SECTION 7

Problem 7.1
Calculate the time taken for the distant face of a brick wall, of thermal diffusivity, DH = 0.0042
cm2/s and thickness l = 0.45 m, initially at 290 K, to rise to 470 K if the near face is suddenly
raised to a temperature of  =870K and maintained at that temperature. Assume that all the
heat flow is perpendicular to the faces of the wall and that the distant face is perfectly insulated.

Answer: t = 0.120 Ms (33.5hr)

Problem 7.2
Calculate the time for the distant face to reach 470 K under the same conditions except that the
distant face is not perfectly lagged. Instead, a very large thickness of material of the same
thermal properties as the brick work is stacked against it.
Note: p-1 e-kvp is the Laplace transform of erfc k/(2  t).
Tables for erfc x for various values of x are given on p.373 of Conduction of Heat in Solids by
Carslaw and Jaeger.

Answer:

Problem 7.3
Benzene vapour , at atmospheric pressure, condenses on a plane surface 2 m long and 1m wide
maintained at 300 K and inclined at an angle of 45o to the horizontal. Plot the thickness of the
condensate film and the point heat transfer coefficient against distance from the top of the
surface.

Answer:

Problem 7.4
It is desired to warm 0.9kg/s of air from 283 to 366 K by passing it through the pipes of a bank
consisting of 20 rows with 20 pipes in each row. The arrangement is in-line with centre to centre
spacing, in both directions, equal to twice the pie diameter. Flue gas, entering at 700 K and
leaving at 366 K, with a free flow mass velocity of 10kg/s, is passed across the outside of the
pipes.
Neglecting gas radiation, how long should the pipes be?
For simplicity, outer or inner pipe diameter may be taken as 12 mm.
Values of K and  , which may be used for both air and flue gases, are given below. The specific
heat of air and flue gases is 1.0KJ/kg/s.

Answer:

Problem 7.5
A cooling coil, consisting of a single length of tubing through which water is circulated, is
provided in a reaction vessel, the contests of which are kept uniformly at 360 K And 320 K
respectively. What would the outlet water temperature become if the length of cooling coil
were increased 5 times? Assume the overall heat transfer coefficient to be constant over the
length of the tube and independent of the water temperature.

Answer:
Problem 7.6
In an oil cooler, 60g/s of hot oil enters a thin metal pipe of diameter 25mm. An equal mass of
cooling water flows through the annular space between the pipe and a larger concentric pipe,
the oil and water moving in opposite directions. The oil enters at 420 K and is to be cooled to
320 K. I f the water enters at 290 K, what length of pipe will be required?? Take coefficients of
1.6 kW/m2K on the oil side and 3.6 kW/m2KK on the water side and 2.0kJ/kg K for the specific
heat of the oil.

Answer:

Problem 7.7
The wall of furnace are built up to 150mm thickness of a refractory of thermal conductivity
1.35W/m K. The surface temperatures of the inner and outer faces of the refractory are 1400 K
and 540 K respectively.
If a layer insulating material 25mm thick of thermal conductivity 0.3W/m K is added, what
temperatures will its surfaces attain assuming the inner surface of the furnace to remain at 1400
K? The coefficient of heat transfer from the outer surface of the insulation to the surroundings,
which are at 290 K, may be taken as 4.2, 5.0, 6.1, and 7.1W/m K for surface temperature of 370,
420, and 520 K respectively. What will be the reduction in heat loss?

Answer:

Problem 7.8
A pipe of outer diameter 50mm, maintained at 1100 K, is covered with 50mm of insulation of
thermal conductivity 0.17w/m K.
Would it feasible to use magnesia insulation, which will not stand temperatures above 615 K
and has a thermal conductivity of 0.09W/m K, for an additional layer thick enough to reduce the
outer surface temperature to 370 K in surroundings at 280K? Take the surface coefficient of
heat transfer by radiation and convection as W/m2 K.

Answer:

Problem 7.9
In order to warm 0.5kg/s of a heavy oil from 311 K to 327 K, it is passed through tubes inside
diameter 19mm and length 1.5 forming a bank, on the outside of which steam is condensing at
373 K. how many tubes will be needed?
In calculating Nu, Pr, and Re, the thermal conductivity of the oil may be taken as 0.14W/m K and
the specific heat as 2.1kJ/kg K, irrespective of temperature. The viscosity is to be taken at the
mean oil temperature. Viscosity of the oil at 319 and 373 K is 154 and 19.2 mN s/m2
respectivley.

Answer:

Problem 7.10
A metal pipe of 12mm outer diameter is maintained at 420 K. Calculate the rate of heat loss per
metre run in surroundings uniformly at 290 K. (a) when the pipe is covered 12 mm thickness of
material of thermal conductivity 0.35 W/mK and surface emissivity 0.95, and (b) when the
 thickness of the covering material is reduced to 6m, but the outer surface is so treated so as to
reduced its emissivity to 0.10.
The coefficients of radiation from a perfectly black surface in surroundings at 290 K are 6.25,
8.18, and 10.68 W/m2 K at 310 K, 370 K and 420 K respectively. The coefficients of convection
may be taken as 1.22(  /d)0.25 W/m2 K, where  (K) is the temperature difference between the
surface and the surrounding air and d(m) is the outer diameter.

Answer:

Problem 7.11
A condenser consists of 30 rows of parallel pipes of outer diameter 230mm and thickness
1.3mm with 40 pipes, each 2m long per row. Water, inlet temperature 283 K, flows through the
pipes. There is a layer of scale 0.25 mm thick of thermal conductivity 2.1 Wm K on the inside of
the pipes.
Talking the coefficients of heat transfer 0on the water side as 4.0and on the steam side as
8.5kW/m2 K, calculate the water outlet temperature and the total weight of steam condensed
per second. The latent heat of the steam at 372 K is 2250kJ/kg. 1m3 water weighs 1000kg.

Answer: