:Table of contents

Units:
7Modals 2
8Conditionals
13Adjectives and Adverbs
16 Question tags & Short
Agreements
18 Prepositions of Time

Unit 7

49
 Modals 2

Obligation and necessity

Must = have to / has to + infinitive

I- He- She- It - We- you- They must+inf.

I-We- You- They + ( P. nouns ) have to+ inf.

He –She- It + ( S. nouns ) has to+ inf.

Usage
To talk about something that we are obliged to do we use:
must/ have to/ has to/ (S.+be+obliged to /
It+be+necessary to/for )

Examples :
1- I must phone my parents.
2- I have to phone my parents.
3- I am obliged to phone my parents.
4- It is necessary to phone my parents.

Examples :

 He ………….. go now.
 He …………… to go now.
 He …………… to go now.
 It …………… for him to go now .

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 Note:
 Must is used with laws:
Ex.) It is red. We must stop our car.

When we make negation of ( must / have to / has to) the meaning is completely different

mustn't.
can't are used to express prohibition or restriction
not allowed to

Ex.) You mustn't smoke. = It is prohibited / not allowed / forbidden to smoke.

(don't/doesn't) have to
(don't/doesn't) need to are express absence of necessity
needn't

Ex.)You don't have to run = you are not obliged to run = It isn't necessary for you to run .

Must

Past Future

had to + inf. will have to + inf.

She had to cook yesterday She will have to cook tomorrow.

They had to go three hours a go . They will have to meet Jack at night .

Don't forget ……
You won't not learn very much
if you don't ask more questions

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 Note

In everyday statements of necessity , have to is used more

commonly than must . Must is usually stronger than have to
and can indicate urgency or stress importance .

Exercises

Choose the correct answer:

1- You (must- mustn't- don't have to} stop. The traffic light is
red.
2- She (has to- doesn't have to- mustn't) buy cheese for
children. There is nothing in the fridge.
3- Soldiers (must- needn't- mustn't) obey the officer.
4- To stay alive, people (must- mustn't- needn't) breathe
oxygen.
5- My room is a mess, so I (have to- mustn't- don't have to)
clean it tonight.
6- Last week, I (must- have to- had to) work harder.
7- Tomorrow, you (had to- will have to- has to) fill in this form.
8- No smoking, you (are allowed to- mustn't- have to) smoke.
9- No parking here, it is (allowed – permitted- prohibited) to
park your car.
10.It is not raining, I (have to – don't have to- must) take my umbrella.
11.You (needn't- mustn't- have to) run to catch the train. We have much time.
12.I (must- can't- need) to go to the dentist as my teeth hurt.
13.I (must- have to- has to) visit my grandma. I missed her.
14.You (must – have to- has to) get a new passport. otherwise, you won't
travel.
15.We (mustn't- must- don't have to) swim in this part of the river. It is
dangerous.
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Rewrite the following sentences using the giving words:

1- You mustn't run in the corridor. (allowed)

------------------------------------------------
2- You aren't allowed to take photographs. (mustn't)
----------------------------------------------------
3- You aren't obliged to stay up late. (don't have to)
----------------------------------------------------
4- You must obey your father. ( It is )
---------------------------------------------------
5- You can't enter this place. ( not allowed )
---------------------------------------------------
6- It is necessary for you to sleep early. ( must )

------------------------------------------------------
7- Crossing the road is impossible. (Can't)

---------------------------------------------------------
8- There is a No entry sign. ( mustn't/not allowed )

------------------------------------------------------------

Answer the following questions ( the first one is done for you )

1- What are some of the things you have to do today or tomorrow ?

Today I have to visit my grandma but tomorrow I will have to go fishing .

2- What does Sally have to do today ?

………………………………………………………………………………………
3- What are some of the things you had to do yesterday ?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
4- What will you have to do after class ?
……………………………………………………………………………………….

Don't forget ………

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 Rights are never granted
but taken by force
Unit 8

Conditionals

Zero conditional

Form :

If / when + present simple present simple

Usage :
To speak about the scientific facts in the present or future .
Ex.) If the temperature drops to 0c, water turns into ice .
= water turns into ice if the temperature drops to 0c .

First conditional

Form :

If + present simple will + inf.

