Final Year Project of Iyasu

In Partial Fulfillment of B.Sc.
Degree in
Civil Engineering
Structural Design of a G+3 residential building with pre
cast beams slab and Cost Estimation
Prepared by
Mahalet Solomon.
Tamrat Bitew
Shewangizaw Tesfaye
Eyasu Gesit
Advisor
Ato Yonas T/haimanot
June, 2007
Acknowledgement
Thanks to the almighty God who gives us power,

patience & courage the whole time through and help us to see
the light of such brightest day. Next our strongest
gratitude goes to our advisor Ato. Yonas T/Haymanot for
such magnificent source of information and significant
contribution of necessary materials & reference books. We
also would like to thank Ato. Daniel Teklu for his support
with information and materials.
At last but not least, we would like to appreciate the
moral and material support from our families and thank who
were standing beside us through out the project.
` GLORY TO GOD!!`
Ι
Table of Content
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..Ι
Part 1 Structural Design
General Design Data and Material Property………………..…….1
1.0 Roof Design……………………………………………………………….,…2
1.1 Computation of wind pressure……………………………………….,…2
1.1.1 External Wind Pressure………………………………………….,.2
1.1.2 Internal wind pressure………………………………………........,.3
1.2 Zoning……………………………………………………………………..4
1.3 Design of the roof elements………………………………………….…,..9
1.4 Loading ……………………………………………………………….…,10
1.5 Design of trusses …………………………………………………,,….…15
2.0 Precast Beam-Slab System………………… ……………………………...19
2.1 Slab Design,,,,,……………………………………………………….…...22
2.2 Design Of Pre- Cast Beam Elements………………………..…….,,,.…23
2.2.1 Loading……………………………………………………… ….…23
2.2.2 Analysis of panels ………………………………………………...23
2.2.2.1 System for different condition……………………………...24
2.2.2.2 Modeling, Analysis and Design of Members……………....28
2.2.2.3 Load transfer to the truss………………………………..….31
2.2.2.4 Analysis of Members ………………………………….……33
3.0 FRAME ANALYSIS……………………………………………………..…39
3.1 Vertical loads……………………………………………………………..39
3.1.1 Load transfer to beams………………………………………………39
3.1.1.1 Calculation of equivalent distributed load W………………...41
3.2 Lateral Load Analysis……………………………………………………43
Ι
3.2.1 Earth Quake Analysis…………………………………………….…..43
3.2.1.1 Determination of Base Shear……………………………………43
3.2.1.2 Distribution of base shear over the………………………...…...45
height of the building (story shear )
3.2.1.3 Distribution of Story Shear in to ……………………………....46
Lateral Force Resisting Frames
3.3 Determination Of Mass Center (Cm) ………………………………,…..46
3.4 Center of stiffness (Xs,Ys) ………………………………………………..50
3.5 Determination of eccentricity…………………………………………….56
3.6 Computation of Direct shear forces, Qi: ………………………………...60
3.7 Computation of Correction factor……………………………………..…63
3.8 Calculation of total shear …………………………………………………65
4.0 Design of beams………………………………………………………………68
4.1 Depth checked for deflection. ……………………………………………69
4.2 Design of shear reinforcement. …………………………………………..71
4.3 Selected beam design results () ……………………………………..… 73
5.0 Column Design………………………………………………………………79
5.1 Effective buckling length of compression members (columns)………...79
5.2 Frame stability………………………………………………………….…83
5.3 Effective buckling length…………………………………………………84
5.4 2nd order effect……………………………………………………………85
5.4.1 Slenderness ratio: λ = Le/ie…………………………………………85
5.5 Moment due to additional eccentricity………………………………….87
5.6 Design moments reinforcement area calculation………………………88
5.7 Lateral Reinforcement for the column……………………………….…90
5.8 Development Length……………………………………………………..91
5.8.1 Basic Anchorage Length……………………………………………91
5.8.2 Required anchorage length…………………………………………91
5.9 Laps and joints……………………………………………………….......92
5.10 Reinforcement detail for the columns…………………………………94
Ι
6.0 Design of Stair case………………………………………………………….97
6.1Design of stair case 1………………………………………………………97
6.2 Design of stair case 2…………..………………………………………….99
7.0 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION ………………………………………………102
7.1 Proportioning of the footing. ……………………………………………102
7.2 STRACTUERAL DESIGN OF THE FOOTING………………………105
7.2.1 Thickness Determination……………………………………………105
7.3 Reinforcement…………………………………………………………….108
References………………………………………………………………………...114
Part 2 Structural Coast Estimation

8.0 Bill of quantity……………………………………………………………….115
• Sample drawings
Ι
Introduction
This project is mainly concerned with structural analysis and design of a
G+3 residential building of pre cast beam element slab. The building is assumed
to be constructed in Mekelle.
The work starts with specifying the design data and material property.
Starting from the structural drawing and function of the building we determine
the depth of the pre cast beam elements based on the serviceability limit stats
followed by calculation of design loads and transferring concentrated loads from
secondary beams and changing to the equivalent uniformly distributed loads to
the main beams.
Earthquake analysis is done according to the following procedure
- identifying earthquake seismic zone
- determination of center of mass & center of stiffness
- base shear determination and its distribution at each storey
We analyzed the whole structure using SAP-2000, Software. And finally
after the design of the structure is finished the cost of the building is
estimated.
Ι
Part 1
Structural Design
General Design Data and Material Property
Materials
(a) Concrete
C-25 Class-I work
- characteristics strength
fck = 20Mpa
fctk = 1.5Mpa
- design strength
fcd = 0.85fck =11.33Mpa
γc
fctd = 1.04 Mpa
- unit weight = 25KN/m3
(b) steel
- Steel quality S-300
- Characteristic strength
fyk = 300Mpa
- design strength
fyd = 260.87 Mpa
*Design Method : limit state design
*Location of the building : Mekelle
: Seismic zone 4
* Design Aids EBCS – 1, 95
EBCS – 2 , 95
EBCS – 2, 95 (part 2)
EBCS – 3, 95
EBCS – 7, 95
EBCS – 8, 95
1
1. Roof Design
1.1 Computation of wind pressure

According to EBCS-1, 1995 we categorized our roof under category ΙΙΙ (sub urban
areas……. )
Characteristics wind load is calculated using the equivalent wind load analysis.
1.1.1 External Wind Pressure
As its name implies it is the wind pressure acting on the external surface of the
structure given as:
We= qref Ce (Ze) Cpe .........................Eqn 3.1 EBCS -1 1995
Where qref - reference mean wind pressure

ρ- Air density
The density of air depends up on altitude and temperature, for site with altitude2000m
above sea level = 0.94Kg/m3
qref = ½ ρVref2 ----- (article 3.7.1)
qref = ½* 0.94*22²
= 227.48
Vref = reference wind velocity give by
Vref = Cdir Ctem Calt Vref

1* 1*1*22m/sec = 22m/sec
Ce (Ze) is the exposure coefficient takes into account the effect of terrain roughness,
topography and height above the ground on the mean wind speed and turbulence. It’s
given as
Ce (Ze) = Cr²(Z)*Ct²(Z) 1+ 7Kt ----------(Art. 3.8.5)

Cr(Z)*Ct(Z)
2
Where Kt is terrain factor
Kt = 0.22 for terrain category ΙΙΙ - sub Urban areas with average height of buildings not
exceeding 15m (Art 3.2)
Cr(Z)is the roughness coefficient (Art.3.8.2)

Cr(Z) = Kt ln(Z/Zo) for Zmin ≤ Z
Cr(Z) = Cr(Z) (Zmin)for Z<Zmin
Zo is the roughness length,
Zo=0.3m --------------- (table 3.2 Art. 3.83)
Zmin is the minimum height Zmin= 8m
Z is the height of the building at roof level
Z = 13.26m
Cr(Z) = Cr(Zmin)
= Cr(16) =0.22 ln(8/0.3) = 0..8348
Ct(Z) is the topography coefficient (Art. 3.8.4)
Ct(Z) =1 for not topographically affected zone
Ce (Ze) = (0.8348)2 (1)2 [1+ 7*0.22__ ] = 1.983

0.8348*1
There fore :
We= 227.48* 1.983* Cpe

= 451* Cpe
1.1.2 Internal wind pressure
Wi = qref Ce (Zi) Cpi .........................Eqn 3.1 EBCS -1 1995
Wi= 227.48 * 1.983 Cpi

= 451*Cpi
3
1.2 Zoning
For the purpose of designing the wind pressure must be considered from differnt sides in
order to identify the critical loading conditions and analyse accordingly.
For the computation of the exposure coefficient we considered three directions of

approch of wind.
For wind direction θ = 0˚ wind

e/4
e/4
G A= 39.65 F A= 17.6
F A= 17.6 e/10
H A= 86.0
5.7
J A= 74.8
Ridge line
I A= 57.75 e/10
4.7
B = 28.2
4
For wind direction θ =180˚ wind
e/4 e/4
G A= 39.65 F A= 17.6
F A= 17.6 e/10
H A= 57.75
4.7
Ridge line
I A= 86.0
e/10
5.7 J A= 74.8
B = 28.2
e = b or 2h which ever is smaller , thus e = 28.2 m
For wind direction θ =90˚
e/4 F
H I A= 131.1
G
wind
I¹ A= 108.1
G¹
B =10.4
H¹
Ridge line
e/4 F¹
e/10
e = b = 10.4 m
e/2
5
Computation of external exposure coefficient (Cpe)
For wind direction θ = 0˚/180˚
pitch
F G H I J
angle
Cpe,1 Cpe ,10 Cpe,1 Cpe ,10 Cpe ,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe ,10 Cpe,1 Cpe ,10
5˚
-2.5 -1.7 -2 -1.2 -1.2 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3
- -
2.13 -1.1 -1.63 -0.9
12.5˚ 0.525 0.375 -0.375 -1.2 -0.825
0.15 0.15 0.15
-2 -0.9 1.5 -0.8 -0.3

