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Geochemistry and geothermometry of hot waters from the Obama geothermal field,
between 1984 and 2001

Conference Paper · December 2004

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 GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOTHERMOMETRY OF HOT WATERS FROM THE
OBAMA GEOTHERMAL FIELD, BETWEEN 1984 AND 2001

Hakim SAIBI1, Sachio EHARA2, Yasuhiro FUJIMITSU2 and Jun NISHIJIMA2

1
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. E-mail: saibi-hakim@mine.kyushu-u.ac.jp
2
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

ABSTRACT
Obama geothermal field is the seaside hot springs area located in western part of Unzen volcano (west of
Kyushu Island) and composed of Quarternary-Neogene volcanic formations. Chemical and isotope
geothermometers have been applied to estimate reservoir temperature of the hot waters. The chemical types of the
thermal waters and the effects of mixing of cold water with the thermal end-members are discussed. 22 samples of
hot springs are analyzed for major elements in 1984, 15 drilling wells have been sampled and analyzed for major
elements and isotope in 1984 and 17 samples of hot springs for major elements and isotope in 2001. The measured
surface temperatures of thermal waters in 1984 vary between 51.8 and 99.6 oC and between 79 and 100 oC in 2001,
with total dissolved solids around 8404 mg/l in 1984 and 8196 mg/l in 2001. Those waters are slightly alkaline and
have high dissolved contents. All the thermal waters belong to Na-Cl facies. The Obama geothermal field is a
dynamic system and its coastal location incorporates seawater into the circulating waters. The chloride-enthalpy
diagram gives the chloride composition of the reservoir fluid (6200 mg/kg in 1984 and 3800 mg/kg in 2001). The
silica-carbonate mixing model gives the silica composition of the reservoir fluid (310 mg/kg in 1984 and 400 mg/kg
in 2001) and also shows that the reservoir with a temperature of 190 oC in 1984 and 210 oC in 2001 exists. The
fluid/mineral equilibrium shows that thermal waters are oversaturated at discharge temperature for calcite,
dolomite, pyrite, quartz, albite, anorthite, K-feldspar, illite, kaolinite, Na-smectite minerals giving rise to a
carbonate-rich scale. Halite, fluorite, gypsum, anhydrite, siderite, gibbsite minerals are undersaturated. The Obama
geothermal field is in recovering state with rising in the water temperature and decreasing in the salinity.

INTRODUCTION
One of the major tasks in the exploration of geothermal resources is to estimate subsurface temperature in the
reservoir from the geochemical and isotopic composition of thermal springs. A series of geothermometers have been
developed during the past three decades to estimate subsurface reservoir temperature (Fournier and Truesdell, 1973;
Fournier, 1977; Fournier and Potter, 1979; Fouillac and Michard, 1981; Arnorsson et al., 1983; Giggenbach, 1988;
Kharaka and Mariner, 1989). In this present study different geothermometers and fluid/mineral equilibrium
modeling have been applied to fifty-fourth hot waters at different places in Obama geothermal field (Fig.1). For a
better understanding of the hydrological process in the Obama geothermal area, isotopic study is presented. A
compared study between isotherms of quartz geothermometer and Bouguer gravity anomaly distribution is discussed
in this paper. The aim of this contribution is to determine the hydrogeochemical properties of the thermal waters,
geochemistry of the reservoir fluid and the maximum reservoir temperature by application of chemical and isotope
geothermometers, synthesizing previous data obtained from wells and hot springs.

