Chapter 4 Mass and heat balance

during combustion
Mass balance
1. Physical model for combustion calculation
 Calculation based on 1kg fuel;
 All gas is ideal（22.4Nm3/kmol);
 Completely combustion;
 Air only contains N2 and O2, and volume ratio of N2and
O2 is 79:21;
 Vapor content in air: 1kg air contains 10g vapor, or
every 1Nm3 air contains 0.0161Nm3 vapor

Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 1

 Mass balance
Theoretical air demand
Notion: the minimum air demand for 1kg fuel completely
combustion(Nm3/kg).

Analysis

Composite of coal

ThOD

ThAD

Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 2

 Mass balance

Actual air demand：

1.Excess air coefficient: ratio of actual air demand and

theoretical air demand。
2.Actual air demand: V=αV0
3.Air leakage coefficient: Δα=α"－α′

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 Calculation and test for combustion products

Calculation of combustion products when burn

out (α＝1, or no residual oxygen)
1.Theoretical flue gas volume:
Note：The fuel burns out with theoretical air supply and
the generated flue gas called theoretical flue gas volume
Derivation process:

Fuel Air

Ash Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 4

 Calculation and test for combustion products
Theoretical flue gas volume:

Can be calculated by

Theoretical nitrogen volume can be determined by

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Theoretical water vapor

Water vapor produced by

hydrogen combustion

Water vapor generated in the

fuel
Water vapor brought into by
the theoretical air

Water vapor brought into the atomization

of heavy oil(normally ignored)

Coal fired boiler

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 Calculation and test for combustion products

The equation for the actual flue gas volume

Theoretical flue gas volume + excess air

Theoretical flue gas volume + excess air+ water vapor in excess air

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Flue gas volume calculation for incomplete
• Incomplete combustion: flue gas contains CO、H2、H2 CmHn
and other combustible gases.
• Determination of complete combustion: if there is CO in the flue
gas.
Calculation of dry flue gas volume is as below:
Car  0. 375Sar
Vgy  1.866
RO2  CO
Total water vapor is:

VH2O +

Actual flue gas volume is:

Vy =Vgy +VH2O Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 8
Application of flue gas analysis
1）calculating dry flue gas volume Vgy——take the products of
incomplete combustion, CO into consideration
2）calculating CO content
  
 21  RO2   RO2  O2 
 K 
CO   
q4


0.605 
Kq4

H ar  0.126Oar  0.038 N ar
  2.35
Prof&Dr ar  0Qiu
CZhongzhu .375Sar 9
Kq4 is modification coefficient of incomplete combustion
If there is no solid incomplete combustion, the incomplete
combustion equation:
CO 
21  RO2   RO2  O2 
0.605  
When complete combustion, CO=0, the complete
combustion equation:
21  O2  (1   ) RO2
21  O2
and then: RO2 
1 

if  ＝1, namely, O2＝0, CO＝0, triatomic gas content in

flue gas get peak
21
RO2 
1 
Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 10
3）calculating excess air coefficient
Burn out：
21

O2
21  79
100  ( RO2  O2 )
Incomplete combustion can be expressed by：

21

O2  0.5(CO  H 2 )  2CH 4
21  79
100  ( RO2  O2  CO  H 2  CH 4 )

If burn out and overlook β,the equation can be

simplified as: 21

21  O2
RO2max—related to fuel types, as table 4－1shows
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4) Air leakage coefficient

there is air leakage along flue gas duct, the air leakage
coefficient is defined as：

Vlf
  0
V
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Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 13
Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 14
 Heat Balance of the Boiler
Heat balance formulation
Qr ＝ Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5+Q6 kJ/kg
Qr—heat input into the boiler, kJ/kg
Q1—useful heat output of the boiler, kJ/kg
Q2—flue gas heat loss, kJ/kg
Q3—gas incomplete combustion heat loss, kJ/kg
Q4—solid incomplete combustion heat loss, kJ/kg
Q5—overall heat loss on the boiler outer surface, kJ/kg
Q6—slag heat loss(coal fired boiler) , kJ/kg
q1+q2+q3+q4+q5+q6=100

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Input heat ---Qr
Qr= Qar.net+ir+Qwr+Qzq (4－66)

Qar.net—LHV on AR basis, kj/kg;

ir—specific heat of fuel, kj/kg; (4－67), (4－68)
Qwr—out heat resource for heating air, kj/kg; (4－70)
Qzq—heat input from heavy oil atomization, kj/kg; (4－71)
★approximately calculation（coal fired boiler）: Qr ≈Qar.net

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Useful heat output of boiler---Q1

 
Q1  D gr i gr  i gs    D zr i zr  i zr   D zy i zy  i gs   D pw i   i gs 
1
B

B—fuel consumption, kg/s Dgr—superheat steam flow rate, kg/s;

Dzr—reheat steam flow rate, kg/s;Dzy—self-use steam flow rate, kg/s;
Dpw—continuous blowdown flow rate,kg/s;i”gr—superheat steam outlet
enthalpy, kj/kg
igs—feed water enthalpy, kj/kg; i``zr—reheat steam outlet enthalpy,
kj/kg
i`zr—reheat steam inlet enthalpy, kj/kg; izy—enthalpy of self-use steam,
kj/kg
★the hot air from air preheater does not account into Q1. it is heat
Prof&Drrecycle
Zhongzhu Qiu 17
 Heat losses
Q4---solid incomplete combustion heat loss
(1) calculation of q4 (operation, test)
★using ash balance to calculate q4：
CFB:

ayl  alh  ayh  a fh  1

 c yl clh c yh c fh  32700 Aar
q4  a yl  alh  a yh  a fh 
 100  c yl 100  clh 100  c yh 100  c fh  Qr

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 Coal pulverized boiler:

alz  ayh  a fh  1
 clz c yh c fh  32700 Aar
q4  alz  a yh  a fh 
 100  clz 100  c yh 100  c fh  Qr

(2) q4 selection: according to codes for boiler design

(3) parameters influencing on q4 ：
fuel, combustion, configuration of furnace, burner design and
arrangement, chamber temperature, boiler load, operation level,
resident time of fuel and mixture of air and fuel

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Gas incomplete combustion loss

(1) Calculation of q3(operation, test)

Car  0. 375Sar 236CO 100  q4
q3     100
Qar RO2  CO 100

(2) q3 selection: according to codes for boiler design

(3) parameters influencing on q3 ：
fuel, excess air, burner design and arrangement,
chamber temperature and aerodynamics in furnace

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Flue gas heat loss
q2=(Ipy-αpyI0lk)(100-q4)/Qr
Influencing factors：flue gas temperature and flow rate

Overall heat loss from the boiler outer

surface
q5,ed=5.82(Ded)0.38
Influencing factors ： surface, surface temperature, load,
ambient temperature

Other losses（slag heat loss）

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 Thermal efficiency of boiler
Direct balance calculative method
ηgl=Q1/Qr×100%（*）
Indirect balance calculative method
ηgl = 100-q2+q3+q4+q5+q6 ％
use Q/B instead of Q1into (*)
Fuel consumption:
B=100 Q/(ηglQr) , kg/s
Calculated fuel consumption:
Bj=B×(1-q4/100)

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 Determination of the thermal efficiency

• Direct heat balance

• Indirect heat balance

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