15˚ -0.4 -1.5 -1
0.2 0.2 0.2
For wind direction θ = 90˚
pitch angle F/F¹ G/G¹ H/H¹ I/I¹

Cpe ,1 Cpe ,10 Cpe ,1 Cpe ,10 Cpe ,1 Cpe ,10 Cpe ,1 Cpe ,10
5˚ 2.2 -1.6 -2 -1.3 -1.2 -0.7 -0.5
12.5˚ -2.15 -1.375 -2 -1.3 -1.575 -0.625 -0.5
15˚ -2 -1.3 -2 -1.3 -1.7 -0.6 -0.5
6
For θ = 0˚ Max. Negative = -1.1
Max. Positive = +0.15
Wind
α = 12.5˚
For θ = 180˚ Wind
Max. Negative = -1.0

α = 15˚
Max. Positive = +0.2
For areas whose values are between 1m² and 10 m² we calculate Cpe as follows:
Cpe = Cpe + (Cpe ,10. - Cpe ,1) log A
For zone F / α = 12.5˚

Cpe = -2.15 +(-1.375-(-2.15)) log 2.96 = -1.785
For zone G / α = 12.5˚

Cpe = -2 +(-1.3-(-2.0)) log 2.96 = -1.67
For zone F¹ / α = 15˚

Cpe = -2 +(-1.3-(-2.0)) log 2.44 = -1.72
For zone G¹ / α = 15˚

Cpe = -2 +(-1.3-(-2.0)) log 2.44 = -1.72
for θ = 90˚ the maximum coefficient becomes -1.785

7
The internal exposure coefficient (Cpi)
Cpi = -0.8 or -0.5
The Net wind pressure
The net wind pressure is the sumation of the external and the internal wind pressures.
i.e. WN = We - Wi
when calculating the net wind pressure only the critical conditions are considered,
that are the maximum suction and the maximum positive wind pressures.
The maximum suction is the combined effect of a maximum suction externaly and a
mximum positve push internaly. The maximum positve wind pressure is a combined
effect of a maximum positive pressure externaly and a maximum negative pressure
internaly.
Wi = 451*Cpi and We = 451*Cpe then

WN = 451(Cpe - Cpi)
Maximum suction = 451* (-1.785-0.8)
Maximum positive = 451*( 0.2-(-0.5))
Finally the net presures will turn out as follows:

Max. Negative Net pressure ( suction) = 451 (-2.585) = 1.166 KN/m2
Max. Positive Net pressure = 451 (0.7) = 0.3157 KN/m2
8
1.3 Design of the roof elements
Taking EGA 300 sheet thickness of 0.3mm with a unit weight of 2.35Kg\m having a of
width 823mm. the maximum dead load of the combined weight of the sheet & the purllin
is idealized as follows.
wind
Dl Sinθ W DL Cosθ
DL Cosθ the down ward perpendicular component of the dead load
The maximum perpendicular dead load is given as :

Py = DL Cos12.46˚ since Cos 12.46˚ > Cos15˚
the maximum parallel dead load would be:
Px = DL Sin15˚ since Sin 15 > Sin 12.46
The weight of a single EGA 300 sheet = 2.35Kg/0.823m²

Purllin
We chose a lattice purllin and a truss spacing of 5m (the longest distance between two
columns)
2
2
1 1
40 40
180 352 9 @420 352 180
9
30mm
30mm 2mm
Section 1-1
ST 33 unit weght of 1.68Kg/m
30*30*2mm
Section 2-2
Ф16 unit weight of 1.58 Kg/m
To calculate the total dead load we need to know the total lenght of the two cross
sections.
Which are
L(ST33) = 10,192.45mm ≈ 10.2m , 1.68Kg/m *10.2m*10 = 0.171KN
L(Ф16) = 7.3m ,7.3m* 10*1.58Kg/m = 0.115KN
With a purllin spacing of 1.25m
1.4 Loading
Combination 1
Dead load + live load (concetrated) => 1.3 DL + 1.6 LL(C)
Combination 2
Dead load + live load (distribiuted) => 1.3 DL + 1.6 LL(D)
Combination 3
Dead load + wind load => 1.3DL + 1.4 WL
Dead load
Weight of EGA sheet + Purllin self weight
Weight of EGA sheet
0.0285KN/m2 *1.25m =0.05
Purllin self weight
10
(0.171KN + 0.115KN)/5m = 0.0572 KN/m
Dead load = (0.572+0.05)KN/m = 0.1072 KN/m
Combination 1
Dead load + live load (concetrated) => 1.3 DL + 1.6 LL(C)
Y- axis
1.3 [0.1072*Cos 12.46˚ + 1.6 [1.0KN] Cos 12.46˚
= 0.136 KN/m + 1.56KN
X- axis
1.3 [0.1072*Sin 15˚ + 1.6 [1.0KN] Sin 15˚
= 0.028KN/m + 0.414 KN
Combination 2
Dead load + live load (dis) => 1.3 DL + 1.6 LL(D)
Y- axis
1.3 [0.1072*Cos 12.46˚ + 1.6 [0.25KN/m *1.25* Cos12.46˚]
0.665KN/m
X- axis
1.3 [0.1072*Sin 15˚ ]+ 1.6 [0.25KN/m *1.25* Sin 15˚]
0.165 KN/m
Combination 3
Dead load + wind load => 1.3DL + 1.4 WL
Wind loads
Net Negative = -1.166 KN/m
Net Positive = 0.3175 KN/m
Py (+ve) = 1.3[0.1072*Cos 12.46˚] + [0.3176*1.25] 1.4

= 0.13+0.56 = 0.68 KN/m
Py (-ve) = 1.3[0.1072*Cos 15˚] + [0.3176*1.25] 1.4
= -1.665KN/m
11
Px = [0.1072 Sin 15˚ ]1.4 =0.0365
Combination 1
1.56 KN M = PL/4 + WL²/8

0.136KN/m = 0.4875 + 0.02 = 0.514KN.m
A B
1.25m
Combination 2
M = WL²/8
W = 0.665KN/m = [0.665 * 1.25² ]/8 = 0.13 KN.m
A B
1.25m
Combination 3
W1 = 0.575 , W2 = 0.03468 ,
W3 = -1.5
A B
1.25m
M+ ve = 0.112KN.m
M-ve = 0.293KN.m
Combination1 is the critical load for positive pressure, for which we are going to check
the adiquecy of the EGA sheet.
12
Next we checked deflection on the EGA sheet. As mentiond priviously the critcal
condition for the EGA is combination 1
δ = [5WL4/384EI] + [PL³/48EI]
= 0.513mm + 7.7 * 10-³mm
= 0.5388≤ L/200
= 0.5388mm ≤ 6.25mm OK !
check for punching due to the concentrated live load.

1.56 KN over (50*50) mm²
1.56KN/0.05²mm² 624 m² = 624 Kpa
.
Section capacities of the lattice purllin elements.
For compression members the design compression force N com,Sd at each cross section
shall satisft the following
N com,Sd ≤ N com, Rd
Capacity of Buckling resistance
Nbrd = χβAfy
γM1
from EBCS- 3- 1995 table 4.1
the section is class 4 thus βA = Aeff/ A
χ = reduction factor
λ* = [λ/λ1]√ βA The value of λ < 350 (from EBCS 3- 1995, 4.5.3(2))
λ = le /i where i = √[I/A]
= 9.9ε I is moment of inertia
A = the effective area of the cross section.
ε = √ [235/fy] = 0.924
For tensile members the design tensile force N t,Sd at each cross section shall satis fy th
following.
13
N t,Sd ≤ A*fy
γM1
0.9 Aeff fU ST 33 steel grade FE 430
γM2 from EBCS 3 1995 bucling curve C cold
formed Weldedtaking fy as 430
Φ16 = S- 300
fy= 260.87
le = 334.2 (effective length of one member)
Aeff = 201 mm²
I = πD4/4 = 51.47* 10ֿ³
I
section (10ֿ³mm4) βa Aeff(mm²) i (mm) le(mm) λ λ1 λ χ
ST33 29.42 0.248 224 11.4 420 36.65 86.8 0.21 0.995
f16 51.47 1 201.1 16 334.2 20.9 89.12 0.23 0.98
From SAP2000 analysis for the obtained loads from the combinatons we reach at the
N t,Sd 2 Nbrd
section Aeff(mm2) γM1 γM2 Nt,Sd1(10³) (10³) (10³)
ST33 224 1.1 1.25 56 89.35 12.16
φ16 201.1 1.1 1.25 47.7 62.26 46.74

reactions that are transferd to the trussesSupport reactions
The critical load combination for the design of the trusses are the combination that gives
the largest reaction forces
Combination 1
Reactions Ay = By = 1.11 KN up ward
14
Combination 2
Reactions Ay = By = 1.64 KN up ward
Combination 3
Reactions Ay = By = 1.42 KN up ward , for Positive
Reactions Ay = By = 2.28 KN down ward , for Negative
1.5 Design of trusses