GEOGRAPHIC SITUATION AND GEOLOGY

Obama geothermal field is located in the western part of
Kyushu Island, southwest Japan and exactly on the
western part of Unzen volcano and fronts of Chijiwa bay.
The Obama spa is noted for its abundance and high
temperature of hot spring water from old days. Discharge
of these springs ranges from 3.4 to 1040 liters per minute
in 1984 and 8 to 450 liters per minute in 2001. Surface
temperatures range from 51.8 to 99.6 oC in 1984, and 79
to 100 oC in 2001. Obama hot spring waters are supposed
to be originated from magmatic emanations derived from
the magma reservoir proposed to be about 10 km depth
beneath the bay. It is composed of Quaternary-Neogene
volcanic formations (Fig.2). Abundant geothermal
manifestations discharged at the surface are aligned along
the faults and lie the junction of the Southwest Japan Arc
and the Ryukyu Arc, where a graben (Beppu-Shimabara
Graben) has been formed by the rifting tectonic
movement associated with the subduction of the Fig.1: Location of sampling points (wells and hot
Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate (Kamata
springs) in the Obama geothermal field.
 and Kodama, 1993). Within and adjacent to the graben, there are many Quaternary volcanoes, including active
volcanoes accompanied by active geothermal fields in the Beppu-Shimabara Graben.
130-12'25.38" 130-12'46.21"

METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 32-43'35.21"

Chemical Characteristics
Two computer codes Solmineq.GW (Ernie P. et al., 1999) and
Aquachem (Calmbach, 1977) were used to evaluate geochemical
properties of hot waters. 22 samples of hot springs have been CHIJIWA bay

sampled and analyzed for major elements in 1984, 15 drilling wells

for major and isotope 2H, 18O (in water) in 1984 (NEDO, 1988)
and 17 samples of hot springs for major elements and 2H, 18O in UZ-4

2001 (Obama Town, 2002). The statistics of chemical analysis are

presented in Table 1 with the in situ temperature and pH
measurements. The dominant cation in the samples is sodium UZ-2
(Fig.3) and the dominant anion is chloride (Fig.4). Therefore all 32-43'19.40"

samples range in composition of Na-Cl (most suitable for

geothermometry). High concentrations of chloride are typical of
the deep geothermal fluid found in the most high temperature
systems, and identify permeable zones within the Obama
geothermal field. In this case sea waters may have mixed with the
Volcanic ash, sand and silt Volcanic breccia and tuff breccia
(Lake type facies) (Tatsuishi facies-Unzen Volcanic Rock)

original chloride fluid. The hardness values of thermal waters in Hornblende rich biotite
(Takadake Volcanic Rock-Unzen Volcanic Rock) Fault

1984 are between 509-2011 mg/l and 911-1075 mg/l in 2001, the Volcanic breccia
(Takadake Volcanic Rock-Unzen Volcanic Rock)
Drilling well

decreasing of hardness may be caused by the effects of carbonate Hornblende andesite and quartz

and silicate dissolution and cation-exchange reactions. The total (Takadake Volcanic Rock-Unzen Volcanic Rock) 0 100
(metres)
200

dissolved solids are around 8485 mg/l in hot waters from wells in Fig.2: Geologic map of Obama
1984, 8404 mg/l in hot springs in 1984 and 8197 mg/l in hot modified from NEDO, 1988.
springs in 2001.

Table1: Statistic analysis of hot waters chemistry (1984 and 2001)

Hot waters (Wells) in 1984 Hot waters (springs) in 1984 Hot waters (springs) in 2001
min max mean min max mean min max mean
T (oC) 64.8 100.2 86.57 51.8 99.6 93.93 79 100 93.59
pH 7.77 8.4 8.14 7.32 8.52 8.12 7.8 8.4 8.19
K mg/l 193 307 271.07 87 283 219.27 238 290 263.35
Na mg/l 1950 3060 2719.3 990 4170 2650 2380 2580 2490.6
Ca mg/l 114 184 155.26 80.5 200.8 149.3 118 156 144
Mg mg/l 117 178 159.6 75 367.1 175.3 140 171 155.17
Cl mg/l 3220 4910 4603.3 1850 7415 4717 4370 4800 4581.7
SO4 mg/l 229 401 359.6 110 750 325.6 294 346 313.9
HCO3 mg/l 125 249 193.4 90 198.5 166.5 123 235 185.06
T.D.S. mg/l 5998 9076 8485 3313 13347 8404 7888 8521 8197
Hardness mg/l 766 1191 1044 509.4 2011 1094 911.4 1075 998.2
Alkalinity mg/l 102.4 204.1 158.5 73.8 162.7 136.5 100.8 192.6 151.7

