DM Ic Combo

Tutorial: 3D Adiabatic Compression (Layering, Remeshing,
and Spring Smoothing)
Introduction
This tutorial introduces basic dynamic mesh calculations in FLUENT. In addition to com-
bining the basic mesh motion schemes, this tutorial introduces rigid body motion of a cell
zone. This is useful for realistic in-cylinder cases with moving valves. In geometries where
the valves and piston occupy the same space (at different times), the cell zone containing
the layered cells above the piston must be moved out of the way to avoid interfering with
the moving valves.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
• Set up a problem for a dynamic mesh.
• Specify dynamic mesh modeling parameters.
• Specify the motion of dynamic zones.
• Preview the dynamic mesh before starting the calculation.
• Perform basic dynamic mesh calculations with residual plotting.
• Perform postprocessing.
Prerequisites This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the FLUENT interface
and that you have a good understanding of the basic setup and solution procedures. In this
tutorial, you will use the dynamic mesh model, so you should have some experience with it.
If you have not used this model before, please refer to Section 11.7 of the FLUENT 6.3 User’s
Guide.
Mesh Motion Methods

The dynamic mesh model can be used to model flows where the shape of the domain is
changing with time due to motion of the domain boundaries. The motion can be either
a prescribed motion or unprescribed motion. To define prescribed motion you can specify
linear and angular velocities about the center of gravity of a solid body with time. Unpre-
scribed motion is determined by a user-defined function (UDF). The update of the volume
mesh is handled automatically at each time step based on the new positions of the bound-
aries. To use the dynamic mesh model, you need to provide a starting volume mesh and
the description of the motion of any moving zones in the model.

c Fluent Inc. July 10, 2006 1
3D Adiabatic Compression (Layering, Remeshing, and Spring Smoothing)
In this tutorial, you will use the following methods to update the volume mesh in the
deforming region:
• Layering: It can be used to add or remove layers of cells adjacent to a moving boundary
based on the height of the layer adjacent to the moving surface. The dynamic mesh
model allows an ideal layer height to be specified on each moving boundary. The layer
of cells adjacent to the moving boundary is subdivided or merged with the layer of
cells next to it based on the height of the cells in the moving boundary.
• Spring-based smoothing: It can be used for zones with a triangular or tetrahedral

mesh to adjust the interior node locations based on the known displacements at the
boundary nodes. The spring-based smoothing method updates the volume mesh with-
out changing the mesh connectivity.
• Remeshing: It can be used to remesh agglomerated poor-quality cells (cells that are
too large, too small, or excessively stretched). When the boundary displacement is
large compared to the local cell sizes, the cell quality deteriorates or the cells become
degenerate. This will lead to convergence problems when the solution is updated to
the next time step. To circumvent this problem, FLUENT agglomerates poor-quality
cells and locally remeshes the agglomeration.
Problem Description
The problem is shown schematically in Figure 1. A simplified 3D in-cylinder geometry is
used, consisting of a circular cylinder, the bottom wall of which represents the piston. The
piston moves up from bottom dead center position (BDC), corresponding to a crank shaft
angle of 180◦ , slowly compressing the fluid adiabatically. After reaching top dead center
(TDC), corresponding to a crank shaft angle of 360◦ , the piston moves back downward to
the initial position, to complete a cycle, at a crank shaft angle of 540◦ .
2
c Fluent Inc. July 10, 2006
= crank angle
crank angle = 0 (or 360 TDC)
crank angle = 180 (or 540 BDC)
Figure 1: Problem Specification
Preparation
1. Copy the file cyl3d new.msh, to your working directory.
2. Start the 3D version of FLUENT.
Setup and Solution

Step 1: Grid
1. Read the grid file, cyl3d new.msh.

File −→ Read −→Case...
As the mesh file is read in, messages will appear in the console window reporting the
progress.
2. Check the grid.

Grid −→Check
FLUENT performs various checks on the mesh and reports the progress in the console
window. Pay attention to the reported minimum volume and make sure this is a
positive number.