Celling load
Unit weight of celling chip wood = 8 KN/m³ T T T
r r r
= 0.064 KN/ m² T u u u
r s s s
Thickness = 8mm
u s s s
s
s A1 A2 A3
A1= 40.89m² = A2, A3 = 32.19m² 2 3 4
Load on trusses due to the celling 1

(The plan is symetrical with respec to Truss 4)
on Truss 1 1.308 KN
Truss 2 3.06 KN
5m 5m 4m
Truss 3 2.61 KN
Truss 4 2.338 KN
Truss Geometry
0 12.46 0
15
4.7 m 5.7 m
Rafters RT64 (60*40*3mm) γ =4.24 kg\m
15
Middle strut the horizontal members & diagonals
RT53(50*30*2.5mm) γ =2.82 kg\m
Struts ST33 (330*30*2mm) γ =1.68 kg\m
Weight of truss
on the above drawing all the dimentons are given. Based on these diamentions we can
calculte the weight of the truss.
RT 53 (50*30*2.5mm)
[1.26+0.7+7(1.25)+0.95]*2.82*10 = 0.293 KN (Horizontal)
RT 53 (50*30*2.5mm)
[1.263+1.33+1.4425+1.5946+1.5731+1.41+1.2812]*2.82*10 = 0.279 KN
RT 64 (60*40*3mm)
[0.7228+6(1.28)+1.3+0.991]*4.24*10 = 0.4 KN
RT 33 (30*30*2.0 mm)
[0.188+0.45+0.72+0.99+0.955+0.65+0.2808]*1.38*10 = 0.071 KN
Total weight = 7.55 KN
Truss loading
For the design of truss we chose Truss 2 as it carries the largest load.
16
12.46 0
15 0
4.7 m 5.7 m
For Negative load case
0 12.46 0
15
4.7 m 5.7 m
We check the section capacities of different elements of the truss following the same
procedure as that of the purllin.(for buckling and tensile stesses.)
For the negative load case For the positive load case
N com,Sd ≤ N com, Rd N com,Sd ≤ N com, Rd
6.48 < 28.6 or 26.72 ...OK! 10.9 < 28.6 or 25.57.....OK!
N t,Sd ≤ N t, Rd N t,Sd ≤ N t, Rd
7.25 < 81 .......... OK! 9.33 < 81 .............OK!
17
t 2
I(10ֿ³mm4) I(mm) λ λ χ
section Aeff(mm ) βa le(m)
(mm) X Y X Y X Y X Y
sec 1-
3 541 0.255 1.25 25.38 13.44 2.17 1.58 57.6 79.1 86.8 0.94 0.878
1
sec 2- 2.5 359 0.239 1.26 71.1 105.88 0.896 0.792
11.3 5.05 1.77 1.19 86.8
2 1.22 68.92 102.52 0.902 0.803
sec 3-
2 224 0.36 0.99 2.94 2.94 1.57 1.57 62.85 62.85 86.8 0.877
3
γM1 γM2 Nt,Sd1(10³) N t,Sd 2 (10³) Nbrd (10³)

1.1 1.25 135.25 167.49 28.6 26.72
1.1 1.25 89.75 111.14 19.22 16.99
1.1 1.25 81 100.3 25.57 25.57
Reactions passing on to the columns.
For positive load case
0.02KN
For Negative load case.
0.02KN
4.04 KN 11.96 KN 2.9 KN
18
2.0 Precast Beam-Slab System
General
Precast beam- slab system is a system of slab construction in which reinforced
concrete precast beam elements, with their latticed reinforcement bars projected out, are
used.
During construction, these beam elements will be placed at certain intervals, to
accommodate hollow concrete block. These blocks of specified dimensions are placed
along these prefabricated beams and across the span of these elements in a similar fashion
as in the case of ribbed slab construction. Concrete will be casted over the blocks and the
beam elements.
The projected reinforcement bars from the beam elements are used as an anchorage
for the concrete, in addition to their main purpose, i.e. shear resistance.
The beam elements, together with the blocks, act as formwork for the concrete casted.
In addition the beam elements will acts as flexural members to carry the loads until the
cast insitu concrete attains its full strength.
Types of Precast beam elements

There are two types precast beam elements of medium and large span with hollow
concrete blocks are used , The span and the cross sectional dimensions are shown below
:-
PCB
• Type – 1
Span: 4.5m (medium Span)
Cross section (dimension in mm)
19
130mm
150mm
180m
50mm
120mm
Fig, 1.1 PCB Types 1
• Type – 2
Span: 6.0m (large Span)
145mm
195mm
225mm
50mm
120mm
Fig,. 1.2 PCB Type 2

Fig
1.1 & Fig 1.2 are the cross sections of a pre-cast beam element.
20
HCB
• Type -1
Width = 200mm
160mm
550mm
Fig 1.3• HCB

Typeof
-2 Type 1 PCB
Width = 200mm
200mm
550mm
Fig 1.4 HCB of Type 2 PCB

Fig 1.3 & Fig 1.4 are the cross section of hollow concrete blocks.
The cross section areas of each hollow concrete blocks are calculated as;
A1 = {480*160+110*35-320*80}*10-6 m2
= .055m2
A2 = {480*200+150*35-320*100}*10-6 m2
= .069m2
21
2.1 SLAB DESIGN
FLOOR SLAB LAY OUT
4m p1 p2 p3 p1 p3
p2
p2
5m p4 p5 p6 p4 p5
p6
5m 5m 4m 4m 5m 5m
Design Constants And Assumptions
Material property
Concrete C-25
Fcd =.85fck , in compression
γc
Fctd = fck ,in tension

γc
Fctk = 1.5Mpa
There for fcd = 11.33Mpa

fctd = 1.0Mpa
Steel S-300
22
Fyd = fyk , γ = 1.15 ,fyc = 300Mpa
γs
there for fyd = 260.87 Mpa
Hollow Concrete Block (HCB)
γ= 14KN/m3 ---EBCS
2.2 DESIGN OF PRE- CAST BEAM ELEMENT
2.2.1 Loading
A.Initial Condition
Dead load
- Pre-cast beam
- Hollow Block
Live load
B. Final Condition
Dead load
- Pre-cast beam
- Hollow Block
Cast Insitu Live load
- Concrete
- Floor finish and partition wall
Live load
2.2.2 Analysis and design of Panels S1, S2 &S3
Hence use Ф10 for the top members and Ф8 for the diagonal members.
Loading
A. Initial Condition
23
Dead load
- Pre-cast beam 1.3*.12*.05*25=.2 KN/m

- Hollow Block 1.3*.069*14 = 1.26 KN/m
Live load 1.6*1.5*.6 = 1.44 KN/m

qd = 2.9KN/m
B. Final Condition
Dead load
- Pre-cast beam 1.3*.12*.05*25 = .2 KN/m

- Hollow Block 1.3*.069*14 = 1.26 KN/m
- Cast Insitu Concrete
1.3(.6*.05+2(.5*(.025*+.06)*.15))*25 KN/m
- Concrete Floor finish and partition wall
1.3*4.2*.6=3.3 KN/m
Live load 1.6*2.0*.6=1.92

qd = 8.07 KN/m
2.2.2.1 System for different condition
qd=8.07=KN/m
L=4m
Mmax= qd*l2 =15.62KN/m

8
24
Type-2
A. Initial Condition (prior to concrete casting)
600mm
B. Initial Condition (just after to concrete casting )
25
hf
50
200mm
200mm
c/c 600mm
Fig. cross sections of pre-cast beam-slab system
The above geometry should satisfy the following
hf > s/10 ,s=480 ------ok !

50
C/C<1.0m
d=250-(15+8+8) =217.0mm
(Stirrup Ф8, cover 15mm, long bar Ф16 )
Check for deflections
d≥ (.4+.6*300)4000
400 20
26
d≥170mm---ok!
• Using the general design chart No.1& No.1.a of EBCS-2 1995, part 2
µu,s= Mmax =.0517

fcd*b*d
From chart No. 1 kx=.11

x=kx*d =.11*271=23.87mm < 50mm
Hence, the x- section is rectangular with b=.6m ,

bw = .12m , and d = .217m
Reinforcement
km=(M/b)1/2 =23.51
d
ks =3.98
→As= ks M =286mm2
d
Use 2 Ф14
Check for Shear

Assume a beam width of 200mm,
1.9 8.07 * 4
Vsd = ( )=15.33kN
2.0 2
Vc =.fctd k1k2bwd
Vc=.25*1*103*1.59*1.383*.12*.217=14.32kN
14.32kN< Vsd-------ok!
But the difference is very small; it will be resisted by the diagonal stirrup.
27
Top Reinforcement
As, min = .001*1000*50 = 50mm2
Use Ф6
Spacing, s=1000*28 =365.2mm
50
Use Ф6 c/c 300mm in each direction
2.2.2.2 Modeling, Analysis and Design of Members
Section properties
Es 200
Modular ratio of the steel, η= = = 6.9
Ec 29
→ use Ф10 bar for the top member
28
As1=78.5mm2 nA1
255mm
195mm
50mm
(n-1)As2 Ac
120mm
As2=307.87mm2
fig. Actual and transform section of PCB element

Type -2
Location of the neutral axis

Case A
Assuming the neutral axis depth, X to be above the concrete section (i.e.
X<175mm)
29
The moment of are comp. zone = tension zone
nAs1
175mm X
195mm
195-X
nAs2
As1*X = As2*(195-X)
195* As 2 195*307.87
→ X= =
As1 + As 2 78.87 + 307.87
=155.38mm<175mm-----ok!
Therefore, the pre-cast beam can be modeled as three dimensional trusses whose
members are pin connected reinforcement bars as shown below.
30
2.2.2.3 Load transfer to the truss
P = w*δL
2
δL=0.2m
P/2 P P P P/2
P
P/2
δL
Fig. Three –dimensional model and loading of PCB element
Strength of Members
The tensile resistance of members in axial tension, according to EBCS-1995
AFy γm1=1.1
γm1 γm2=1.25
Nt,rd ≤
.9Aeff Fu
γm2
Top Members Ф10

