)$ * ( ' & !

"# $ %
/!* % & ) & % , - .! ! !"# + #
;: # !"# &# 7 8 # "9 # 6 7 5 4" !"# -2 30 & & 0"1
+0 & & ># = <

?0 !"# & -
=Conduction< . A+@
=Convection< &B C (+
=Radiation< E9 9 +D

(Conduction) -
& GA !"# ) ( . ( ( $. 5 A ( ) F 9 A !"#
+= H ( ( 7<

? F& I5 $ 7 . A !"#
& % $!" #
K7 2 J#< + A & !"# " ;: # $ C ; A -2 ;: # "9 ;: # ; A -2
" ($ ( ) F "1 A ; !"# L # += $ C -2
+ ($ 7 F $ E ' ( ; A -2

& # *+ % ) ( '
+ # O ; "9 . A 7 > * # $ .M1# ( > * 7N )$ "-2 01 # -
" P2 O > * Q2 $ R M 7N )$ "-2 > ! !"1 ' > * ;: # . A ) -
J# 2$ 2 +. &2 -2 5 H % . A ) U + "1A . A T S 7 !"# ; $
=+ ) */ " 2 <+ A O 0" !"#
q dT
= −k = @V@<
A dx
.( =) 7 $ 5 !" ;: # < !"# 8 # -q
!"# . ( WX -A
dT
( ) F-
dx
. \ #N ) & &M Z ! [ ( k. - <& . A Z Y -k
= ]*
D

+ " ( A & 8 &" ( !"# .1#N M &4 . ^ & %

) (* ./ -- %,

4Thermal Conductivity Coefficient3 k $2 1 0

+ .* F J# & . AZ Y 7

6 5 .
+ _ - X A -2 I* V
+ _ - .M1# ( V
+ # &`"1 & Z $ &- > * .2 V
+ # &`"1 9* ' 41 9* &- ># A7 F ; V
+ # &`"1 9* ; V
+ &`"1 5a $ ; F Cp V

7 .
& O &- "-2 ; A; A 'b '5 !# J# & > * Q2 3
R M 01( 7N )$ "-2 V
+ "1A > # & O & ; A "1A
" N 9 H Z1 X $ 0 !"1 .M1# &c $ _ - .M1# &c ( V
+. . \ ! β $ ( 4I & . A Z Y k0 A O k = k 0 (1 + βT )
+0 F & J# 75 '. A T S 7 ; % !"# d . ( '& C ) 2
e

) (* ./ !82 7 $9: ; 9 -- %,

?= V@< - ) 2 ;

@A 95 * # ' =; 9 #? , 2 ' > 5 95 * $7 " ' =$!" # ' <2

?7 .1 M fU . ; $ $ ;: #
∂T
q = −kA
∂x
?) 2 5 2 ;: #
qAdx
? & O ;: # [
∂T
ρcA dx
∂t
?. . 7 &($ O ;: #
∂T ∂T ∂ ∂T
q x +dx = −kA ]x +dx = − A [K + (K )dx ]
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
?)N
= & 2 ) 1- 01( ; ( A -#N ] * < 0C $ 5 2 ;: # ? q
01( a $ ; F ?C
01( &2 `U ? ρ
? ` 7 2 g" /$ + M

∂T ∂T ∂T ∂ ∂T
− kA + qAdx = ρcA dx − A [k + (K )dx ]
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
h

? 9 M 7 * ) 5 7 bH X I
∂ ∂T . ∂T
(K ) + q = ρc = -@<
∂x ∂x ∂t

?0 - & 7 ; A) 2 '. A T S 7 ; !"# d . (%

G4c3 D 5 4b3 DE F2 G4a3 C # ; 9 B-- %,

? M 7 I ;: #
?x;" ;$$
∂T
q x
= − k dy dz
∂x
?x;" &($ O
∂T ∂ ∂T
q x +dx
= −[k +
∂x ∂x
(K
∂x
)dx ]dy dz