3. Scale the grid using cm as the unit of length.

Grid −→Scale...
(a) Select cm in the Grid Was Created In drop-down list and click Scale.
(b) Click Change Length Units to set the length unit to centimeter.
(c) Close the panel.
4. Display the grid (Figure 2).

Display −→Grid...
(a) Ensure that in the Surfaces list, cyl-quad, cyl-tri, head, and piston are selected.
(b) Click Display and close the panel.
4
Z
Y
X
Grid
Crank Angle=180.00(deg) FLUENT 6.3 (3d, pbns, lam)
Figure 2: Grid Display
Step 2: Models
Define −→ Models −→Solver...
1. Enable time-dependent calculation.
(a) Under Time, select Unsteady.

(b) Retain the default Unsteady Formulation of 1st-Order Implicit and click OK.
Dynamic mesh simulations currently work only with first-order time advance-
ment.

Step 3: Materials
The only material property you need to modify is density. The default values for all other
properties are acceptable.
Define −→Materials...
1. Specify that the flow is compressible.
(a) Select ideal-gas in the drop-down list for Density.

(b) Click Change/Create and close the panel.
FLUENT will automatically activate the energy equation when the ideal-gas law
is selected, so you need not visit the Energy panel.
Step 4: Boundary Conditions
In this tutorial, you will not visit the Boundary Conditions panel. There are no inlets or
outlets and you will use the default adiabatic wall thermal conditions for all walls. Dynamic
mesh motion and all related parameters are specified using the items in the Define/Dynamic
Mesh submenu.
6
Step 5: Mesh Motion Setup

5a: Activate
Activate dynamic mesh motion and specify the associated parameters.

Define −→ Dynamic Mesh −→Parameters...
1. Under Models, enable Dynamic Mesh.

The panel will expand to show additional inputs.
2. Under Models, select In-Cylinder.

Selection of the In-Cylinder option allows IC-specific inputs, including valve and piston
motion.
3. Under Methods, enable Smoothing, Layering, and Remeshing.

FLUENT will automatically flag the existing mesh zones for use of the different dy-
namic mesh methods where applicable.
4. Retain the default settings for the layering and smoothing parameters.
5. Click on the Remeshing tab.

(a) Click Mesh Scale Info....

The Mesh Scale Info panel displays the values of minimum and maximum length
scale and maximum cell/face skewness in a mesh.
Minimum and maximum length scale displayed by Mesh Scale Info panel can be
used as a first approximation for the respective length scales needed as remesh-
ing parameters. Some fine tuning will be necessary for cases with large length
scale variation. But for this tutorial, the values from Mesh Scale Info panel are
sufficient.
i. Close the panel.

You can use approximated values.
(b) Under Options, retain the default settings for Size Function and Must Improve
Skewness.
By default, the Size Function option is turned off and the Must Improve Skewness
option is turned on.
(c) Specify Minimum Length Scale and Maximum Length Scale as 0.28 cm and 1.22
cm repectively.
Local remeshing will occur if the cell size gets larger than the Maximum Cell
Volume or smaller than the Minimum Cell Volume. Therefore, you have to specify
problem-specific values for remeshing parameters.
(d) Retain Maximum Cell Skewness at 0.9.
8
This is the recommended value for 3D problems. Smaller values of maximum

skew will result in improved grid quality at increased computational cost. The
default value of 0.9 represents a compromise between grid quality and solution
time for 3D problems.
(e) Set Size Mesh Interval to 5.
6. Click on the In-Cylinder tab.
The In-Cylinder parameters will be displayed.
(a) Set Crank Shaft Speed to 1000 rpm.

