Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
- Cross stratification
- Channel structure
- Ondulitas
- Sedimentary facie.
The concept of facies has been used in many different senses, both in a
descriptive sense and in an interpretative sense. thus for example the biofacies
and lithofacies are examples of descriptive facies, since it has to do with concrete
aspects of the sedimentary bodies such as their composition, their internal
structure, their granulometry, etc.
1
2. OBJECTIVE
- Know theoretically the subject of sedimentary basins and their importance with
hydrocarbons.
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The sedimentary basins cover approximately 75% of the earth's surface but the
sedimentary rocks only represent 5% of the volume of the lithosphere (thin cover).
Sedimentary basin:
2
An "ad hoc" classification could correspond to the preservation of the elements of
the basin in its original geotectonic framework in: ancient and modern (and current)
The subsidence mechanisms are mostly related to the properties and behavior of
the outer, cold, and rigid portion of the crust known as the lithosphere.
Therefore, the genesis and development of the sedimentary basins is part of the
dynamics of global tectonics.
Compositionally, the earth can be divided into the following zones: continental
crust, oceanic crust, mantle and core.
3
According to its rheology, the outermost layers constitute the more rigid lithosphere
(crust and upper part of the mantle) and the more ductile asthenosphere.
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Ocean basins,
4
3. arch-pit systems,
5. intracontinental
These types should be added those related to course displacements and transfornt
failures conceptual framework of sedimentary basins according to plate tectonics.
Note that according to this the main efforts and interactions occur in the limits of
the plates and therefore the intracratónicas basins are absent.
However, it is known thatthe efforts are propagated for long distances to through
the lithosphere
5
FORM AND ELEMENTS OF THE BASINS
The shape of the basins is very variable. Its form in general depends on the scale
at which it is examined. However, some basic types are recognized: basins (more
or less) circular, inlets (embayments) and grooves (elongated).
6
-Bordes or margins: mark the limits of sedimentation. They can be more or less net
or diffuse according to their relief. They can be more or less constant or mobile
during the life of a basin.
- Ejection of the basin: imaginary line that joins the lowest points of the structural
surface of the basement.
- Topographic map: it is the imaginary line that joins the lowest points of a basin at
a time of its evolution.
7
SIZE AND PRESERVATION OF WATERSHEDS
8
Just as there is a great variability in the form there is also a great variability in the
size of the sedimentary basins and in the thickness of sediments that they contain.
There are relatively small basins with sedimentary thicknesses of a few hundred to
a few thousand meters and others much larger where many thousands of meters
have accumulated.
Some types of basins are common and volumetrically important and others are
rare in the geological record because they are preferably removed by uplift and
erosion and / or deformation by tectonic processes.
Veizer and Jansen (1979; 1985) established an empirical method for estimate the
life of sedimentary basins and their fill. They estimated the following "average lives"
for:
- Oceanic sediments: 40 m
9
The evolution and filling of a sedimentary basin is controlled by several factors
(tectonics, eustasia, mother area, climate, transport agents, etc.). Theoretically, we
speak of external (subsidence, climate) and internal factors (carbonaceous
constructions, transport agents) but except in some cases it is very difficult to
separate them.
Mother area: The contributions that reach the basin depend on the geology of the
mother area. This can be changing throughout the evolution of the basin
(Petrology).
Climate: Influences both the mother area and within the basin in the depository
systems (sedimentology, petrology).
Contributions: The amount of sediment that reaches the basin and the one
produced within it influences the distribution of sediments and depositional systems
(Sedimentology, stratigraphy)
Transport agents: The action of the starter and transport agents influences both
the mother area and within the basin, conditioning depositional systems and
sediment distribution (Sedimentology, stratigraphy).
Subsidence: The basins receive but above all they preserve sediments because
they are areas that suffer subsidence. Subsidence creates or destroys
accommodation space. Mainly due to tectonic phenomena and others related to
the thermal behavior of the lithosphere.
- Subsidence by isostasy
- Thermal subsidence
10
Eustasia: global changes in sea level (ascents and descents). Reconstruction
based on the analysis of seismic profiles (seismoestratigraphy) and
sedimentological studies.
-Glacio -eustasia
-Tectono -eustasia
-Geoidal eclipse
11
Space of accommodation: It is the result of a combination of factors mentioned
above. It refers to the volume of the basin that can potentially be filled with
sediment. However, the accumulation occurs mostly in the margins while the basin
center can remain "empty".
12
4. CONCLUSIONS
We finally come to understand about sedimentary basins and their relationship with
hydrocarbons
5. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE
6. GLOSSARY
13
Sedimentary: In geology, what is sedimentary, is related to the formation by
means of which the sediments, both organic and inorganic, are established,
generally by the movement of water and by the wind, in which the sediment layers
are compacted and they get a solid, very hard state.
Geotectónico: Of the form, disposition and structure of the rocks and lands that
constitute the terrestrial crust or relative to it
Eustasia: Set of movements, negative or positive, of the sea level; they are due
exclusively to a variation in the volume of the oceanic depressions or in the overall
volume of the waters. This variation may be due to intense sedimentation in the
seabed, subsidence of the bottom itself, melting of glacial ice, etc.
14