78.5* 260.87
= 18.62 KN
1.1
Nt,rd ≤
.9*78.5* 430
= 24.30 KN
1.25
31
So take, Nt,rd =18.62kN
The buckling resistance of axial loaded comp. members is:
Nb,rd= χ βA A Fy
γm1
χ--- Reduction factor
.6013*1*78.5* 260.87
Nb,rd= =11.19kN
1.1
Diagonal Members
Using Ф8 reinforcement bar
50.3* 260.87
= 11.93KN
1.1
Nt,rd ≤
.9*50.3* 430
= 15.57 KN
1.25
so take ,Nt,rd = 11.93kN
.4106*1.0*50.3* 260.87
Nb,rd = = 4.90 KN
1.1
32
2.2.2.4 Analysis of Members
Case A
Loading for max comp. On top bar
Let δl = 0.2m
W1 = 2.9KN/m
4.0m
2.9*.2
p1= ½ (2*W1 δl ) = = .29 KN
2
2
From SAP 200o max. Comp. on the top bar
=32.42 KN > Nb,rd
Insert form work at mid –span, which acts as a support for the initial
condition.
W2=4.29KN
W1=2.9KN
2m 2m
33
P2= ½ (2*W2 δl ) =.429KN
2
Max. comp., Nc, max =9.0 KN

Top bar &Nt,max =11.28KN
Diagonal; N t, max = 3.02 KN

Nc ,max =3.03KN
Design of Members
Top bar: Nt,rd = 18.62KN

Nt,max < Nt,rd
Nb,rd = 11.19KN
Nc ,max < Nb,rd
Diagonals: Nt,rd =11.93KN

Nt,max < Nt,rd
Nb,rd = 4.90KN
Nc ,max < Nb,rd
Ф10
Ф8 c/c 200mm
2 Ф 14
34
Pre- cast Beam Element Design Panel –S4,S5,S6
Loading
A. Initial Condition
qd =2.9 KN
B.Final Condition
-Concrete Floor finishes and partition wall
1.3*2.5*.6= 1.95KN
qd = 6.72KN
system
qd = 6.72KN
L = 5.0m
6.72*52
Mmax = qd *l 2 = = 21KN − m
8
8
Effective depth, d =250-(15+8 +8) = 219mm
Check for deflections
d≥ (.4+.6*300)5000
400 20
d≥212.5mm---ok!
• Using the general design chart No.1& No.1.a of EBCS-2 1995, part 2
µu,s= Mmax =.0644

fcd*b*d
From chart No. 1 kx=.13

x=kx*d =.13*219=28.47mm < 50mm
35
Hence, the section is rectangular with
B =0.6m, bw =.12m, and d = .219m
Reinforcement
km=(M/b)1/2 =27.01
d
ks =4.02
→As= ks M =385.5mm2
d
Use 2 Ф16
Check for Shear

Assume a beam width of 200mm,
2.4 ⎛ 6.72*5 ⎞
Vsd = ⎜ ⎟ = 16.13KN
2.5 ⎝ 2.0 ⎠
Vc =.fctd k1k2bwd
Vc=.25*1*103*1.76*1.381*.12*.219=15.97kN
15.97kN< Vsd-------ok!
But the difference is very small; it will be resisted by the diagonal stirrup.
Top Reinforcement
As, min = .001*1000*50 = 50mm2
Use Ф6
Spacing, s=1000*28 =365.2mm
50
Use Ф6 c/c 300mm in each direction
36
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Members
Choosing Ф10 bar for the top
Case A
Assuming the neutral axis depth, X to be above the concrete section (i.e. X<175mm)
To check this
The moment of are comp. zone = tension zone
X < 175 mm
195* 402
X=
78.5 + 402
X = 163.4 KN < 175 KN ------ OK!
Therefore, the pre-cast beam can be modeled as three dimensional trusses whose
members are pin connected reinforcement bars as shown previously.
Strength of Members
Choosing Ф8 bar for the top
The tensile resistance of members in axial tension, according to EBCS-1995
Top Members Ф8
113* 260.87
= 26.82 KN
1.1
Nt,rd ≤
.9*113* 430
= 34.98KN
1.25
So take, Nt,rd =26.82kN

The buckling resistance of axial loaded comp. members is:
Nb,rd= χ βA A Fy
γm1
37
χ--- Reduction factor
.7852*113* 260.87
Nb,rd= = 21.0 KN
1.1
Diagonal Members:
Using Ф8 reinforcement bar
Nb,rd =11.29 KN
Nt,rd = 4.90 KN
Design of Members
Top bar: Nt,rd = 26.82KN

Nt,max = 16.82 KN < Nt,rd
Nb,rd = 21.0 KN
Nc ,max = 12.24 KN < Nb,rd
Diagonals: Nt,rd =11.93KN

Nt,max = 3.63 KN < Nt,rd
Nb,rd = 4.90KN
Nc ,max = 3.6 KN < Nb,rd
Ф8
Ф8 c/c 200mm
2 Ф 16
38
3.0 FRAME ANALYSIS
3.1 Vertical loads

3.1.1Load transfer to beams
The beam carries direct load from partition wall on it, self weight, and load from pre cast
beam elements (reaction).
Load distribution from slab to beam is a serious of concentrated loads. We can change
these concentrated loads in to equivalent uniformly distributed loads.
39
P/2 P P P P P P P
P
P/2 P/2 P P P P P P P P/2
M1
Beam on axis 2 b/n A&B M2 Beam on axis 1 b/n A&B

P=31.02 M1 P=14.22 M2
P/2
P/2 PP PP PP PP PP PP PP P/2
P/2 P/2 P P P P P P P P/2
M1
Beam on axis 2 b/n B&C M2 Beam on axis 1 b/n B&C

P=42.69 M1 P=16.14
P/2 P P P P P P P P/2 P/2 P P P P P P P P/2
M1
Beam on axis 2 b/n C&D Beam on axis 1 b/n C&D

P=41.39 M2 M1 P=16.14
P/2 P P P P P P P P/2 P/2 P P P P P P P P/2

M1
Beam on axis 3 b/n A&B M2 Beam on axis 3 b/n B&C M2

P=16.8 M1 P=26.55
P/2 P P P P P P P P/2 M2
M1 W
Beam on axis 3 b/n C&D M General form of equivalent M

P=24.25 distributed load
P/2
40
3.1.1.1 Calculation of equivalent distributed load W
The two systems are equivalent if end moments are equal
i.e. WL2 = M (Max of the two end moments from SAP2000)

12
Beam M1 M2 M Equivalent Partition Total load

Max(M1,M2) distributed load
load W
1-AB 54.28 55.09 55.09 26.44 8.4 34.84
1-BC 60.74 61.76 61.71 29.65 8.4 38.08
1-CD 36.15 36.15 36.15 27.11 8.4 35.51
2-AB 117.27 119.15 119.15 57 1.31 58
2-BC 156.99 159.7 159.7 76.65 0.924 77.6
2-CD 92.71 92.71 92.71 69.5 0 69.5
3-AB 62.99 64.06 64.99 30.75 8.4 39.15
3-BC 96.25 97.93 97.93 47 4.2 51.2
3-CD 56.56 56.56 56.56 42.42 0 42.42
A-12 8.4 8.4
A-23 8.4 8.4
B-12 8.4 8.4
B-23 8.4 8.4
C-12 8.4 8.4
C-23 8.4 8.4
D-12 8.4 8.4
D-23 8.4 8.4
41
w = 8.4KN/m
w = 8.4KN/m w = 8.4KN/m
w = 8.4KN/m
w=
w = 8.4K N/m w = 8.4K N/m
w = 8. 4KN/m w = 8.4K N/m
w = 8. 4KN/m w = 8. 4KN/m
ww == 8.4KN/m w w= =8.4KN/m
ww==8.4KN/m w w= =8.4KN/m
ww== 8.4KN/m w =w
8.4KN/m
=
Frame on axis A,B,C,D,E,F&G

w = 34.84KN/m w = 38.08KN/m w = 35.51KN/m w = 35.51KN/m w = 38.08KN/m w = 34.84KN/m
w = 38.08KN/m
w = 34.84KN/m w = 38.08KN/m ww= =
35.51KN/m w = 35.51KN/m w = 34.84KN/m
w = 38.08KN/m
w = 34.84KN/m w = 38.08KN/m w = 35.51KN/m w = 35.51KN/m w = 34.84KN/m
w = 8.4KN/m w = 8.4KN/m w = 8.4KN/m w = 8.4KN/m

w = 8.4KN/m w = 8.4KN/m
Frame on axis-1
w = 58.5KN/m
w = 77.6KN/m w = 74.5KN/m w = 74.5KN/m w = 77.6KN/m

w = 58.5KN/m w = 58.5KN/m

w = 58.5KN/m

w = 8.4KN/m
Frame on axis-2
w = 39.15KN/m
w =51.2KN/m w =44.83KN/m w = 44.83KN/m w = 51.2KN/m

w = 39.15KN/m w = 39.15KN/m
w =39.15KN/m w = 51.2KN/m w =44.83KN/m w =44.83KN/m w =51.2KN/m

w = 39.15KN/m

w = 8.4KN/m
Frame on axis-3
A
B C D E F G
Y
1
S4 S5 S6 S6 S5 S4
4.0
5.0 S1 S2 S3 S3 S2 S1
3
X
5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0
Y
Column dimension
25
X
35
3.2 Lateral Load Analysis
3.2.1 Earth Quake Analysis