(b) Set Starting Crank Angle to 180 degrees.
The piston is currently at the TDC. The TDC is defined as zero degrees crank
angle, while the BDC is defined as 180 degrees crank angle.
(c) Retain the default Crank Period of 720 degrees.
A value of 720◦ is used for four-stroke engines, while a value of 360◦ is used for
two-stroke engines. This governs the periodicity associated with valve events and
valve lift profiles. Since there are no moving valves, this parameter is not used
in the current calculation.
(d) Set Crank Angle Step Size to 0.5 degrees.
This value is used along with the crankshaft speed to determine the timestep.
(e) Set Piston Stroke to 8 cm.
(f) Set Connecting Rod Length to 14 cm.
(g) Set Piston Stroke Cutoff to 2.
In an actual in-cylinder calculation with moving valves, the layered cells above
the piston move in rigid body motion to avoid interfering with the valves above
the piston. Once the layers are clear of the valves, layering begins when the rigid
body motion of these cells terminates and the piston continues to move. The
Piston Stroke Cutoff parameter defines a truncated piston profile used to define
the motion of the layered cell zone.

(h) Under Minimum Valve Lift, retain the default value of 0.

This parameter specifies the value of the lift at which you want FLUENT to con-
sider each valve to be closed. In this example, there are no valves.
(i) Click OK.
7. Using the text command interface, plot the piston motion profile by specifying the
following commands:
> /define/models/dynamic-mesh-controls> icp

//define/models/dynamic-mesh-controls/in-cylinder-parameter> ppl
#f
Lift Profile:(1) [()] **piston-full**
Lift Profile:(2) [()] **piston-limit**
Lift Profile:(3) [()] <Enter>
Start: [180] 0
End: [900] 720
Increment: [10] 5
Plot lift? [yes] y
The **piston-full** profile describes motion in terms of the Piston Stroke and Connecting
Rod Length parameters defined previously. The **piston-limit** profile is limited to the
Piston Stroke Cutoff parameter. See Figure 3.
**piston-full**
**piston-limit**
0.0800
0.0700
0.0600
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
Y 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Z X Crank Angle (deg)
Valve Lifts (Time=0.0000e+00)

Crank Angle=180.00(deg) FLUENT 6.3 (3d, pbns, dynamesh, lam, unsteady)
Figure 3: The **piston-full** and **piston-limit** Profiles
10
5b: Specify Zone Motion
Define −→ Dynamic Mesh −→Zones...
1. Specify the motion of the zone (cyl-tri).

(a) In the Zone Names drop-down list, select cyl-tri.
(b) Under Type, select Deforming.
The panel changes to show relevant controls.
(c) Click on the Geometry Definition tab.
i. Under Definition, select cylinder.
ii. Set Cylinder Radius to 4 cm.
iii. Set Cylinder Axis to (0, 0, 1).

(d) Click on the Meshing Options tab.
i. Under Methods, disable Smoothing.

ii. Under Zone Parameters, click Zone Scale Info...
Zone Scale Info panel opens.
Note: Use this Zone Scale Info panel to esitmate the average length scale.
For the minimum length scale, use a value about 0.4 times the average
length scale. For the maximum length scale, use a value about 1.4 times
the average length scale.
iii. Under Zone Parameters, specify the values shown in the table:
Zone Parameters Values
Minimum Length Scale (cm) 0.19
Maximum Length Scale (cm) 0.67
Maximum Skewness 0.32
(e) Click Create.
12
2. Specify the motion of the zone (fluid-wedge).

(a) In the Zone Names drop-down list, select fluid-wedge.
(b) Under Type, select Rigid Body.
(c) Click on the Motion Attributes tab.
i. Under Motion UDF/Profile, select **piston-full** from the drop-down list.

ii. Specify Valve/Piston Axis as (0, 0, 1).
(d) Click Create.
3. Specify the motion of the zone (int-piston).

As described in the introduction, it is necessary to move the layered cell zone “out of
the way” of the moving valves in an in-cylinder case. Although there are no moving
valves in this tutorial, this approach is demonstrated here. Apply truncated piston
motion to the int-piston zone defined by the built-in function **piston-limit**. When
int-piston is above the Piston Stroke Cutoff value specified in the Dynamic Mesh panel,
the motion of int-piston is identical to the layered cells beneath. When int-piston is
below cutoff position, the rigid body motion of int-piston stops while the cell zone
beneath continues to move. Layers are then added or removed at int-piston to account
for the volume deformation.
(a) In the Zone Names drop-down list, select int-piston.
(b) Under Type, retain Rigid Body.

i. In the Motion UDF/Profile drop-down list, select **piston-limit**.

