstruction for vehicular and human movement. Refuse and garbage piled up at
every shop and road sides are carried back into various households around the market. Erosion
therefore becomes an unavoidable phenomenon in the market area. Market stalls and
surroundings are moistened to form sludge that irritates, especially those who patronizes the
market. It is always irritating taking a walk or visiting Bodija market immediately after a heavy
rainfall.

With respect to poor altitudinal character of market women to environmental sanitation, waste
disposal methods in all ramification is nothing to write home about. Bodija market has a very
large waste generation capacity and turn out large quantifiable amount of waste on a daily basis.
Most of the refuse gathered from shops and stores are been used to litter the surrounding; market
women that sweeps their shops and stores gather the refuse and abandon it very close to the
foodstuffs displayed for sale, some pack it in a paper box and keep it under their counter till the
end of the day business to pour it on an open dump site or by the road sides for waste collectors
to come and pack off. Liquid waste disposal is as poor as solid waste disposal. Liquid wastes are
disposed illegally in open air, increasing the rate of air pollution in Bodija market. Despite the
availability of public toilets across the market, urine is been disposed in open gutters and some
crannies within the market. Human feces, too, are poorly disposed on open dumpsite and in most
cases inside the open gutters that run across the market increasing environmental pollution in the
market that is already over-populated. To further buttress this, a research study by Awa and
Ajayi, (2013) on environmental pollution in Bodija market reveals that the causes of
environmental pollution in Bodija market are illegal dumping of refuse (52.5%), lack of proper
waste management (21.5%), overpopulation (17%), lack of drainage system (7%), while (4%)
inadequate government supervision. It can be deduced that illegal dumping of refuse was the
major cause of environmental pollution in the market. However Awa and Ajayi (2013) concluded
that all of them combined had increased the effect and persistence of environmental pollution in
the market area.
Figure (a): An open drainage in Bodija market Figure (b): Central dumpsite in Bodija
market

WASTE COLLECTION

Poor waste disposal methods goes parri-passu with poor waste collection practices in Bodija
market area. Refuse are seen strewn everywhere in piles, or in small polythene bags and some in
sacks left open to be scattered by animals- majorly cows and goats that roam the market roads at
night. Obviously, waste generation in Bodija market outstrips by far its collection and
transportation. Workers of the Oyo State Waste Management Agency, OYWMA, who are in
charge of waste management in Bodija and the entire Ibadan- the state capital- shows little care
to regular collection of waste generated from the market. This is reflected in their mode of
regular collection of waste from illegal dump sites and roads. In most cases refuse collected are
allowed to pour on road sides and neighborhood when conveying them with their lorries; most of
them carry refuse in lorries that have no covering. In fact, health of the waste collector workers
was observed to be at a greater risk. This is because some of them work without safety wears
such as nose mask, helmet, safety boots, most of them collect waste from open dumpsites and
road sides with bare hands- no hand gloves. Waste workers hang on the body of vehicles/lorries
that convey the refuse and some sits on top of the refuse packed in their Lorries.
Figure (c): A public toilet in Bodjia market Figure (d): One of the pit latrine in the
public toilet

Additionally, waste storage practices at the market area are rather poor, adding to the
insurmountable collection difficulties. Unsorted waste is often stored in old leaky buckets, and
used paper/plastic bags or basket instead of the waste container provided by OYWMA workers.
This is reflections of poor management of waste and irregular waste collection; as the waste
container always stationed by the road sides near the market area is always allowed to filled up
to the brim before being emptied by the waste collectors. Given the large amount of waste
generated from shop- shop, poor waste storage and disposal makes collections a difficult task. To
add to the waste collection problem, there has never been any transfer station, a common
situation to most urban markets in Ibadan, nearer to the market area. Refuse picked up by
collection workers (not provided with safety gears, including gloves, etc.) from communal skips
is moved straight for the city’s disposal sites which are farther away from the market area.
According to Brima et al, (2010); streams of waste, broadly categorized into “controlled” and
“non-controlled”, are characterized by their sources, the types of waste produced, and the
composition and generation rates. Therefore, knowledge of these characteristics is required in
order to design and operate appropriate waste management systems. The single most important
part of waste classification is accuracy because all other waste management requirements
(including monitoring and controlling the existing waste management systems, and making
regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions) hinge on this one assessment. It’s also proper to
determine the volume, density and weight of solid waste produced to estimate the storage
requirements and collection frequencies and devise suitable collection methods.