Data
• Location of building; Mekelle-Zone4 (According to EBCS-2 1995)
• Building purpose: Residential
• Soil condition: subsoil class C
3.2.1.1 Determination of Base Shear

According to EBCS-8, every building shall be designed and constructed to resist with
total lateral Seismic force.
The seismic shear force Fb for each main direction is determined from
Fb = Sd (T1) W EBCS11995 of art 1.4.2.2

Where Sd(T1) = Ordinate of design spectrum at period T1
T1= fundamental period of vibration of the structure for
the direction considered
W= seismic dead load
Determination of seismic Base shear
Sd(T1) = αβγ
Where α = is the ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the

Acceleration due to gravity
= αoI
αo= the bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends
On the seismic zone
= 0.1 (Zone 4)
43
I = importance factor; in our case the building is under
Category-3 (ordinary building)
I = 1.0
α = 0.1
β = design response factor for site and is given by
1.2S ≤ 2.5
T12/3
β = 1.84
S= site coefficient for soil characteristics
= 1.0 (sub soil class A)
T1= C1H3/4
H=height of the building above the base assuming
1.5m foundation depth
C1= 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment resisting
Frames
T1 = 0.528 sec
γ = behavior factor
The behavior factor γ to account for energy dissipation capacity shall be derived for each
design direction as follows:
γ = γoKDKRKW ≤ 0.7
Where γo = basic value of the behavior factor, depending on the
Structural type
= 0.2
KD= factor reflecting the ductility class
= 2.0 for DC “L” – Low ductility
KR = reflecting the structural regularity in elevation
= 1.0
KW = factor reflecting the prevailing failure made in structural
Systems with walls
KW = 1.0
γ = 0.2*2.0*1.0*1.0 = 0.4 ≤ 0.7 _ OK
44
Sd(T1) = 0.1*1.84*0.4 = 0.08
Therefore the seismic base shear force Fb for each main direction is determined as:
Fb = 0.08W
W = DL + 10%LL
DL = 10157.56 LL = 3*28*9*0.1
= 10308.76 KN
= 0.08*10308.76
= 820 KN
3.2.1.2 Distribution of base shear over the height of the building (story shear
determination)
As the code specifies the base shear is distributed along the story height according to the
following :
Fi = (Fb-Ft)Wihi EBCS1 1995
∑wihi
Ft = the concentrated force at the top; which is whiplash effect
= 0.07*T1*Fb
= 0.07*0.528*820
:
level hi Wihi Fi(KN)

Ground floor 1.5 694.08 8.953
First floor 4.5 14170.82 182.84
Second floor 7.5 23618.025 304.74
Third floor 10.5 33065.23 426.63
roof 13.5 5393.93 69.6
45
3.2.1.3 Distribution of Story Shear in to Lateral Force Resisting Frames
The story shear force determined above shall be distributed to the lateral force resisting
system (frame system) based on the assumption that the members of this system are
interconnected by rigid horizontal diaphragm (floor slab).
The story shear force Fi will be distributed to each frame according to their stiffness.
The procedures in the story shear force distribution are:

Determination of mass center of each floor
Determination of stiffness center on each floor level
Computation of total eccentricity of each floor
Calculation of direct shear force for each frame system
3.3 Determination Of Mass Center (Cm)
Cm (Xm,Ym) , where Xm = ∑ (pixi)

∑pi
Ym = ∑(piyi)
∑pi
Where pi = self weight of each element for the story
Under consideration
Xi & yi = coordinate distances of centroid of
the element from the respective fixed
Coordinate axes.
46
S1 S2 S3 S3 S2 S1
10.4m
S4 S5 S6 S6 S5 S4
28.2 m
X
Floor level mass center

Xm Ym
Ground floor 14 4.632
First floor 14 4.616
Second floor 14 4.616
Third floor 14 4.616
roof 14 4.56
47
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 300 Kc = 300 Kc = 300
K = 0.38 K = 0.845 K = 0.47
a = 0.16 a = 0.3 a = 0.19
∑D = 195 D = 48 D = 90 D = 57
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 300 Kc = 300 Kc = 300
K = 0.38 K = 0.845 K = 0.47
a = 0.16 a = 0.3 a = 0.19
∑D = 195 D = 48 D = 90 D = 57
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 300 Kc = 300 Kc = 300
K = 0.38 K = 0.845 K = 0.47
a = 0.16 a = 0.3 a = 0.19
∑D = 195 D = 48 D = 90 D = 57
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 300 Kc = 300 Kc = 300
K = 0.34 K = 0.765 K = 0.425
a = 0.145 a = 0.276 a = 0.175
∑D = 178.8 D = 43.5 D = 82.8 D = 52.5
Kb = 91.2 Kb = 114
Kc = 600 Kc = 600 Kc = 600
∑D = 628.8 K = 0.152 K = 0.615 K = 0.19
a = 0.303 a = 0.43 a = 0.315
D = 181.8 D = 258 D = 189
5.0 4.0
Frame on axis- A & G
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.211 K = 0.475 K = 0.264
a = 0.095 a = 0.192 a = 0.117
∑D = 249.45 D = 50.64 D = 136.45 D = 62.36
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.211 K = 0.475 K = 0.264
a = 0.095 a = 0.192 a = 0.117
∑D = 249.45 D = 50.64 D = 136.45 D = 62.36
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.211 K = 0.475 K = 0.264
a = 0.095 a = 0.192 a = 0.117
∑D = 249.45 D = 50.64 D = 136.45 D = 62.36
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.191 K = 0.43 K = 0.239
a = 0.087 a = 0.177 a = 0.107
∑D = 229.22 D = 46.37 D = 125.85 D = 57
Kb = 91.2 Kb = 114
Kc = 1070 Kc = 1422 Kc = 1070
∑D = 1058.2 K = 0.085 K = 0.192 K = 0.107
a = 0.281 a = 0.316 a = 0.288
D = 300.67 D = 449.35 D = 308.16
5 4
Frame on axis- B,C,D,E & F
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75 Kb = 140.75 Kb = 112.6 Kb = 112.6
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.318 K = 0.474 K = 0.573 K = 0.67 K = 0.573 K = 0.474 K = 0.318
a = 0.137 a = 0.191 a = 0.223 a = 0.249 a = 0.223 a = 0.191 a = 0.137
∑D = 912.42 D = 73.04 D = 136.1 D = 158.55 D = 177.04 D = 158.55 D = 136.1 D = 73.04
Kb = 226 Kb = 226 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 226 Kb = 226
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.424 K = 0.636 K = 0.786 K = 0.935 K = 0.786 K = 0.636 K = 0.424
a = 0.175 a = 0.241 a = 0.262 a = 0.318 a = 0.262 a = 0.241 a = 0.175
∑D = 1156.86 D = 93.3 D = 171.35 D = 200.5 D = 226.56 D = 200.5 D = 171.35 D = 93.3
Kb = 226 Kb = 226 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 226 Kb = 226
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.424 K = 0.636 K = 0.786 K = 0.935 K = 0.786 K = 0.636 K = 0.424
a = 0.175 a = 0.241 a = 0.262 a = 0.318 a = 0.262 a = 0.241 a = 0.175
∑D = 1156.86 D = 93.3 D = 171.35 D = 200.5 D = 226.56 D = 200.5 D = 171.35 D = 93.3
Kb = 226 Kb = 226 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 332.5 Kb = 226 Kb = 226
Kc = 533 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 711 Kc = 533
K = 0.298 K = 0.446 K = 0.537 K = 0.628 K = 0.537 K = 0.446 K = 0.298
a = 0.129 a = 0.182 a = 0.212 a = 0.239 a = 0.212 a = 0.182 a = 0.129
∑D = 867.22 D = 68.76 D = 129.4 D = 150.5 D = 169.9 D = 150.5 D = 129.4 D = 68.76
Kb = 91.2 Kb = 91.2 Kb = 114 Kb = 114 Kb = 114 Kb = 91.2 Kb = 91.2
Kc = 1070 Kc = 1422 Kc = 1422 Kc = 1422 Kc = 1422 Kc = 1422 Kc = 1070
∑D = 2730.72 K = 0.085 K = 0.128 K = 0.144 K = 0.16 K = 0.144 K = 0.128 K = 0.085
a = 0.281 a = 0.295 a = 0.301 a = 0.306 a = 0.301 a = 0.295 a = 0.281
D = 300.67 D = 420 D = 427.33 D = 434.72 D = 427.33 D = 420 D = 300.67
5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0
Frame on axis - 2
Kb = 112.6 Kb = 112.6 Kb = 140.75 Kb = 140.75 Kb = 112.6 Kb = 112.6
Kc = 533 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 533
K = 0.273 K = 1.29 K = 1.46 K = 1.62 K = 1.46 K = 1.29 K = 0.273
a = 0.12 a = 0.393 a = 0.42 a = 0.447 a = 0.42 a = 0.393 a = 0.12
∑D = 594.38 D = 63.96 D = 88.43 D = 94.5 D = 100.6 D = 94.5 D = 88.43 D = 63.96
Kb = 178.6 Kb = 178.6 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 178.6 Kb = 178.6
Kc = 533 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 533
K = 0.335 K = 1.59 K = 1.79 K = 1.984 K = 1.79 K = 1.59 K = 0.335
a = 0.144 a = 0.442 a = 0.471 a = 0.498 a = 0.471 a = 0.442 a = 0.144
∑D = 676.41 D = 76.75 D = 99.45 D = 105.98 D = 112.05 D = 105.98 D = 99.45 D = 76.75
Kb = 178.6 Kb = 178.6 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 178.6 Kb = 178.6
Kc = 533 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 533
K = 0.335 K = 1.59 K = 1.79 K = 1.984 K = 1.79 K = 1.59 K = 0.335
a = 0.144 a = 0.442 a = 0.471 a = 0.498 a = 0.471 a = 0.442 a = 0.144
∑D = 676.41 D = 76.75 D = 99.45 D = 105.98 D = 112.05 D = 105.98 D = 99.45 D = 76.75
Kb = 178.6 Kb = 178.6 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 223.25 Kb = 178.6 Kb = 178.6
Kc = 533 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 225 Kc = 533
K = 0.253 K = 1.2 K = 1.35 K = 1.5 K = 1.35 K = 1.2 K = 0.253
a = 0.112 a = 0.375 a = 0.403 a = 0.423 a = 0.403 a = 0.375 a = 0.112
∑D = 565.86 D = 59.7 D = 84.38 D = 90.7 D = 96.3 D = 90.7 D = 84.38 D = 59.7
Kb = 91.2 Kb = 91.2 Kb = 114 Kb = 114 Kb = 114 Kb = 91.2 Kb = 91.2
Kc = 1070 Kc = 450 Kc = 450 Kc = 450 Kc = 450 Kc = 450 Kc = 1070
∑D = 1471.64 K = 0.085 K = 0.405 K = 0.456 K = 0.507 K = 0.456 K = 0.405 K = 0.085
a = 0.281 a = 0.376 a = 0.39 a = 0.402 a = 0.39 a = 0.376 a = 0.281
D = 300.67 D = 169.2 D = 175.5 D = 180.9 D = 175.5 D = 169.2 D = 300.67
5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0
Frame on axis - 1 & 3