The **piston-limit** profile is a truncated version of the **piston-full** profile
(Figure 3). When the piston stroke exceeds the Piston Stroke Cutoff, **piston-
limit** remains fixed and layering begins as the piston continues to move.
ii. Set Valve/Piston Axis to (0, 0, 1).
i. Set Cell Height for fluid-tet and fluid-wedge to 0.5 cm.
(e) Click Create.
4. Specify the motion of the zone (piston).

(a) In the Zone Names drop-down list, select piston.
(b) Under Type, retain Rigid Body.
i. Under Motion UDF/Profile, select **piston-full** from the drop-down list.
ii. Retain Valve/Piston Axis at (0, 0, 1).
i. For the Adjacent Zone fluid-wedge, set Cell Height to 0 cm.
The setup of piston is only for boundary condition and not for mesh motion.
Please refer Section 11.7.2: Specifying the Motion of Dynamic Zones of
FLUENT 6.3 User’s Guide for information.
(e) Click Create.
5. Close the Dynamic Mesh Zones panel.
5c: Preview
Preview the zone motion.

The zone motion preview utility is useful for quickly checking rigid body motion settings.
The mesh coordinates are not modified during this procedure; instead dynamic zones with
rigid body motion settings are translated in the display window to emulate the grid motion.
User errors, such as an improperly scaled mesh or valve lift profile, incorrect valve/piston
axis definition, etc., can be identified using this procedure. Only the motion of zones with
rigid body motion is represented, remeshing on deforming zones is not depicted.
1. Display the grid outline.

14
(a) Deselect all surfaces.

(b) Click Outline to select all of the boundary surfaces and click Display to display
the grid.
(c) Close the Grid Display panel.
2. Initiate the zone motion.

Display −→Zone Motion...
(a) Retain the default settings under Motion History Integration and click Integrate.
Integrate allows FLUENT to create a table of surface positions with respect to
time.
(b) Retain the default settings under Preview Controls and click Preview.
(c) Close the Zone Motion panel.
Step 6: Mesh Preview
1. Save the case file (cyl3d new.cas).

File −→ Write −→Case...
Save the case, as the mesh changes during the mesh preview.
2. Display grid faces.


(a) Under Options, enable Faces.

(b) Click Display.
3. Enable lighting.
Display −→Options...
(a) Under Lighting Attributes, enable Lights On.
(b) Click Apply and close the panel.
Steps 2 and 3 are for better visibility of the mesh surface.
4. Set up the mesh preview.

Solve −→Mesh Motion...
The displayed time step size (8.333333e-05) in the read-only text field for Time Step
Size, corresponds to 12 degree crank angle. It depends on the crankshaft speed and
crank angle increment parameters defined earlier.
(a) Enter 720 as Number of Time Steps.
This corresponds to one full revolution of the crankshaft.
(b) Click Preview to preview the mesh motion.
As the mesh is updated by FLUENT, messages will appear in the console window
reporting the progress of the update.
5. Exit FLUENT.
Step 7: Solution Setup
1. Restart the 3D version of FLUENT.
2. Read the case file back into FLUENT (cyl3d new.cas).

File −→ Read −→Case...
3. Define a monitor for the volume averaged temperature.