WASTE CATEGORISATION

Principally, the market area generates greater amounts of both solid and liquid wastes. The
market area is sub-divided into sections ranging from foodstuff sellers- which is the largest-, yam
section, plank sellers’ section, corn miller section, abattoir, saw mill section, building materials
traders, Carpentry section, Traders section, Yam flour, and Beans section. Therefore, streams of
waste generated at the market area can best be classified according to their sources and
compositions from each of the market sections that make up the entire Bodija market. In this
categorization, focus group discussion and key informative interviews was conducted across the
sections in the market. Unfortunately, no studies so far has categorise solid waste generated
from Bodija market area. As a result of this, the actual quantity of waste generated by individual
shops in Bodija market could not be determined. However, the singular important part of waste
classification is accuracy because all other waste management requirements (including
monitoring and controlling the existing waste management systems, and making regulatory,
financial, and institutional decisions) hinge on this one assessment. It’s also proper to determine
the volume, density and weight of solid waste produced to estimate the storage requirements and
collection frequencies and devise suitable collection methods.

Nonetheless, Bodija waste generation can be categorise in this study as observed during an
observation trek round the market area. The wastes generally can be classified into controlled
and uncontrolled waste. This basis is useful because of the rate of generation and composition of
these wastes. Uncontrolled wastes came from saw millers, foodstuff sellers e.t.c that
indiscriminately releases saw dust, wood shavings, wood pieces; nylons, plastics , paper, e.t.c.
waste generation from yam sellers, plank sellers, yam flour sellers was observed to be very low
compared to waste generated from abattoir, carpentry section and Beans section. The table below
provides a typical categorization of waste generated according to sections observed across Bodija
market:

Source of waste Types of waste generated

Foodstuff sellers Spoiled food wastes, papers, plastics, nylons, sludge
water, e.t.c

Yam sellers Nylons, spoiled yam tubers, papers and sands.

Corn millers Nylons, used sacks, maize grains, shop- keeping

waste e.t.c

Plank sellers Wood, nylons, shop- keeping waste e.t.c

 Abattoir Bones, cattle horns, sludge water, blood from
slaughter houses, cow dungs, used sacks, nylons e.t.c

Saw mill Wood, saw dust, and wood shavings.

Carpentry section Wood, glass, nails, wood shavings, cardboard, leather

e.t.c
Traders section Nylon, food waste, papers, textile, cardboard,
ceramics e.t.c
Yam flour section Spoiled yam, nylons, ceramics, steel and
housekeeping waste.
Beans section Beans shaft, spoiled beans grains, nylons, used sacks
e.t.c.

VECTOR SURVIELLANCE AND IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH

Mosquito populations need water to reproduce, and rodents only require dirty crannies and hide
outs to survive. There are increased number of breeding sites for mosquitoes and flies because of
either more pools of water, open drains and poor dumpsites. This can significantly increase the
incidence of mosquito-borne diseases, louse- borne diseases and those related with flies. More
water storage containers increase breeding of the Dengue fever vector Aedes. More water-filled
pit latrines increase breeding of the encephalitis vector Culex mosquitoes.

More groundwater pits, ponds and even footprints increase breeding of the malaria vector,
Anopheles mosquito. While dumpsites, like the one in Bodija market area have severe
populations of flies, lice, mosquitoes, and rodent populations. Houseflies of various species and
cockroaches has turn Bodija open dumpsites to breeding zones; thereby increasing the health
hazards of people around the market area. Stagnant water bodies across the market area, except
from the abattoir section, usually take some time to build up, however gutters and drainages
around the market area serves as havens for ticks, flies and rodents. Poor food storage or disposal
increases the rodent population. Rodents bring fleas and therefore the possibility of diseases.
Flies are attracted to areas with food and wastewater disposal problems especially around
foodstuff sellers.