? y; " ;$$
∂T
q y
= − k dx dz
∂y
i

?y;" &($ O
∂T ∂ ∂T
q y +dy
= −[k +
∂y ∂y
(K
∂y
)dy ]dx dz

?z;" ;$$
∂T
q z
= − k dx dy
∂z
?z;" &($ O
∂T ∂ ∂T
q z +dz
= −[k +
∂z ∂z
(K
∂z
)dy ]dx dy

?) 2 5 2
q gen = q dx dy dz
?) 2 ;: # [
dE dT
= ρcdx dy dz
dτ dτ
? & ) 2 X
dE
q +q +q +q
x y z gen
=q
x +dx
+q
y +dy
+q
z +dz
+
dτ

+ & & .2 ; . A !"# 2 9 ;A ) 5 7 bH

∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T dT
(k )+ (k )+ (k ) + q = ρc =DV@<
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z dτ

?. 0A O& . A Z Y "* F J# .\
∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T q 1 dT
+ + + = =j2 VDV@<
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 k α d τ
k
=& k 4# α = <& 7 2
ρ .c

? ( 7 -# l* 2
q
+ & * 2 M 2 $
= 0 5 `#N M# & EM FV
k
1 dT
+ F& ) H 2 M 2 $ = 0 5 `#N M# & B ) ( F V
α dτ
+0 & _^H ' & EM )$ $ & B ) ( F $ V

?.1 M ; . A !"# 2 ; n"o ; m A

∂ 2T 1 ∂T 1 ∂ 2T ∂ 2T q 1 dT
+ + + + = =pVDV@<
∂r 2 r ∂r r 2 ∂φ 2 ∂z 2 k α d τ
q

?0 ;$ n"o
1 ∂2 1 ∂ dT 1 ∂ 2T ∂ 2T q 1 dT
( rT ) + sin θ + + + = =r VDV@<
r 2 ∂r 2 r 2 sin θ ∂θ dθ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ 2 ∂z 2 k α d τ

=j2 VDV@< X ' &B F EM )$ $ H .2 $; % . A &B F ) ( F

? 9 I^O 7 I
∂ 2T
=0
∂x 2

? & 7 * ; # " n"o )N

∂ 2T 1 ∂T
+ =0
∂r 2 r ∂r

?0 '0 F & J# &B F EM $ H .2 '; % &B F ) ( F $

∂ 2T q
+ =0
∂x 2 k

? C# & 7 * &B F EM )$ $ H .2 '; $ . A m A

∂ 2T ∂ 2T
+ =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2

H! C # 4k3$2 7
s

# . H! C # $2 <2 I- %,

H! C # $2 J- %,
t

& K
r O $ 1400k 5 O ( F +. 5 "O 15cm . oY $ k = 1.7 5 %
!"# <+ $N . " +h "D] $ S ; ; u^ 8 # ' 1400k 5
=+ ] *; %

&
?) (
∆T .25
q =k = 1.7 × = 2833 W / m 2
∆x .15

? u^
Q = A .q = 2833 × .5 × 3 = 4250 W

H! C # 4k3$2 L- %,
@v

Convection $M :. 7 B-

$C WX % 7 !"# ; "9 &B C ( T S 7 !"#

; X!# 7 ;: # O . $ 5 x d" A -2 ' !"# L # +. w X b- 2
+; M( $ 7N ? C# . - I$ !"# L # + & !" ` X!#

.d & %M A)U$ & F u S ; A $ & F _^ %

"M1# ) ( % $ & H F; A;(u S ; A$ & . u X G# ;$ #
" ) (; *7 F +0 #& & MS 7N &B C ( L # + & C " H
"* F I ; M( &B C ( 0 A _^ $ "* F 7 * 9* & 0 5 4"
+.