Solve −→ Monitors −→Volume...
(a) Increase the number of Volume Monitors to 1.
16
(b) Enable Plot, Print, and Write for the first monitor.
When the Write option is selected in the Volume Monitors panel, the volume-
averaged temperature history will be written to a file. If you do not select the
Write option, the history information will be lost when you exit FLUENT.
(c) In the Every drop-down list, select Time Step for the monitor frequency.
(d) Click Define... to define the monitor.
The Define Volume Monitor panel opens.
i. In the Report Type drop-down list, select Volume-Average.

ii. In the X Axis drop-down list, select Flow Time.
iii. Increase Plot Window to 1.
iv. In the Field Variable drop-down lists, select Temperature... and Static Tem-
perature.
v. In the Cell Zones list, select fluid-wedge and fluid-tet.
vi. In the File Name field, enter vol-monitor-1.out.
vii. Click OK in the Define Volume Monitor panel, and then in the Volume Mon-
itors panel.
4. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Solve −→ Monitors −→Residual...

(a) Under Options, select Plot.

(b) Under Plotting, set Iterations to 100.
To avoid a cluttered residual plot in transient simulations, it is useful to display
only the most recent iterations.
(c) Set the Convergence Criterion for continuity to 0.1.
(d) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors panel.
5. Initialize the solution.

Solve −→ Initialize −→Initialize...
The solution is initialized at this point in the problem setup so that the contours for
the animation setup can be displayed.
If you have initialized the solution in an earlier step for the purpose of generating
a histogram plot, FLUENT will display a warning dialog box asking you if it should
discard the current solution data. You will be saving the case file in a later step, so
you can click OK in this dialog box.
18
(a) Retain the default values for all variables, including the initial Temperature value
of 300.
(b) Click Apply.
This does not initialize the flow field data. It only saves the initialization param-
eters for later use. Use the Init button to initialize the solution.
(c) Click Init to initialize the solution.
(d) Click Close.
6. Set up an animation for temperature.

(a) Activate a new window for the animation.
Display −→Options...
i. In the Graphics Window section, enter 2 for the Active Window and click
Open.
ii. Close the Display Options panel.
(b) Display filled contours of temperature (Figure 4).

Display −→Contours...

i. Under Options, select Filled.

ii. Under Contours of, select Temperature... and Static Temperature.
iii. Under Surfaces, deselect all surfaces and then select cyl-quad, cyl-tri, head,
and piston.
iv. Click Display (Figure 4).
v. Close the Contours panel.
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02
3.00e+02 Z
3.00e+02 Y
X
3.00e+02
Contours of Static Temperature (k) (Time=0.0000e+00)

Figure 4: Contours of Static Temperature
Display the mesh such that it is visible even after the piston reaches BDC.
(c) Save the current view.
Display −→Views...
20
i. Click Save to save the current view as view-0 and close the panel.
(d) Open the command monitor window.
Solve −→Execute Commands...
i. Set Defined Commands to 1.

ii. Select the checkbox in the On column.
iii. Under Every, enter 10.
iv. In the When drop-down list, select Time Step.
v. For the text-entry field under Command, enter the following commands se-
quentially (on the single line):
/di/sw 2
/di/view/restore-view view-0
/di/cont temp 300 900
/di/hc temperature%t.tiff
Note: Maintain at least a single space between commands.
It is possible to specify multiple text commands in a single entry. The above
command will first activate window 2, restore the saved view view-0, display
contours of static temperature, and then make a hardcopy of the resulting
image. The %t appended to the file name instructs FLUENT to append the
timestep index to the filename.
vi. Click OK.

(e) Set hardcopy settings.

File −→Hardcopy...
i. Under Format, select TIFF.

ii. Under Coloring, select Color.
iii. Click Apply and close the panel.
7. Request saving of case and data files every 90 time steps.

File −→ Write −→Autosave...
(a) Set Autosave Case File Frequency and Autosave Data File Frequency to 90.
The mesh changes during the simulation, so save both the case and data files.
(b) In the Filename field, enter cyl3d new.gz and click OK.
When FLUENT saves a file, it appends the time step value to the file name prefix
(cyl3d new). It also appends standard extensions (.cas and .dat).
8. Specify the solution parameters.

Solve −→ Controls −→Solution...
22
(a) For the Under-Relaxation Factors, set Pressure to 0.6 and Momentum to 0.9.
(b) Under Discretization, select PRESTO! for Pressure.
(c) Under Pressure-Velocity Coupling, select PISO.
(d) Set Skewness Correction to 0.
(e) Click OK.
Step 8: Solution
1. Initialize the solution.