Common vectors observed in Bodija market area include: mosquitoes, non-biting flies, biting
flies, lice mites, fleas, cockroaches and rodents. Human and animal waste, carrion, and garbage
always form bulk of the waste disposed at Bodija open dumpsites, hence synanthrophic flies:
house fly, blow fly, and flesh fly form most part of vector populations observed in the market
area. In sections like Traders sections, Carpentry, Yam and Yam flour sellers’ areas, most
dominant vectors observed were houseflies of various sizes and species; and cockroaches posing
serious environmental disturbances. Species of the housefly at the market area are more
diversified at the Abattoir and the meat sellers’ area. The open gutters and road dumpsites
practices turned to breeding havens for various species of vector causing organism, hence rich
ecosystem diversity is obtainable at the market area.
CONCLUSION

Waste disposal practices at Bodija market area has been an insurmountable problem of both
sellers and buyers in the market alike. Disposal of waste has been in the hands of private
individuals who out of unemployment and societal frustrations collect waste to dispose from
various shops and stalls in the market. These private individuals without any form of
encouragement or supervision turn waste disposal and collection to a profit making enterprises
and a job for survival. This altitude is the same for OYWMA, a private agent that only collect
waste with the motive of making money. OYWMA lacks adequate waste management
techniques, poor waste collection methods and expose its workers to gross environmental health
hazards. Coupled with monetization of penalties for offenders of poor sanitation character, the
state government, by making private enterprise to take over waste management in urban markets
in Ibadan- which Bodija market belongs to- has collapsed environmental sustainability in Bodija
market. The market society, too, is also generally uncooperative with seemingly little sensitivity
to the garbage around them or any awareness of what represents responsible waste management.

There is also no separation or pretreatment of wastes, polluted effluents and flames released from
burning of refuse at the abattoir dumpsite are great causes of environmental degradation; no
existing environmental monitoring, either voluntarily or by authorities of OYWMA. There are no
reliable estimated quantities of waste generated from the market area. Market women and men
who do businesses at the market don’t sort out their waste before disposing them- a factor
responsible for this is the unavailability of waste categrisation bins and illiteracy of the marketers
over waste disposal methods and its effects on public health.

Generally, frequency of waste collection by the workers of OYWMA is very low and inadequate.
Most of the waste containers that are positioned by the roadsides are always left open and as
such refuse dumped inside them are allowed to litter the surroundings because of the irregularity
of waste collection. Unfortunately, refuse are been disposed, deliberately, on the roadsides and all
around the market floors since there are no enough waste containers. The uncollected waste is
sometimes illegally deposited in open spaces, water bodies, and drainage channels, along the
streets or roadsides causing difficulty in the movement of vehicles and people. The key issues
apparent in the system are highly inadequate equipment; poor, unhygienic operating and
inefficient collection practices with quite variable levels of service; littering, widespread
illegitimate dumping and open burning of garbage at the abattoir section; inefficient or no
environmental control systems; and a public with apparently little or no sensitivity to the garbage
around them or any awareness of what characterizes reliable waste management.

Arising from the above, it is obvious that a sound institution for solid and liquid waste
management is essential. According to Brima et al, (2010); experience in developing countries
indicates that an efficient waste management institute should be autonomous, and has executive
authority to design, monitor and implement sustainable Solid Waste Management strategies; and
given the needs for its multi-sectoral role, such an institution must also possess authority,
visibility, adequate budgets, legislative and policy support, administrative capacity, and a strong
constituency to advocate its plans and their potential implementation (Brima et al, 2010).
Government at all levels must consider the management of waste and environmental health as
part of its social services to the people. Therefore, putting it in the hands of private enterprises
should highly be discouraged. The current waste management authority is faced with series of
shortcomings, part of which are equipment shortage, poor funding, lack of authority and
insensitivity. The OYWMA is struggling with very weak staff capacities at all levels. Lack of
adequate records and information related to the solid waste management costs, lack of internal
controls; lack of institutional and regulatory frameworks for procurement of waste facilities are
in-excusable.