If + present simple imperative

If + present simple modal

Usage :
We use it to express that something is possible or probable to happen.
Examples

1- If I have money, I will travel abroad.

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 2- If you study hard, you will succeed.
3- If you go earlier, you may find her.
4- If you go to the supermarket, buy some
milk.

Unless = If not

-Unless you have money, you can't buy a flat.

-If you don't have money, you can't buy a flat.
- Unless you run, you will miss the train.
- If you don't run, you will miss the train.

Second conditional:

Form

If + past simple , would + infinitive

If + past simple , modal + infinitive

Examples

1- If I knew the answer, I would tell you.

2- If she had money, she might lend it to
me.

Use:

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 Usage Example

1- Something doesn't apply to the If I had wings , I would fly .

present and impossible to happen

2- imaginary situation ( hope ) If I were a prime minister . I

would support you .
3- Something doesn't apply to the If I became a pilot , I would
present , but may be possible in the travel into space .
future .
4- To give a advice If I were you , I would study
more and more .

Complete the sentences with the verbs between brackets :

The first one is done for you

1- I f I have enough apples, I ( bake ) will

bake an apple pie .
2- If I had enough apples, I ( bake )
…………….. an apple pie .
3- I will fix your bicycle if I ( have )
………….a screwdriver of proper size .
4- I would fix your bicycle if I ( have )
……….a screwdriver of proper size .
5- Jack would shave today if he ( have )
………..a sharp razor .
6- Jack will shave today if he ( have )
………..a sharp razor .
7- Sally always answers the phone if she ( be
) ……….in her office .
8- Sally would answer the phone if she ( be )
……….in her office .
9- I ( not be ) ………..a student in this class
if English ( be ) ………..my native language .

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Third conditional

Meaning of the Verb form The result

" If clause " clause
Untrue in the past Past perfect Would have + past If I had had enough
participle time, I would have
written to my parents
yesterday .

Complete the sentences with the verbs between brackets :

The first one is done for you

1- It's too bad Helen isn't here . If she ( be )

had been here , she ( know ) would have known what to do .
2- Fred failed the test because he didn't study
. However , if he ( study ) …………..for the test , he ( pass ) …………. It .
3- That sounds like a good job offer. If I
( be ) ………..you , I ( accept ) …………. it .
4- If I ( have ) ………….my camera with me
yesterday , I ( take ) ………….a picture of Alex standing on his head .
5- An aerosol spray can will explode if you (
throw ) ………it into air .

Don' forget …….

If you ask the way ,You won't

go astray

Note:
- If we have (verb to be) in the main clause, we can use were instead of was with all
pronouns.

Exercise:

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A- Choose the correct answer:

1- If I (am- were- is) an astronaut, I would

fly in space.
2- I (will- would- can) accept this job if I
were you.
3- If I (have- had- will have) money, I'd lend
you some.
4- If you ran quickly, you (will- would-
shall) catch the bus.
5- If I (am- were- have been) you, I would
pick up this curtains.
6- If he studies hard, he (will- would-
should) succeed.
7- If they went to the theater, (will- would-
can) invite you?
8- If you (ate- eat- are eating) more
vegetables, your skin would look better.
9- If you want to get a high mark, (study –
will study- studied) harder.
10- He (will- would- could) stay for lunch if she asks
him.

B- Correct the verbs between brackets:

1- If I (be) a bird , I would fly.

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------------------------------------------------------------

2- If you (not come) , you will not see her.

------------------------------------------------------------

3- Unless you (sleep) early, you will get up late.

-----------------------------------------------------------

4- If she ( not have) money , how would she help

you?

---------------------------------------------------------------

5- What will you do if he (insult) you?

---------------------------------------------------------------

C-Rewrite the sentences using the word given:

1- If we don't leave now, we'll be late for school. (Unless)

--------------------------------------------------------------
2- Unless they stop that noise, I'll call the police. (If)
---------------------------------------------------------------
3-The mirror will fall unless you use a strong nail. (If)
----------------------------------------------------------------
4- Unless it rains, we’ll go to the football match. (If)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
5- I advise you to see a doctor. (If)
-----------------------------------------------------------------

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6- I hope to be rich to help people. (If)
------------------------------------------------------------------

D-Do as shown:

1- If I have money, I will help people. (What)

---------------------------------------------------------
2- Study – Unless-you- you- fail- will. (Rearrange)
---------------------------------------------------------
3- If you aren't clever, you can't pass the exam. (Unless)
-----------------------------------------------------------

Don't forget ………..