3.4 Center of stiffness (Xs,Ys)
Xs = ∑DyX Ys = ∑DxY
∑ Dy ∑Dx
Where Xs,Ys = coordinates of the center of stiff nesses

Dx,Dy = lateral stiffness of a particular
element along x & y axis rsp.
D = aKc, Kc-stiffness of columns
Where a = 0.5 + k _ for fixed column base
2+k
a=k for ordinary story
2+k
K = ∑kb ordinary k = ∑kb fixed base ,
2Kc Kc
50
Preliminary dimensions
Columns
Ixx = 1/12*40*403 = 21.33*104 cm4

40 Iyy = 21.33*104 cm4
40
Tie beams
Ixx = 1/12*30*303 = 6.75*104 cm4

30
30
other beams
Ixx = 1/12*30*403 = 16*104 cm4
40
30
Column stiffness Kcx = Ixx/L

Kcy = Iyy/L
Beam stiffness Kb = Ixx/L
Based on all the above formulas beam and column stiffness and D-Values are calculated
and written on the respective frames.
51
Calculation of center of stiffness
Ground floor
Frame along X-axis
Frame on axis Dx y DxY
1 1471.64 9.0 13244.76
2 2730.72 5.0 13653.6
3 1471.64 0.0 0.0
5674.0 26898.36
Ys = ∑DxY = 26898.36
∑Dx 5674.0
= 4.741
Frame along Y-axis
Frame on axis Dy x DyX

A 628.8 0 0
B 1058.2 5 5291.0
C 1058.2 10 10582.0
D 1058.2 14 14814.8
E 1058.2 18 19047.6
F 1058.2 23 24338.6
G 628.8 28 17606.4
6548.6 91680.4
Xs = ∑DyX = 91680.4
∑Dy 6548.6
52
= 14.0
Center of stiffness of the ground floor is (Xs, Ys) = (14.0, 4.741)
First floor
Frame along X-axis
Frame on axis Dx Y DxY

1 565.86 9.0 5098.74
2 867.22 5.0 4336.1
3 565.86 0.0 0
1998.94 9428.84
Ys = ∑DxY
∑Dx
= 4.717
Frame along Y-axis
Frame on axis Dy X DyX

A 178.8 0.0 0.0
229.22 5.0 1146.1
C 229.22 10.0 2292.2
D 229.22 14 3209.08
E 229.22 18 4125.96
F 229.22 23 5272.06
G 178.8 28 5006.4
1503.7 20968.8
Xs = ∑DyX = 20968.8
∑Dy 1503.7
53
= 14.0
Center of stiffness of the 1st floor is (Xs, Ys) = (14, 4.717)

Second floor and third floor
Frame along X-axis

1 676.41 9.0 6087.69
2 1156.86 5 5784.3
3 676.41 0.0 0.0
2509.68 11872
Ys = ∑DxY = 11872
∑Dx 2509.68
= 4.73
Frame along Y-axis

A 195 0 0
B 249.45 5 1247.25
C 249.45 10 2494.5
D 249.45 14 3492.3
E 249.45 18 4490.1
F 249.45 23 5737.35
G 249.45 28 5460
1637.25 22921.5
Xs = ∑DyX = 22921.5
∑Dy 1637.25
= 14
54
Center of stiffness of the 2nd and 3rd floor is (Xs, Ys) = (17, 4.73)
Roof
Frame along X-axis

1 594.38 9 5349.42
2 912.42 5 4562.1
3 594.38 0 0
2101.18 9911.52
Ys = ∑DxY = 9911.52
∑Dx 2101.18
= 4.717
Frame along Y-axis

A 195 0 0
B 249.45 5 1247.25
C 249.45 10 2494.5
D 249.45 14 3492.3
E 249.45 18 4490.1
F 249.45 23 5737.35
G 249.45 28 5460
1637.25 22921.5
Xs = ∑DyX = 22921.5
∑Dy 1637.25
= 14
55
Center of stiffness of the 2nd and 3rd floor is (Xs, Ys) = (17, 4.717)
3.5 Determination of eccentricity
ex = Xs – Xm ; ey = Ys – Ym
Ground floor
ex = 14 – 14 = 0
ey = 4.741 – 4.632 = 0.109
First floor
ex = 14 – 14 = 0
ey = 4.717 – 4.61 = 0.101
Second and third floor
ex = 14 – 14 = 0
ey = 4.73 – 4.616 = 0.114
Roof
ex = 14 – 14 = 0
ey = 4.717 – 4.56 = 0.157
Accidental eccentricity, eli
X-direction:
elx = ±0.05Lx = ±0.05*28.2 = ±1.41

Y-direction
56
ely = ±0.05Ly = ±0.05*9.2 = ±0.46
Design eccentricity, edi:
Ground floor
edx1 = 0.0 + 1.41 = 1.41 m edy1 = 0.109 + 0.46 = 0.469 m
edx2 = 0.0 - 1.41 = -1.41 m edy2 = 0.109 - 0.46 = -0.351 m
First floor
edx1 = 0.094 + 1.41 = 1.504 m edy1 = 0.101 + 0.46 = 0.561 m
edx2 = 0.094 - 1.41 = -1.316 m edy2 = 0.101 - 0.46 = -0.359 m
Second floor and third floor
edx1 = 0.149 + 1.41 = 1.559 m edy1 = 0.114 + 0.46 = 0.574 m
edx2 = 0.149 - 1.41 = -1.261 m edy2 = 0.114 - 0.46 = -0.346 m
Roof
edx1 = -0.04 + 1.41 = 1.37 m edy1 = 0.157 + 0.46 = 0.617 m
edx2 = -0.04 - 1.41 = -1.45 m edy2 = 0.157 - 0.46 = -0.303 m
3.6 Computation of Direct shear forces, Qi:
Qi = DQ
∑D
57
Ground floor
If EQ is along X
Axis Dx Qx Qi (KN)
1 1471.64 2.495
2 2730.72 8.953 4.67
3 1471.64 2.498
5273.64
If EQ is along Y
Axis Dy Qy Qi (KN)
A 628.8 0.86
B 1058.2 1.45
C 1058.2 1.45
D 1058.2 8.953 1.45
E 1058.2 1.45
F 1058.2 1.45
G 628.8 0.86
First floor
If EQ is along X
Axis Dx Qx Qi (KN)
1 565.86 51.76
2 867.22 182.84 79.32
3 565.86 51.76
1998.94
58
If EQ is along Y
Axis Dy Qy Qi (KN)
A 178.8 21.74
B 229.22 27.87
C 229.22 27.87
D 229.22 182.84 27.87
E 229.22 27.87
F 229.22 27.87
G 178.8 21.74
1503.7

If EQ is along X
Axis Dx Qx Qi (KN)
2nd 3rd floor
1 676.41 82.13 114.98
2 1156.86 304.74 140.47 196.66
3 676.41 426.63 82.13 114.98
2509.68
If EQ is along Y
Axis Dy Qy Qi (KN)
2nd 3rd floor
A 195 36.3 50.81
B 249.45 46.43 65
C 249.45 304.74 46.43 65
D 249.45 426.63 46.43 65
E 249.45 46.43 65
F 249.45 46.43 65
G 195 36.3 50.81
1637.25
59
Roof
If EQ is along X
Axis Dx Qx Qi (KN)
1 594.38 19.7
2 912.42 69.6 30.22
3 594.38 19.7
2101.18
If EQ is along Y
Axis Dy Qy Qi (KN)
A 195 8.29
B 249.45 10.6
C 249.45 10.6
D 249.45 69.6 10.6
E 249.45 10.6
F 249.45 10.6
G 195 8.29
1637.25
3.6 Shear correction factor for torsion
αx =1 + (∑ Dx)* ey * ¯y
Jr
αy =1 + (∑ Dx)* ex * ¯x
Jr
Where, Jr= Jx + Jy
60
Jx =∑ Dx¯yi2 ==∑ (Dxyi2) –( ∑ Dx)ys2
Jy =∑ Dy¯xi2 ==∑ (Dyxi2) –( ∑ Dy)xs2
Where, ¯xi= xi + xs
¯yi= yi + ys
Ground floor (xs=14.0m, ys = 4.741m)
Along x-axis Along y-axis
Axis Dx yi2 Dxyi2 Axis Dy xi2 Dyxi2

1 1471.64 4.259 26694.2 A 628.8 -14.0 123244.8
2 2730.72 0.259 183.18 B 1058.2 -9.0 85714.2
3 1471.64 -4.741 33074.13 C 1058.2 -4.0 16931.2
∑=59951.51 D 1058.2 0.0 0.0
E 1058.2 4.0 16931.2
F 1058.2 9.0 85714.2
G 628.8 14.0 123244.8
∑=449980.4
Jr= Jx + Jy = 509931.91
First Floor (xs=13.945m ,ys=4.717m)
Axis Dx yi2 Dxyi2 Axis Dy xi2 Dyxi2

1 565.86 4.283 10380.2 A 178.8 -14.0 35044.8
2 867.22 0.283 69.45 B 229.22 -9.0 18566.82
3 365.86 -4.7917 8140.42 C 229.22 -4.0 3667.52
∑ =15590.04 D 229.22 0.0 0.0
E 229.22 4.0 3667.52
F 229.22 9.0 18566.82
61
G 178.8 14.0 35044.8
∑ =107958.28
Jr= Jx + Jy =126548.35
Second and Third Floor (xs=14m ,ys=4.73m)
Axis Dx Dxyi2 Axis Dy Dyxi2

`1 676.41 4.27 12732.92 A 195 -14.0 38220.0
2 1156.86 0.27 84.34 B 249.45 -9.0 20205.45
3 676.41 -4.73 15133.25 C 249.45 -4.0 3991.2
∑ =27950.51 D 249.45 0.0 0.0
E 249.45 4.0 3991.2
F 249.45 9.0 20205.45
G 195 14.0 38220.0
∑ = 124833.3
Jr= Jx + Jy =152783.81
Roof (xs=14m ,ys=4.717m)
Axis Dx Dxyi2 Axis Dy Dyxi2

`1 594.38 4.283 10903.36 A 195 -14.0 38220.0
2 912.42 0.283 73.07 B 249.45 -9.0 20205.45
3 594.38 -4.717 13225 C 249.45 -4.0 3990.2
∑ =24201.44 D 249.45 0.0 0.0
E 249.45 4.0 3990.2
F 249.45 9.0 20205.45
G 195 14.0 38220.0
∑ =124833.3
62
Jr= Jx + Jy =149034.74
3.7 Computation of Correction factor

(Taking the center of stiffness as a reference point)
αx =1 + (∑ Dx)* edy * ¯y
Jr
αy =1 + (∑ Dy)* edx* ¯x
Jr
αx1 =1 + (∑ Dx)* edy1 * ¯y

Jr
αx2 =1 + (∑ Dx)* edy2 * ¯y

Jr
αy2=1 + (∑ Dy)* edx1* ¯x

Jr
αy2=1 + (∑ Dy)* edx2* ¯x
Jr
Ground floor
αx1 =1+5273.64*1.41*¯y =1+0.0146¯y
509931.91
αx2 =1+5273.64*(-1.41)* ¯y =1-0.0146¯y
509931.91
αy1 =1+6548.6*0.469*¯x = 1+0.006¯x
509931.91
αy2=1+6548.6*(-0.351)* ¯x = 1-0.0045¯x
509931.90
63
Fires floor
αx1 =1+1998.94*1.504*¯y =1+0.024¯y
126548.35
αx2 =1+1503.7*0.561*¯y =1-0.21¯y
126548.35
αy1 =1+1503.7*0.561*¯x =1+0.0067¯x

12654.8.35
αy2 =1+1503.7*(-0.359)* ¯x
126548.35

αx1 =1+2509.68*1.559*¯y =1+0.026¯y
152783.81
αx2 =1+2509.68*(-1.261)*¯y =1-0.021¯y
152783.81
αy1 =1+1637.25*0.574*¯x =1+0.00615¯x

152783.81
αy2 =1+1637.25*9-0.346)* ¯x =1-0.0037¯x
152783.81
Roof
αx1 =1+2101.18*1.37*¯y =1+0.019¯y
149034.74
αx2 =1+2101.18*(-1.45)*¯y =1-0.02¯y
149034.74
αy1 =1+6548.6*0.617*¯x =1+0.0271¯x
149034.74
64
αy2 =1+6548.6*(-0.303)*¯x =1-0.013¯x
149034.74
3.8 Calculation of total shear

(Lateral force)
Ground floor
Frame on Qi ¯y αy1 αx2 αx Corrected force(Fi=αx*

axis Qi)
1 2.498 4.259 1.063 0.937 1.063 2.66
2 4.67 0.259 1.004 0.996 1.004 4.69
3 2.498 -4.741 0.931 1.07 1.07 2.67
¯x αy1 αy2 αy Fi=αy* Qi
A 0.86 -14.0 0.916 1.063 1.063 0.914
B 1.45 -9.0 0.946 1.04 1.04 1. 51
C 1.45 -4.0 0.976 1.018 1.018 1.476

D 1.45 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.45
E 1.45 4.0 1.024 0.982 1.024 1.485
F 1.45 9.0 1.054 0.96 1.054 1.53
G 0.86 14.0 1.084 0.937 1.084 0.932
Firest floor
Frame on Qi ¯y αy1 αx2 αx Corrected

axis force(Fi=αx* Qi)
1 51.76 4.283 1.103 0.1 1.103 57.09
2 79.32 0.283 0.01 0.941 1.01 80.11
3 51.76 -4.717 0.887 1.99 1.99 103.00
65
A 21.74 -14.0 0.906 1.06 1.06 23.04
B 27.87 -9.0 0.94 1.04 1.04 28.98
C 27.87 -4.0 0.973 1.02 1.02 28.42
D 27.87 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 27.87
E 27.87 4.0 1.03 0.983 1.03 28.71
F 27.87 9.0 1.06 0.961 1.06 29.54
G 21.74 14.0 1.094 0.94 1.09 23.69
Second floor

1 82.13 4.27 1.111 0.91 1.111 91.16
2 140.47 0.27 1.007 0.994 1.007 141.45
3 82.13 -4.73 0.877 1.099 1.099 90.26
A 36.3 -14.0 0.914 1.052 1.052 38.18
B 46.43 -9.0 0.944 1.033 1.033 47.96
C 46.43 -4.0 0.975 1.015 1.015 47.13
D 46.43 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 46043
E 46.43 4.0 1.0246 0.98 1.0246 47.57
F 46.43 9.0 1.055 0.967 1.055 48.98
G 36.3 14.0 1.086 0.95 1.086 39.42
66
Third floor

1 114.98 4.27 1.111 0.91 1.111 127.74
2 196.66 0.27 1.007 0.994 1.007 198.04
3 114.98 -4.71 0.877 1.099 1.099 126.36
A 50.81 -14.0 0.914 1.052 1.092 53.45
B 65.00 -9.0 0.944 1.033 1.033 67.145
C 65.00 -4.0 0.975 1.015 1.015 65.98
D 65.00 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 65.00
E 65.00 4.0 1.0246 0.98 1.0246 66.59
F 65.00 9.0 1.055 0.967 1.055 68.58
G 50.81 14.0 1.086 0.95 1.086 55.18
Roof
1 19.7 4.283 1.08 0.914 1.08 21.3
2 30.22 0.283 1.01 0.994 1.01 30.52
3 19.7 -4.717 0.91 1.094 1.094 21.6
A 8.29 -14.0 0.62 1.182 1.182 9.8
B 10.6 -9.0 0.756 1.117 1.117 11.84
C 10.6 -4.0 0.892 1.052 1.052 11.15
D 10.6 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 10.6
E 10.6 4.0 1.11 0.948 1.11 11.77
F 10.6 9.0 1.244 0.883 1.244 13.2
G 8.29 14 1.38 0.818 1.38 11.44
67
9.8KN
53.45KN
38.18KN
23.04KN
0.914KN
5.0 4.0
Frame on axis-A
11.84KN
53.45KN
47.96KN
28.98KN
1.51KN
5.0 4.0
Frame on axis-B
30.52KN
198.04KN
141.45KN
80.11KN
4.69KN
5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0
Frame on axis - 2
21.3KN
127.74KN
91.16KN
57.09KN
2.66KN
5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0
Frame on axis-1
4.0 Design of beams
Beams are considered as flexural members, which strictly don’t mean that they do not get
subjected to axial loads. the effect of axial loads during the design of beams are only
considered when they exceed 0.1 fck A as we all could see from the SAP 2000 results the
axial loads are far less than this value which becomes 156.25 KN for one of the smallest
section with in our selections. i.e. a section of area 62500 mm2 (25*25)
The selected section
Grade beam, (30*35)
Tie beams, (25*25)
Beams of the 1st, 2nd and the 3rd floor
(25*45)
Longitudinal reinforcements
Since concrete does not have the adequate capacity to resisted the tensile stress that is
going to be imposed on a beam during construction or operation , it has to be reinforced
with steel bars which will resist the tensile stress well. The geometrical ratio of
reinforcement ρ= As/b.d has a minima and a maxima that should not be passed beyond;
ρ min = 0.6/fyk , ρ max = 0.04 for both tensile and compression bars.
ρ min = 0.6/300 =2*10-3 for our case.
Design procedure for one of beams on the project.