RECONMMENDATION

This report has gone thus far in providing an explanatory outlook on the poor state of
environmental health in Bodija market area and its metropolis. The report is proposing that this
appalling garbage situation needs efficient corrective measures and serious rehabilitation, first on
an emergency basis, followed by development and implementation of long-term sustainable
measures, otherwise it will adversely impact the living conditions of the community people,
market men and women, further endangering their environment and health. Within the
framework of the findings of this study, it becomes necessary to make the following
recommendations, which hopefully will be useful for policy makers in environmental health
issues and those concerned with the prevention of pollution and environmental management in
urban market environment.

Firstly, from sampled opinions gathered from focus group discussions and key informant
interview, especially from individuals managing public toilets across Bodija market area, it was
observed that the government plays little or no role in waste management in the market. The poor
performance of markets under local government council such as Bodija market can be based on
the failure of local government council to provide basic infrastructure and keep the market
environment healthy. This indicates that this third-tier government does not have the capability to
oversee large urban markets. As such, it is suggested that the Oyo state governments with greater
financial, human and technological resources should create fund and maintain key markets,
especially those in the urban areas.

Secondly, government should prioritize free and quality education to all Nigerians, at least to
secondary level. This, if effort is been intensified, will reduce the rate of illiteracy of market
women and men and as such empower all who want to learn a vocation or trade, to understand
the health implications of poor waste disposal and collection methods. It is because of illiteracy
and ignorance, resulting from lack or low educational status, have a major role to play in
aggravating the environmental pollution in Bodija market.

Thirdly, Oyo State Waste Management Agency, OYWMA, must be restructured and strengthened
so that waste collection methods can be adequate and regular. The agency must always be
supervised by the government and be held accountable for environmental management and
pollution prevention. More waste containers must be provided, waste collection lorries must
always be in good conditions and be covered when transporting waste to transfer stations and
landfills.
Fourth, OYWMA and the government must regularly, jointly, organize public sensitization
programs to educate the Bodija community and the market area on sanitation and its immediate
effects on public health. The full participation of the community, its volunteers, Community
Health Workers (CHWs), occupation health workers, waste collectors (to include workers of
OYWMA) and extended health workers in public health cannot not be over emphasized.
Substantial work can be done at community level for the prevention and early detection of
problems and diseases.

Fifth, a new sanitation system and strategies should be put in place to improve the attitude of
market women towards regular sanitation. Constitution of a sanitation committee to include
democratically elected community people, representatives of market men and women,
government representatives, waste collectors to strengthen community structures also provide
the community an organised way to take action toward improving their health and well-being.
Functions of the sanitation committee can include: actively promoting hygiene and sanitation;
Organizing community mobilisation for daily environmental sanitation and proper disposal of
waste; Active involvement in vector control; Establishing rules for appropriate use of waste
containers and dumping of refuse, particularly when OYWMA refuse to work; Setting
enforcement procedures for rules.

Sixth, there should be a separate motor garage for commercial vehicles, lorries and private cars.
Vehicular movement should be ban from entering the market area. This will help to totally
reduce environmental pollution from frequent release of dust and carbon monoxide from the
exhaust of cars and lorries regularly entering the market area.

Seven, an assessment of the Bodija market physical environment should be carried out on a
periodical basis, say annually. This will help to constantly inspect the market environment, status
of sanitation system, efficiency of disposal and collection practices to address repair or
replacement immediately.

Eight, there was only one clinic identified in the whole of Bodija market. Therefore, more health
centres and clinics should be established around the market area.

Finally, open dumping of refuse at the market area should be discouraged. Bodija marketers
should be enlightened on the health hazards caused by dumping of refuse at roadsides. To this
regard, OYWMA must adequately ensure that wastes are collected daily and roadsides are swept
off the litters. Marketers who has their shops closer to the central dumpsite advised on why they
should relocate farther away from a dumpsite

A sound solid waste management system is essential for sustained economic growth, which in
turn can also help generate better revenues and potentially better waste management resources
and services. Unfortunately, a sustainable solid waste management system is beyond the ability
of any private agency alone, as it’s the case of the OYWMA. To meet this need, waste
management must encompass community people, marketers, and other stakeholders as key
participants.

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