0 1 0 1

0.2 0.8 0.2 0.8

/l)

SO 4
g
Mg
)
g/ l

3 (m

0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6

(m

(m
mg

O
Ca

g/l
HC
/l)

0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4

0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2

1 0 1 0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Na (mg/l) Cl (mg/l)

Fig.3: Triangular plot of main cations for thermal Fig.4: Triangular plot of main anions for thermal
waters of the Obama geothermal field. waters of the Obama geothermal field.
GEOTHERMOMETRY APPLICATIONS

Several geothermometers were used to calculate reservoir temperature values, i.e. the Na/k, Na/Li, Li/Mg, Na-K-Ca,
Mg-Na-K-Ca, quartz, chalcedony, -cristobalite, 18O (SO4-H2O) and saturation indices (used as geothermometers).
In this paper, we will present only results of quartz geothermometer (maximum steam loss at 100 oC), Na/K
geothermometer (Truesdell, 1976), Na-K-Ca geothermometer and results of fluid/mineral equilibrium modeling
(Reed and Spycher, 1984) (Table 2). The state of equilibrium between water and mineral phases is a function of
temperatures. Therefore saturation indices can be used as geothermometers (Reed and Spycher, 1984; D’Amore and
Mejia, 1998). If the equilibrium lines of a group of minerals converge, this indicates the most likely reservoir
temperature (Tole et al., 1992). The equations of geothermometers are:

- Quartz, maximum steam loss at 100 oC: ToC = [1522 / (5.75 - log SiO2)] – 273 . . . (1)
- Na/K (Truesdell, 1976): ToC = 856 / [log (Na/K) + 0.857] – 273 . . . (2)
- Na-K-Ca: ToC = 1647 / {log (Na / K) + [log (Ca1/2 / Na) + 2.06] + 2.47} – 273, =4/3, if T<100oC, =1/3, if
T>100oC . . . (3)
where SiO2 is silica (mg/l), Na is sodium (mg/l), K is potassium (mg/l) and Ca is calcium (mg/l), T is temperature
(oC).

To construct the fluid/mineral equilibrium graphs, saturation indices were calculated at outlet temperatures to
evaluate the equilibrium states of some hydrothermal minerals at different temperatures. Temperatures between 25-
200 oC for hot waters of 1984 and 22-250 oC for hot waters of 2001 are obtained. This method was applied for
calcite, dolomite, pyrite, quartz, albite, anorthite, K-feldspar, illite, kaolinite, Na-smectite, strontianite, gibbsite,
anhydrite, gypsum, fluorite, halite, siderite and celestite. Strontianite and celestite are used only for hot waters from
wells (1984). The fluid/mineral equilibrium diagrams for all hot waters from the Obama geothermal field gives a
convergence for most minerals at 190 oC (hot springs of 1984) (Fig.5) and at 210 oC (hot waters from wells, 2001)
(Fig.6). Below/above the equilibrium line (saturation indices = 0) at 25~190 oC (hot springs) and 22~210 oC (hot
waters from wells) suggests that the geothermal water is not in equilibrium with most minerals and that there is
some conductive cooling or mixing of a geothermal component with cooler water (sea water in our case). Dolomite
and calcite intersect with other minerals in all cases above the equilibrium line.

UZ-3
14 Calcite

12 Dolomite
Strontianite
10 Siderite

8 Anhydrite
Saturation index

Gypsum
6 Celestite

4 Pyrite
Halite
2 Fluorite
Quartz
0
Albite
-2 Anorthite
K-Feldspar
-4
Gibbsite
-6 Illite
25 100 150 200 Kaolinite
Temperature (degree C.) Na-Smectite

Fig.5: Mineral equilibrium diagram of sample UZ-3 (1984).