A blind man won't thank you for your mirror .

Unit 13

Adjectives and adverbs:

A- Adjectives- Adjectives are words that describe a noun.

Usage :
1- Before the noun.
- I saw a big cat. He drives)
2-After verb to be.
- This dress is wonderful.
3-After verbs of senses.
( look- seem- sound- smell- taste- feel)
- He looks angry.

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- Apples taste delicious

B- Adverbs Adverbs describe verbs.

- He drives carefully.
- She speaks English fluently.

Note :

- careful carefully easy easily

-fantastic fantastically possible possibly

- There are some words that can be adj. and adv.

(Fast- hard – late-early)

1- He is a fast swimmer. / He swims fast.

Note He is a good driver. He drives well.

2- - lovely in a lovely way

3- - friendly in a friendly way
4- - Silly in a silly way

Exercise:
A-Choose the correct answer:

1- She sang (beautiful- beautifully).

2- He speaks English (good- well).
3- The cake tastes (bad- badly).

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 4- He smiled (friendly- in a friendly way).
5- She ran (fast- fastly).
6- Try to work (hard- hardly).
7- He spoke (angry- angrily-angryly).
8- This is a (bad-badly) idea.
9- She has got a (warm- warmly) smile.

10.They sound (nervously- nervous).

11.He spoke very (polite- politely).
12.In the story, the hero died (tragic- tragically).
13.She is a (careful- carefully) doctor.
14.I have done (correct- correctly).
15.She smiles (lovely- in a lovely way).
B- Correct the words between brackets:

1-He is a (well) trader.

----------------------------------------------------
2-She speaks (quiet).
---------------------------------------------------
3-Try (hardly).
-----------------------------------------------------
4-Think (careful).
-------------------------------------------------------
5-Jakson ran (quick).
-----------------------------------------------------

C- Change into adverbs using the words in brackets:

1-He is a good teacher. (He teaches)
---------------------------------------------------------------
2- He is a fast runner. (He runs)
---------------------------------------------------------------
3- The cake has a delicious taste. (The cake tastes)
…………………………………………………….
4- He is always silly. (He behaves……)
………………………………………………………
5 - He is a clever driver. (He drives)
……………………………………………………

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 Comparative and Superlative:

1- Adjectives with one syllable or end with y:

Comparative Superlative Irregular comparative Superlative

Two More than two adjectives Two More than
Adjective two
nice Nicer than The nicest good Better than The best
clever Cleverer than The cleverest bad Worse than The worst
tall Taller than The tallest far Farther than The farthest
further The furthest
short Shorter than The shortest little Less than The least
happy Happier than The happiest
big Bigger than The biggest

Examples:
Comparative Superlative

1- Ahmed is taller than Ali. – Ahmed is the tallest one in the class.
2- Ahmed is better than Ali. - Ahmed is the best one in the class.

Adjectives with more than one syllable:

(1)When we compare two things, or persons, we put

the adjective between:
More + adj. + than
Less + adj. + than
Examples
a-A lion is more dangerous than a dog.
b-A dog is less dangerous than a lion.

2-Superlative: the adjective comes after:

- the most + adj ./ the least + adj.
- He is the most / the least intelligent one in the class.

Note

1- The superlative is followed by

a preposition:-

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in place Ex.) Lion is the most dangerous animal
in the zoo
of a group Ex. ) He is the tallest of them all .

As + adj. + as, not as / so + adj. + as

-When we express equality between two:
- Kiki is as clever as Peter. / Kiki is not as / so clever as Peter.

Exercise:

A-Choose the correct answer:

1-Ali is (old- older-oldest) than Hani.

2-The elephant is (big- bigger- biggest) than the horse.
3-Sam answered (more- most- much) carefully than his sister.
4-Ann is the (young- younger- youngest) one in our family.
5-He is the (more- most- much) talented one in our team.
6-It is the (more-most-much) expensive dress in the shop.
7- Today is (cold- colder- coldest) than yesterday.
8- Ali is (good- better- best) than Shaker.
9-He is the (good- better- the best) one of all.
10 Pluto is the (far- farther- farthest) planet from the Earth.
11-My answer is bad, but your answer is (bad- worse- worst)
12- Athens is as (hot- hotter- hottest) as Rome.
13-The first question is (more-most –the most) difficult than
the second one.
14- Jenny drives (fast- faster- fastest) than Sara.
15- He is (less- as- much) intelligent than his sister.