Solve −→ Initialize −→Initialize...
(a) Click Init.
(b) Close the Solution Initialization panel.
2. Start the calculation.

Solve −→Iterate...

(a) Set Number of Time Steps to 720.

(b) Set Max Iterations per Time Step to 10.
(c) Click Iterate.
The plot of volume-averaged temperature is shown in Figure 5. Since the values
may be different for different computers, the plot that appears on your screen
may not be exactly the same as the one shown here.
vol-mon-1
1000.0000
900.0000
800.0000
700.0000
Volume
Weighted 600.0000
Average
(k)
500.0000
400.0000
300.0000
Y 0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 0.0700
Z X Flow Time
Convergence history of Static Temperature on fluid-wedge etc. (Time=6.0000e-02)

Figure 5: Convergence History of Static Temperature
24
Step 9: Postprocessing
1. Inspect the solution at the final time step (BDC).

(a) Display contours of static temperature on the outer surfaces (Figure 6).
Display −→Contours...
i. In the Contours of drop-down lists, select Temperature... and Static Temper-
ature.
ii. In the Surfaces list, select all surfaces except default-interior and default-
interior:001.
iii. Under Options, deselect everything except Filled and Node Values.
iv. Enter 300 for Min and 900 for Max.

v. Click Display.
(b) Display contours of density (Figure 7).
i. In the Contours of drop-down lists, select Density... and Density.
ii. Under Options, deselect everything except Filled and Node Values.
iii. Enter 1.18 for Min and 20 for Max.
iv. Click Display.
Note: The temperature and density at the end of one full cycle closely replicate
those at the beginning of the simulation (the 300 K uniform initial tempera-
ture).

9.00e+02
8.70e+02
8.40e+02
8.10e+02
7.80e+02
7.50e+02
7.20e+02
6.90e+02
6.60e+02
6.30e+02
6.00e+02
5.70e+02
5.40e+02
5.10e+02
4.80e+02
4.50e+02
4.20e+02
3.90e+02
3.60e+02 Z
3.30e+02 Y X
3.00e+02
Contours of Static Temperature (k) (Time=6.0000e-02)

Figure 6: Contours of Static Temperature After Returning to the BDC
2.00e+01
1.91e+01
1.81e+01
1.72e+01
1.62e+01
1.53e+01
1.44e+01
1.34e+01
1.25e+01
1.15e+01
1.06e+01
9.65e+00
8.71e+00
7.77e+00
6.83e+00
5.88e+00
4.94e+00
4.00e+00
3.06e+00 Z
2.12e+00 Y X
1.18e+00
Contours of Density (kg/m3) (Time=6.0000e-02)

Figure 7: Contours of Density After Returning to the BDC
26
2. Inspect the solution at top dead center.

(a) Read in the corresponding case and data files (cyl3d new0360.cas and cyl3d new0360.dat).
File −→ Read −→Case & Data...
(b) Display contours of static temperature (Figure 8).
i. Under Options, deselect everything except Filled and Node Values.
ii. Enter 300 for Min and 900 for Max.
iii. Click Display.
9.00e+02
8.70e+02
8.40e+02
8.10e+02
7.80e+02
7.50e+02
7.20e+02
6.90e+02
6.60e+02
6.30e+02
6.00e+02
5.70e+02
5.40e+02
5.10e+02
4.80e+02
4.50e+02
4.20e+02
3.90e+02
3.60e+02 Z
3.30e+02 Y X
3.00e+02
Contours of Static Temperature (k) (Time=3.0000e-02)

Figure 8: Contours of Static Temperature at TDC
The temperature very closely obeys the analytical result for a reversible adiabatic
compression:
γ−1
T2 ρ2

=
T1 ρ1
where γ = 1.4, and the compression ratio is 17:1 (ρ2 /ρ1 = 17), yielding a theo-
retical temperature at top dead center of 932 K.
(c) Display contours of density (Figure 9).
i. Enter 1.18 for Min and 20 for Max
ii. Click Display.

