Transmission Lines

• Impedance matching circuits design to deliver RF power from the transmitter to the
antenna and maximum signal from antenna to the receiver.

Transmission Media
• Guided – forms of conductor that provides conduit in which electromagnetic signals
are contained.

Ex. Copper wires and optical fiber

• Unguided – wireless system

Ex. Air and free space

Metallic Transmission Lines

• Metallic conductor system use to transfer electrical energy from one point to another
using electrical current flow.

• Include open wire, twin lead, twisted pair copper wire, coaxial cable and optical fiber

Types of Transmission Line

Balance Transmission Lines (Parallel wire line)

 made up of two parallel conductor spaced from one another by a distance of ½ inch up
to several inches.

Unbalance Transmission Lines (Coaxial line)

• Consist of solid center conductor surrounded by a plastic insulator such as Teflon.

• One conductor is connected to the ground.

Types of Transmission Line
Parallel wire line

Coaxial wire lines

Parallel conductor Transmission Lines

Open-wire

• two wires that are generally spaced from 2 to 6 inches apart by insulating spacers

• most often used for power lines, rural telephone lines, and telegraph lines

• Its advantage is its simple construction

• its principal disadvantages are high radiation losses and electrical noise pickup because
of the lack of shielding
Twin Lead

• used to connect a television receiving antenna to a home television set

• the same as the two-wire open line except that uniform spacing is assured by
embedding the two wires in a low-loss dielectric, usually polyethylene

Twisted pair

• the line consists of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without
the use of spacers

• it is not used for transmitting high frequency because of the high dielectric losses that
occur in the rubber insulation

Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)

• Consist of two copper wires where each wire is separately encapsulated in PVC
(polyvinyl chloride)

• The minimum number of twists for UTP cable is two per foot
Shielded twisted-pair (STP)

• A parallel two-wire transmission line consisting of copper conductors separated by a

solid dielectric material.

• conductors are contained within a braided copper tubing that acts as an electrical shield
Transmission Characteristic
Characteristic Impedance

• Impedance measured at the input of the line when the length is infinite.

Propagation Constant

• -used to express the attenuation (signal loss) and the phase shift per unit length of a
transmission line.

δ = √(Z/Y)

δ = √(R + jωL)(G + jωC)

δ = α+jβ

Where:

α = attenuation coefficient

β = Phase shift coefficient