B- Correct the words between brackets:

1- Hady is (good) than his brother

. -------------------------------------------------------------
2- Your garden is (nicer) as mine
. ---------------------------------------------------------------
3- He is ( the faster) one .
----------------------------------------------------------------
4- Ali is the (good) student in the
class.
---------------------------------------------------------------

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 5- He is (most) foolish than his
brother.
---------------------------------------------------------------
6- Tigers are (big) than dogs.
---------------------------------------------------------------
7- This is the (funny) joke.
-------------------------------------------------------------
8- Pluto is the (farther) planet .
---------------------------------------------------------------
9- He is the most talented actor (of)
the play
…………………………………………………………..

Don't forget ……..

All works and no play makes

Jack a dull boy

Unit 16

Question Tags& short agreements

Negative
Positive
statement
?Question

Positive
Negative
statement
?Question
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Note :
A tag question may be spoken :
( 1 ) with a rising intonation if the speaker is truly seeking to ascertain
that his/her information , idea , belief is correct ( e.g., Ann lives in an
apartment , doesn't she? ) OR
( 2 ) with a falling intonation if the speaker is expressing an idea with
which s/he is almost certain the listener will agree (e.g., It's a nice day
today , isn't it? ) .

Exercise

A- Complete with a question tag:

1- You can come tomorrow,………………………....?
2- Anna plays the piano,………………………….….?
3- You were going to school,…………………….….?
4- The test was easy,……………………………..… ?
5- This film looks exciting,……………………….…?
6- He will see you again,…………………………….?
7- Sam didn't hurt himself,……………………….…?
8- Mark and his uncle went to London, ……………?
9- Your father has called ,…………………………..?
10- He has a car,……………………………………..?
11- They never go on holiday,………………………?
12- Hany seldom eats sweets,………………………..?
13- He's a teacher,…………………………………….?
14- He's played tennis,………………………………...?
15- I am genius, ,………………………………………?
16- Let's go out,……………………………………….?
17- Open the door,…………………………………….?
18- Let us go,…………………………………………...?
19- Don't smoke, ……………………………………….?
20- We shouldn't waste our time,………………………?

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B- Choose the correct answer:
1- It's cold today,(isn't it- is it- hasn't it) ?
2-My son won the gold medal, (did he- does he- didn't he)?
3- I am a doctor, (aren't I- are I – am I)
4- There are many people here, (aren't there- aren't they)?
5- She has a car, (doesn't she- hasn't she)?
6- Don't joke,( don't you- will you)?
7- They scarcely watch TV, ( do they- don't they)?
8- They'd like to come early,( wouldn't they – don't they)?

C- Punctuate the following:

1- she'll go fishing won t she
……………………………………………
2- let s walk shall we
……………………………………………..
3- you study English don t you

Don't forget ……..

East or west , home is the best

Short agreements

We use short agreements when: we want

to agree with some body ‘s saying;
To agree with an affirmative sentence, we use :
So + auxiliary + Subject.
I am going to the party, So am I

To agree with a negative sentence, we use

neither nor + auxiliary + subject;
He can't cook . Neither can she.

Exercise

A-Complete using the suitable auxiliary:

1) A: I love sport.

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 B: So …..I
2) A: He can't use this computer
B: Neither ………she.
3) A-We went to the park.
B –So ……. we
4) A. Ann likes football.
B- So ……….his sister.
5) A. I will leave now.
B-So ……..I
6) A. I didn't go to the party.
B-Neither ……..we
B-Choose the correct answer:
1-I bought eggs. (So-Neither) did I
2-She enjoys music. So (does-is) mum
3-I don't like Math. Neither (does-don't-is) my sister.
4-He is clever. (So-Neither) is she.
5-I have not played for ages. Neither (have-has-does)
C-Complete the following dialogue:
Ahmed: ………………………….?
Sandy: My favorite subject is English.
Ahmed: Do you think it is important?
Sandy: Yes. I do.
Ahmed.:So ………………………….