12 Sample 1
Calcite
10
Dolomite

8 Siderite
Anhydrite
6 Gypsum
S aturation Index

Pyrite
4
Halite
Fluorite
2
Quartz
0 Albite
Anorthite
-2
K-Feldspar
Gibbsite
-4
Illite
-6 Kaolinite
22 100 150 200 250 Na-Smectite
Temperature (degree C. )

Fig.6: Mineral equilibrium diagram of sample No. 1 (2001).

Table 2: Reservoir fluid temperature results from chemical geothermometry and fluid/mineral equilibrium modeling
of hot waters from the Obama geothermal field (1984 and 2001).

Quartz
Fluid/mineral geothermometer Na/K
o
surface equilibrium ( C), maximum geothermometer Na-K-Ca
temperature saturation steam loss at [Truesdell, geothermometer
o
Samples C index (oC) 100 oC. 1976] (oC) (oC)
Well UZ-15 74.3 185 157.53 186.85 210.38
number UZ-16 64.8 190 168.84 181.72 211.36
UZ-17 74.2 180 168.01 180.42 209.80
(1984) UZ-18 67.8 180 170.75 174.31 205.40
UZ-19 95.4 190 181.52 187.96 213.88
UZ-2 96.8 190 182.68 194.45 218.41
UZ-20 99.5 190 183.82 199.90 223.50
UZ-21 73.3 190 185.84 200.14 223.23
UZ-22 99 190 181.28 198.81 223.84
UZ-23 92.3 190 180.34 195.88 220.79
UZ-3 100.2 190 183.14 191.77 217.42
UZ-4 95.6 190 180.58 182.60 213.39
UZ-5 83.2 180 173.65 183.25 210.89
UZ-6 92.7 180 164.00 176.16 206.81
UZ-7 89.4 175 168.29 178.25 207.81
Hot 10-84 99.5 ND ND 176.27 209.30
spring 11-84 99.6 ND ND 175.92 208.62
14-84 96.8 ND ND 174.26 207.36
number 15-84 99.5 ND ND 149.64 197.29
(1984) 17-84 99.1 ND ND 170.89 205.86
18-84 92.6 ND ND 167.14 202.63
20-84 97.9 ND ND 164.17 200.16
22-84 92.3 ND ND 166.23 200.67
23-84 99.5 ND ND 167.09 201.99
24-84 95.5 ND ND 162.42 198.30
25-84 94.2 ND ND 165.10 200.10
26-84 95.5 ND ND 165.38 200.09
27-84 70.6 ND ND 174.44 193.33
2-84 99.3 ND ND 170.22 204.66
28-84 91 ND ND 162.42 198.20
29-84 51.8 ND ND 160.75 197.45
3-84 97.2 ND ND 163.69 199.21
4-84 99.3 ND ND 172.35 205.92
6-84 99.5 ND ND 175.74 208.16
7-84 96.8 ND ND 177.83 209.14
8-84 99.4 ND ND 178.27 209.00
9-84 99.5 ND ND 172.89 205.32
Hot 1 95.5 215 160.69 192.24 215.98
spring 10 98 210 161.91 194.61 217.85
11 95 210 157.85 192.80 215.49
number 13 92 200 160.99 188.84 213.39
(2001) 23 100 210 160.38 199.24 220.60
24 98.1 200 168.84 197.75 220.65
25 79 210 152.86 188.85 213.14
26 92 210 170.48 199.47 222.91
3 94.6 200 162.51 195.52 218.19
6 95.1 210 166.89 203.11 222.28
7 91.7 210 167.73 200.97 222.00
8 93.5 210 170.75 200.92 221.69
15 93 210 158.49 192.29 216.51
16 93.5 200 159.44 191.42 215.34
17 94 210 158.17 189.76 212.93
18 94 210 157.53 183.99 210.56
21 92 210 166.61 184.44 211.02

ND: Not Determined.