2 " # @qv@ # &B C ( 5 !" 8 #; 2 2$

? .1 M '. u$ #5 %O

q
= h ∆T =eV@<
A
$ Z1 &B C ( T S 7 !"# 8 # V q
) ( WX -A
$ WX ( u^"O V ∆T
&B C ( T S 7 ! Z Y Vh

O2 $M :. 7 N- %,

h -"1 5 =h n*< 5 N n* +. h ; &4 - .1 # ) # 6 % 2

+ M ∆T ! . $ y O' b ( 'WX & A - 7 & h +0 M d
!"# 'WX % ># 4I . . K 9[ ) (. - U F
5 &B C ( ! . $! " 7 0 * + F& I A . AT S7
+ #& = Film Conduction < 0 * . A Z Y ) &c h Z Y Q2 $
@@

4h3$2 OM :. 7 1 0 - 7
w
1Q . h $M :. 7 PQ7
m 2K
hVhv 7N A
hV hv ; M( A
hvV@hvvv ; M( pN
hvvV hvvv K ( pN
hvvvV@vvvvvv X! o

&$M :. 7 K
WX ( F ' & M & " "# q )N &( O X6 T )$ ; 2 2 7 o
w
z. !U S $; 4 8 #' h = 15 $ 200°c 2 2 &( O
m 2k
&
q = hA ∆T = h π D .L ∆T
q
= 15 × π × 0.07(200 − 25) = 577w
L

K (5 H$ # & & =eV@< 2 &2$ $ 4" 7N &B C ( !"# 7 # # $

; h Z Y ! = V@ < $ ( +. ^ $ ; 0 * Z Y +. X! $
J# ) & h X!# A ; h ; C "M2 + A & ) 9# &B C ( j "o ; A01 # -
? I +.* F

dq = hx .∆T .dA
=hV@<
q= hx .∆T .dA = h .∆T .A
A
@

4Radiation3RS S2I

; X $% l* + & l * &B C ( $ . A ; "2 E9 9 T S 7 !"#

E9 9 n !"# " &" # &( " X $ E9 9 +. r " !"#
!"# ; E9 9 T 6 01 # - + {O d4I $ 0 &"6$ d4I
+ F& I &1 S [ $ "-2 r T S 7 !"# & X &2$ .1 # Po9 ^

RS S2 * $M K T- %,

$ & pQ( ; ! ! 01( ' GoH & 9 9 n O 7 & 1( 5 F A

pQ( 7 " & O & - # ! + #& b- > # &9o $ 5 M O7 ; !
? N& . w & C n $@ d4I $ 5 2 M P2 O ! +. 5
? A & @ 01( & !
q1 = σT 14

? A& 01( & !

q 2 = σT 24

? & 5 M !
q = σT14 − σT 24 = σ (T14 −T 24 ) =iV@<

5 !" Vq
σ = 5.671×10−8 ? . )N ! >"2 ) 4" Z Y V σ
E9 9 WX VA
$ F 01( ( VT2 $ T1
@D

X F$ 1( T X ( U) 5 !" ! E9 9 Q2
( 5 !" '. \ ( u^"O Q2 $ % ) . A + 0 !"1
E9 9 I 01( $ !"# X +. BH ( 5 !" 7 G
+. 7 -9

^ 5 E9 9 r ` u S7 ' & l *5 !" ;: # ! l * 1( |# F

? - X ' & * Y Z Y Q2 0A 1( - &`"1 ) U & # O ` 01(
q = Fε FG σ (T14 −T 24 ) =qV@<

5 WX ; "1 O WX E9 9 .M1# )N ! (Emissivity) . E9 9 Z Y - Fε

+ M
+ A & ) 9# 0A ! 01( $ "* F 6 &`# `U $ - . Y$ Z Y - FG

&RS S2 K
z A O !U !"# u^ ε = 0.8 M6 2 1 F
&
?&B C ( $ L C . 5 !"
q = qc + q r
qr
= ε (π D )σ (T14 −T 24 )
L
=0.8(π × 0.07) × 5.67 ×10−8 (4734 − 2984 ) = 421
→ q = 421 + 577 = 998

+ & & # * !" > # 7 I . - ' " (

dT
q = −kA + hA (Tw −T ∞ ) + Fε FG σ A (T14 −T 24 )
dx

4Mass Transfer3 U 7 J

5 A !"# !"# ' !" > " } / d > " /d % 7 5 % F

Q} $ & !" A;A U H7 . S & %9O b O U H % F ^~ +.
+. 5 !" ( %9O ;7 Q} # O