Unit 18

Prepositions of Time:

1- I get up at seven
Six o'clock/ o'clock.
at Christmas/ night/ 2- I went to the zoo at
end/ noon the weekend.
3. He met me at noon.
The week / 4-He visited me at
midnight/ lunch night.
The moment

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 1-He visited me on
Monday/ 6th July/ Tuesday morning.
New year's day 2- Dad gave me a present
On on my wedding.
My birthday/ 3- I went to Jeddah on a
occasions/ holiday warm day.
A special day 4-I was born on 12th Dec,
1976.
5- We go to the zoo on
Fridays.

The 21st century/ 1- The weather is cold in

2004/ spring/ the winter.
in summer/ May/ the 2- I was born in 1976.
morning/ 3- I met him in the
The afternoon/ the morning.
evening 4- We are living in the 21st
century.
5- The Mother Day is in
March.
6- It is windy in spring.

Prepositions of Place:

( at/ in/ inside/ outside/ over/ on/ above/ under/ below/

in front of/ next to/ near/ beside/among/ between/
opposite)

Note:
1- at (home/ school/ work/25Khazzan street)
2- on (the left/ the right/the chair/the farm/ street name)
3- in (bed/ hospital/ prison/ the city/ the town/ London/the
tree/the street/the armchair)

Exercise:

1- Egypt won The African Nations Cup (in- on- at) 2008.
2- He used to visit me (in- on- at) Fridays.
3- He wanted to meet me (in- on at) lunchtime.
4- I live (on- in- at) 25, Harley street.
5- The restaurant is (next- in front- opposite) the cinema.

69
6- I want to speak with you, so sit (behind- between- beside)
me.
7- The library is (between- among- next) the headmaster's
office and grade2/ A.
8- He must be (on- in at) home now.
9- The cat is sitting (in- on- at) my armchair.
10- The cat jumped (above- over- on) the fence.
11- I invited my close friends (in – on- at) my birthday.

General Exercises

A- Choose the correct answer:

1- You…………………take a taxi. I'll give you a lift.
a- must b- don't have to
c- mustn't
2- You……………… come with me if you don't want to.
a- must b- needn't
c- had to
3- I think you …………………… see a doctor for your headache.
a- have to b- may
c- need
4- You ……………….. to eat vegetables to be slim.
a- must b- need
c- needn't
5- You …………………sleep on the couch. There is a spare bed.
a- mustn't b- needn't
c- couldn't.
6- I ………………………wear heavy clothes last night. It was
nice.
a- mustn't b- must
c- didn't have to
7- You ………………..do that. It is against the law.
a- can't b- may
c- should
8- If he………………… late, he would be punished.
a- comes b- came
c- will come
9- If it stops raining, I…………………… go out.
a- will b- would
c- can
10- If he were rich, he…………………… buy a car.

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 a- will b- would
c- can
11- If you want to be rewarded,………….. on time.
a- come b- came
c- will come
12- You will fail ………………… you study hard.
a- unless b- if
c- because
13- If you ………………………to the grocer, buy me some
cheese.
a- go b- went
c- going
14- We can travel abroad if we ……………….. money.
a- have b- has
c- had
15- If I were you, I……………….. accept this job.
a- will b- would
c- can
16- I met a ………………….. girl.
a- beautiful b- beautifully
c- beauty
17- She moved ……………………
a- quick b- quickly
c- slow
18- Try to do your best and work………………. .
a- hard b- hardly
c- good
19- She smiled……………………….
a- motherly b- mot c- in
a motherly way
20- He is a good plumber. He fixed the central
heating…………………
a- good b- well
c- bad
21- This food tastes ……………………
a- bitter b- bitterly
c- well
22- He is a fast swimmer. He swims………………..
a- fast b- fastly
c- quick
23- He is the ………………….. One in the team.