 Chloride concentration is controlled near the 1

coast by the saline intrusion, explained by the 3632.6

relation between the chloride and the silica 3

concentration (Fig.7 and 8). Furthermore, the Degree C.
samples with high temperature (geothermometer
3632.4 CHIJIWA Bay 223
temperature and output temperature) have high 6 222.5
salinity. However, well number UZ15 (1984) 7
8
222
221.5
presents low temperature and high salinity, 23 26 221
220.5
caused by the saline intrusion of sea water,

Northing, km
3632.2 220
24 219.5
because the location of the sample UZ15 is very 10 219
218.5
near the coast. 218
217.5
217
3632 216.5
300 216
11
215.5
250
13 215
200 214.5
SiO2 (mg/l)

214
150 3631.8 213.5
213
100 15 212.5
y = 0.0583x - 40.045
16 212
50 R2 = 0.5071 25 211.5
17 211
0 210.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 3631.6 18
Cl (mg/l)

Fig.7: Cl vs SiO2 for hot waters (wells, 1984). 21

12109 12109.2 12109.4

Easting, km
250

200
Figure 10: Isotherms (oC) calculated with the Na-K-Ca
geothermometer for hot waters 2001.
SiO2 (mg/l)

150

100
y = 0.1084x - 316.11
We observe increasing of temperature between 1984 and
50 R2 = 0.5452 2001 in the entire Obama geothermal field, especially in the
0 north part with around 15 oC and around 5 to 12 oC in the
4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 south part (Fig. 9 and 10). The high temperature anomalies
Cl (mg/l)
in central part of Obama are correlated with the positive
Bouguer gravity anomaly (Fig.11), which indicate presence
Fig.8: Cl vs SiO2 for hot waters (springs, 2001). of a fault with upflow of geothermal fluids.
2* 3*

UZ-19
3632.6 4*
Degree C.
UZ-15
224
15* UZ-2
222
7* 6*
3632.4 CHIJIWA Bay 220
UZ-3
8* 218
Northing, km

9*
UZ-22 216
UZ-23
11* 10*
Northing, km

UZ-20
14* 214
3632.2 UZ-21
UZ-4 212
210
17*
208
UZ-16 206
3632
18* 204
202

20* 200
3631.8 22*
UZ-17 198
196
24* UZ-5
23* 194
UZ-6
25*
3631.6 27*
UZ-18
28* 26*
UZ-7 Easting, km
29*

12109.2 12109.4 Easting, km

o
Figure 11: Bouguer gravity anomaly contour in
Figure 9: Isotherms ( C) calculated with Na-K-Ca Obama with location of gravity stations. Contour
geothermometer for hot waters 1984. interval is 0.2 mGal and ρ = 2.3 g/cm3.
ISOTOPE CHEMISTRY
The isotopic data of hot waters in 1984 defines a linear regression equation of 2H=2.34 18O-23.6 and the isotopic
data of hot waters in 2001 defines a linear regression equation of 2H=2.75 18O-23.1 (Fig.12). We observe a
decrease of deuterium content in hot waters between 1984 and 2001; this can be explained that the rate of mixing
with sea water is decreasing. There are many processes influencing fluid isotopic composition for hot waters in The
Obama geothermal field: Rock-water reactions, boiling, mixing and steam heating/surface evaporation.

0
D = 8 18O+10
‰D SMOW (sea water)
METEORIC WATER LINE
(Craig, 1961)

D = 2.34 18
O-23.6 (1984)

geothermal fluid
D = 2.75 18
O-23.1 (2001)

-50 SURFACE WATER Magmatic

Boiling, steam-heating/surface evaporation

Mixing

Meteoric water

rock-water reaction

-100
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 18 10
‰ O

18 2
Fig.12: Relationship between O and H showing the schematic trends in isotopic signature of meteoric water and
geothermal fluids.