2.00e+01
1.91e+01
1.81e+01
1.72e+01
1.62e+01
1.53e+01
1.44e+01
1.34e+01
1.25e+01
1.15e+01
1.06e+01
9.65e+00
8.71e+00
7.77e+00
6.83e+00
5.88e+00
4.94e+00
4.00e+00
3.06e+00 Z
2.12e+00 Y X
1.18e+00
Contours of Density (kg/m3) (Time=3.0000e-02)

Figure 9: Contours of Density at TDC
Summary
In this tutorial you learned how to use the dynamic mesh feature of FLUENT. If you are
going to set up and solve real-life in-cylinder simulations that involve valve movement
and piston movement, you will have to perform some additional steps that could not be
illustrated with the geometry in this problem. Please see the application-specific tutorial
for in-cylinder modeling (available from your technical support engineer) for details.
28

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Tutorial: 3D Adiabatic Compression (Layering, Remeshing,

and Spring Smoothing)

Mesh Motion Methods

• Spring-based smoothing: It can be used for zones with a triangular or tetrahedral

crank angle = 0 (or 360 TDC)

crank angle = 180 (or 540 BDC)

Figure 1: Problem Specification

1. Copy the file cyl3d new.msh, to your working directory.

2. Start the 3D version of FLUENT.

Setup and Solution

1. Read the grid file, cyl3d new.msh.

2. Check the grid.

3. Scale the grid using cm as the unit of length.

4. Display the grid (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Grid Display

1. Enable time-dependent calculation.

(a) Under Time, select Unsteady.

1. Specify that the flow is compressible.

(a) Select ideal-gas in the drop-down list for Density.

Step 4: Boundary Conditions

Step 5: Mesh Motion Setup

Activate dynamic mesh motion and specify the associated parameters.

1. Under Models, enable Dynamic Mesh.

2. Under Models, select In-Cylinder.

3. Under Methods, enable Smoothing, Layering, and Remeshing.

5. Click on the Remeshing tab.

(a) Click Mesh Scale Info....

i. Close the panel.

This is the recommended value for 3D problems. Smaller values of maximum

(a) Set Crank Shaft Speed to 1000 rpm.

(h) Under Minimum Valve Lift, retain the default value of 0.

> /define/models/dynamic-mesh-controls> icp

Z X Crank Angle (deg)

Valve Lifts (Time=0.0000e+00)

Figure 3: The **piston-full** and **piston-limit** Profiles

5b: Specify Zone Motion

Define −→ Dynamic Mesh −→Zones...

1. Specify the motion of the zone (cyl-tri).

(d) Click on the Meshing Options tab.

i. Under Methods, disable Smoothing.

2. Specify the motion of the zone (fluid-wedge).

i. Under Motion UDF/Profile, select **piston-full** from the drop-down list.

3. Specify the motion of the zone (int-piston).

i. In the Motion UDF/Profile drop-down list, select **piston-limit**.

4. Specify the motion of the zone (piston).

5. Close the Dynamic Mesh Zones panel.

Preview the zone motion.

1. Display the grid outline.

(a) Deselect all surfaces.

2. Initiate the zone motion.

Step 6: Mesh Preview

1. Save the case file (cyl3d new.cas).

2. Display grid faces.

(a) Under Options, enable Faces.

4. Set up the mesh preview.

Step 7: Solution Setup

1. Restart the 3D version of FLUENT.

2. Read the case file back into FLUENT (cyl3d new.cas).

3. Define a monitor for the volume averaged temperature.

i. In the Report Type drop-down list, select Volume-Average.

4. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

(a) Under Options, select Plot.

Figure 3: The piston-full and piston-limit Profiles

i. Under Motion UDF/Profile, select piston-full from the drop-down list.

i. In the Motion UDF/Profile drop-down list, select piston-limit.