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 a- slow b- slower
c- slowest
24- This exam looks……………than the previous one.
a- hard b- harder
c- hardest
25- I have………………. Sugar.
a- less b- lesser
c- least
26- I have ……………….. sugar than you.
a- little b- little
c- least
27- This box is so…………………..
a- heavy b- heaviest
c- heavily
28- Traveling by air is s………………… than traveling by ship.
a- much b- more
c- most
29- English is the ……………… subject which I like.
a- best b- the best
c- good
30- She is the……………… beautiful girl I have ever se en.
a- more b- most
c- much
31- He is …………….. than his brother.
a- good b- better
c- bad
32- Q imam El-Hayat School is the ………… school all over
Riyadh.
a- best b- better
c- good
33- I am clever,………………….?
a- am I b- are I
c- aren't I
34- There is a bird in my room,…………………?
a- is it b- isn't it
c- isn't there
35- Let's play, …………….?
a- will you b- shall you
c- can you
36- They have enough money, ……………………..?
a- do they b- haven't they
c- don't they

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37- He saw a car,…………………….?
a- wasn't he b- didn't he
c- did he
38- There is hardly any rain in KSA, ……………………..?
a- isn't there b- is there
c- was there
39- Don't smoke ,……………………..?
a- do you b- don't you
c- will you
40- I don't like traveling , …………… does my sister.
a- So b- Neither
c- Either
41- T am a great fan of the Egyptian team. So he.
a- am b- do
c- is
42- He studied hard for the exam , so ……………..his sister.
a-did b- do
c- was
43- The concert is ……………… Friday.
a- on b- in
c- at
44- The train leaves…………….. eight o'clock.
a- on b- at
c- in
45- He met me ………………. The morning.
a- on b- at
c- in
46- He met me ……………….. midday.
a- at b- in
c- on
47- It is usually hot……………………. Summer.
a- in b- on
c- at
48- He was born………………. 1999.
a- in b- on
c- at
49- ……………….. Fridays, we go to the funfair.
a- On b- At c- In
st
50- We are living……………….. the 21 century.
a- on b- at c- on
51- He sat………………… to me.

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a- next b- behind c- in
front of
52- I live………………… 25 Oxford Street.
a- on b- at c- in
53- Come and sit………………… me. I want to speak with you.
a- behind b- beside c-
between
54- He mustn't be………………… home now.
a- on b- in c- at
55- He sat……………. the left of me.
a- on b- in c- at

B-Rewrite the following sentences :

1- You must carry out my order

(have to)
………………………………………………………….
2-It is necessary to get up early.
(must)
…………………………………………………………
3- Yesterday he must see the doctor
(correct)
……………………………………………………..
4- You aren't obliged to buy this book.
(need n't)
………………………………………………………
5-It is banned to smoke here.
(mustn't)
…………………………………………………….
6- It is not necessary to run to catch the bus.
(don't have to )
………………………………………………………
7-I advise you to study hard .
(should)
……………………………………………………….
8-If you don't study hard , you will succeed .
(unless)
………………………………………………………
9- Un less you run ,you will not catch the bus.
(if)
……………………………………………………..
10-He is a good singer.
(He sings )

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 ……………………………………………………..
11-He is bad when he speaks with people.
(badly)
……………………………………………………..
12-I am a teacher,……….?
(tag )
……………………………………………….
13- Let's go out,………?
(tag)
………………………………………………….
14- Don't shout,…………?
(tag)
…………………………………………………….
15-I was born…….1997.
(preposition)
…………………………………………………..
16-Iwas born…….5th-May.
(preposition)
………………………………………………….
17-He prefers to stay … …. home.
(preposition)
……………………………………………………..
18-He is the tallest ……..his friends.
(preposition)
……………………………………………………..
19-He sat next ……. me .
(preposition)
………………………………………………………

C-Change into negative :

1-She has to sleep late.

…………………………………
2-We have to pump up the tyrs
…………………………………..
3-He had to go to the doctor.
………………………………….
4.He needs to practice sport
…………………………………..
5-If you sleep early, you will get up early.

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 ……………………………………..

D-Rearrange:
1-he-well-answered-the test-
……………………………………………………
2-is- the most – girl –she – in our school – wonderful
………………………………………………………
3-, isn't he ? – he – clever – is.
……………………………………………………..
4- , aren't I ? – clever – am – I .
…………………………………………………..
5- to school – on Friday – I don't .
………………………………………………….
6- born – was - he – 1937- in .
………………………………………………………
7- unless –work – hard – you – fail – will – you .
…………………………………………………

Don't forget ………

" God is now here " it can be read
" God is no where " .
The matter completely depends on
the way you see things So
think positively .

Best wishes

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