MIXING MODELS
For hot waters in 1984, it is postulated that the fluid feeding the hot spring number 15 is the most representative of
the deep system (Fig.13). The chloride concentration of the parent fluid (Px1) is 6200 mg/kg and its temperature is
190 oC (807.6 kJ/kg). We can observe two trends, the first is steam loss and boiling where the fluid boils with
subsequent loss of steam (and therefore mass and enthalpy), and chloride increases due to lower mass of residual
water (“evaporative concentration”), the second trend is mixing, the geothermal fluid mixes with sea water and more
dilute meteoric waters or steam-heated waters, producing decrease in enthalpy and chloride content. For hot waters
in 2001, we have essentially the steam loss trend, the chloride concentration of the parent fluid (Px2) is 3800 mg/kg
and its temperature is 210 oC (897.8 kJ/kg). The mixing rate of geothermal waters in 2001 is less than 1984, which
can be observed by decreasing of chloride concentration.
wells84
3000
HW84
Steam point (SP) (2775 KJ/Kg)
HW01
2500 Wells 84: Hot waters from wells 1984
HW 84: Hot Water 1984
Steam line
HW 01: Hot Water 2001
2000
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Reservoir fluid/Parent fluid to HS

1500
Steam loss and boiling 300 degree C.

Px2 Px1
1000 Dilution or mixing (1984)
(2001)
200 degree C.
HS1
Steam-heated waters box HS2
500
100 degree C.
9 Boiling spring line 15
27
Meteoric waters box UZ-15 29
0 0 degree C.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Chloride (mg/kg)

Fig.13: Chloride-enthalpy diagram, showing the parent water and the mixing, boiling and cooling lines.
 500

Po SiO2 2001 Po 2001

400

Po SiO2 1984

Silica (mg/Kg)
300 Silica-carbonate equilibrium line
Po 1984

200

100

0
0 500 1000 1500

Total carbonate (mg/Kg)

Fig.14: Silica-carbonate mixing model. Waters plotting above the silica-carbonate equilibrium line represent boiled
waters; those below the line represent mixed waters which have not boiled. The intersection of the dashed line,
which encloses the spring waters, with the equilibrium line indicates the composition of the parent fluid (Po). From
this the silica content of the parent fluid, Po SiO2 is determined and, by geothermometry, the reservoir fluid
temperature is calculated.

From Fig. 14, the silica concentration of the parent fluid of hot waters in 1984 is 310 mg/kg and in 2001 is 400
mg/kg. The silica geothermometer equation proposed by Fournier (1977) for quartz with maximum steam loss is:

T oC = 1522 . . . (4)
− 273
5.75 − Log (PoSiO2 )

By using the equation (4), the temperature of the parent fluid in 1984 is 190 oC and 210 oC in 2001.

CONCLUSION
The Obama geothermal area is characterized by sodium-chloride waters. Geothermal waters are affected by two
processes boiling (adiabatic), cooling (high mass flow rate) and mixing (dilution) with other waters (sea water and
meteoric water). The chemical composition at reservoir conditions in the geothermal fluid in 1984 and 2001 is as
follows:

1984 2001

Temperature: 190 oC 210 oC

Silica: 310mg/kg 400mg/kg
Chloride: 6200 mg/kg 3800mg/kg
Enthalpy: 807.6 kJ/kg 897.8 kJ/kg

The silica component increases with increasing temperature at depth, which agrees with estimating reservoir
temperature. The decreasing of mixing rate with sea water correlates with deuterium data. All thermal waters (1984
and 2001) in the study area are supersaturated for calcite, dolomite, pyrite, quartz, albite, anorthite, K-feldspar, illite,
kaolinite, Na-smectite and undersaturated for gibbsite, siderite, anhydrite, gypsum, fluorite, halite. Fluid/mineral
equilibrium suggests that reservoir temperature is around 190 oC for hot waters from wells in 1984 and 210 oC for
hot springs in 2001. The increasing of the reservoir temperature around 20 oC may be correlated with the rapid
decrease in thermal water production since 1955 to preserve the geothermal resource. Obama geothermal reservoir is
in recovering process. The results of chemical and temperature studies were compared with the geophysical data; it
was observed that the temperature anomalies in the center of the Obama are related to the gravity anomalies.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology, Government of Japan in the form of scholarship. We also grateful to NEDO and Obama Town for
providing chemical data (1984 and 2001).

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