Design for flexure
Design of beam on the 1st floor @ Axis B
Assume d¹ = 45mm Î d = 405mm

d
D
b = 250mm
ρ = 0.75 ρb = 0.014
68
-105.9 KN.m -175.77 KN.m -182.1 KN.m -158.44 KN.m
A B C +8.172 KN.mD
+73.24 KN.m +125.33 KN.m +52.09 KN.m
The assumed depth should be proven adequate before proceeding to design.

4.1 Depth checked for deflection.
d ≥ [0.4+ 0.6*(fyk/400)]Le/βa
Depth checked for flexural capacity
d≥ M 0.5
ρb b fyd(1-0.4ρbm )
The chosen cross section satisfies both conditions.
The maximum moment values are the ones got from SAP2000 analysis. Since
some of moments at supports showed differences in value (the moment on left side being
different from the right.) we needed to reduce the difference by multiplying the largest
moment by a reduction factor δ which is given as:
δ = 0.44 +1.25 (x/d) where x is the neutral axis depth
= 0.95 x = ρmd = 165.56mm
m = fyd/0.8fcd
d is the effective depth
After multiplying this value to the largest moment value we subtracted it form
the maximum moment. The subtracted value is added to the moment on the
corresponding span moment to assure equilibrium and to make the beam stiffer to
accommodate the reduction of support moment. (in accordance with EBCS 2 1995)
Mmax, sup – (δ * Mmax, sup) = ∆M
Increasing the span moment…..
∆M + Mspan = Md span
69
Using EBCS - 2 -1995 Part 2 General Design table № 1a we will design the beam as
follows.
Km = √[M/b]/d
from the table we read Ks then find the reinforcement area.
As = Ks *M/d
The results are tabulated below.
Span Span Span

Joint A AB Joint B BC Joint C CD Joint D
M 105.9 73.24 175.77 125.33 182.1 52.44 158.44
Km 50.82 42.26. 65.47 55.3 66.6 35.64 62.16
Km/Km* 1 1 1.132 1 1.152 1 1.075
As 1158.5 762.5 2149.24 1423.19 2508.26 528.15 2034.28
As¹ 160 454.13 221.68
φn 4 φ20 4 φ20 7 φ20 3 φ20 8 φ20 2 φ20 7 φ20
Supports B, C and D are all doubly reinforced sections and their bars are set in two rows.
70
4.2 Design of shear reinforcement.
According to EBCS -2-1995 section 4.5.3 the concrete shear capacity Vc shall be taken
as:
Vc = 0.25 fctd (K1* K2)bw*d
K1 = 1.6 – d
K2 = (1+50ρ)
And according to section 4.5.2 the diagonal stress resistance is given as
Vrd = 0.25 bd fcd
We are going to provide a section with shear reinforcement only if :
Vc< Vd<Vrd
On such conditions we provide vertical stirrups with the following spacing
calculated as follows
S = fyk *Asv (d-dc) where Vs = Vd –Vc
Vs
But if Vc > Vd we provide minimum reinforcement, that is expressed be a
maximum spacing between shear reinforcements (stirrups)
Smax = Asv *fyk ≤ d

0.4 bw 800 mm
For the above beam the shear reinforcement design is done as follows.
Vc = 0.25*1.031*(1.6-0.405)1.195*250*405
= 44.172 KN
Vrd = 0.25*11.16*250*260.87 = 142.98 KN
139.92 KN 203.2 KN 147.48 KN
B C D
A
165.34 KN 200.11 KN
142.78 KN
71
The design shear force is located ( d + ½ column width) distance away from the face of
supports (columns) all the corresponding forces and spacing are tabulated below.
span AB span BC
χ χ
Forces(KN) arrangement Forces(KN) arrangement
(m) (m)
Vc 44.18 0.73 9 φ6c/c 160 for 1.44m 44.18 0.54 7 φ6c/c 160 for 1.08m
Vd 1 70.22 1.15 159.7 1.98
2 95.26 1.56 156.5 1.94
Vs 1 26.04 5φ 6c/c 200 for 0.84 m 115.52 9 φ8 c/c 80 for 0.72 m
2 51.08 5 φ6c/c 200 for 0.42 m 112.3 9φ 8 c/c 80 for 0.70 m
Vav 1 101.94 1.26
2 69.72 1.14 100.34 1.24
Vav,s 1 57.76 5φ 8 c/c 160 for 0.72 m
2 25.54 5 φ6c/c 200 for 0.42 56.16 5φ 8 c/c 160 for 0.70 m
span CD
χ (m) = distance from the point of
zero shear
Forces(KN) χ (m) arrangement
The number 1 & 2 is to
indicate the location, whether to left
44.18 0.6 8 φ6c/c 160 for 1.2m
or right of the point of zero shear
108.12 1.49 force.
103.76 1.43
63.94 7 φ8 c/c 140 for 0.89 m
59.54 6 φ8 c/c 150 for 0.83 m
72
Selected beam design results
Beam type Msd Km As reinforcements
-17.07 38.53 320.96 3 φ12
-15.3 18.73 < 19( minimum) 2 φ12

support
moments -17.46 38.97 329.6 3 φ12
10.33 30.75 200.5 2 φ12

span
Tie beam moments 13.48 35.13 264.5 3 φ12
-49.27 33.6 458
-50.44 34.02 481.5

support
moments -49.84 33.8 475.5 2 φ20
29.7 26.7 262.7 3 φ12

span
3rd flour beam moments 19.7 21.81 192.1 2 φ12
-36.88 29.08 375 2 φ16
-55.31 35.62 530.1 2 φ20

support
moments -36.83 29.06 347.32 2 φ16
47.05 33.7 472

span
2nd flour beam moments 65.95 39.9 408.64 2 φ20
-123.321 53.16 1298.99 3 φ14
-86.3 44.5 860.64 3 φ20

support
moments -1.04 < 19 Minimum rein. 2 φ12
99.96 48.88 1070.96 4 φ20

span
1st flour beam moments 86.6 44.5 860.64 3 φ20
-59.89 29.12 887.74 3 φ20
-65.29 52.73 1131.96 4 φ20

support
moments -63.5 50.68 1029.48 4 φ20
27.66 40.6 447 2 φ20

span
Grade beam moments 42.19 50.75 738.5 3 φ20
reinforcements on AXIS -B
73
Beam type Msd Km As reinforcements
-15.95 38.9 323.01 3 φ12

support
-15.3 38.1 321.8 3 φ12
moments
Tie beam -15.47 38.65 322.63 3 φ12
span
8.2 2 φ12
minimum reinforcement
moments
10.01 2 φ12
-46.29 33.6 402 2 φ16

support
-42.65 32.25 399.51 2 φ16
moments
3rd flour beam -45.07 33.1 401.42 2 φ16
span
18.31 33.56 293.3 3 φ12
moments
24.4 24.31 393 2 φ16
-72.12 41.9 762.68

support
-71.15 41.03 760.11 4 φ16
moments
2nd flour beam -76.11 29.06 766.98
span
39.27 30.79 348.66 2 φ16
moments
55.25 41.8 654.8 3 φ16
-84.6 45.42 909.1 3 φ20
support -85.88 52.2 1081.3 3 φ20

moments
1st flour beam -91.24 47.18 988.3 5 φ16
span
63.8 39.4 323.89 3 φ12
moments
71.6 47.67 730.1 4 φ16
-56.29 49.73 972 5 φ16

support
-55.3 _ 5 φ16
moments
Grade beam -58.48 50.68 1029.48 4 φ20
span
24.15 32.57 386 2 φ16
moments
38.87 41.33 639.7 2φ20
reinforcements on AXIS -C
74
position Beam
Msd Km Km/Km* As As¹ reinforcements
no. type
-11.35
support -7.9
moments -9.3
TIE Minimum
BEAM
-9.5 <19 _ reinforcement _ 2 ø 12
3.4
span
3
moments
5.37
-105.9 50.82 1158.5 4 ø20
-
BEAMS 65.47 1.132 2149.24 160 5 ø24
support 175.77
OF moments -182.1 66.6 1.152 2508.26 454.13 6 ø24
3rd,2nd
AXIS -2 -
AND 62.15 1.075 2034.28 221.68 5 ø24
158.44
1st
FLOUR 73.24 42.26 762.5 4 ø20
span
125.33 55.3 1423.19 5 ø20
moments
52.09 35.64 528.15 2 ø20
-47.43 45.65 800.03 4 ø16
support -47.42 45.65 800 4 ø16
moments -48.66 46.24 823.6 2 ø24
GRADE
-48.2 46.2 823.4 2 ø24
BEAM
17.36 27.61 273.61 2 ø12
span
17.36 27.61 273.61 2 ø12
moments
26.69 34.24 428.3 3 ø16
position Beam
no. type
-5.98
support -10.37
moments -8.75
TIE Minimum
BEAM
3.31
span
3.42
moments
4.26
-108.57 51.4 1 1195.3 _ 5 ø20
BEAMS support -134.65 57 1 1552 _ 5 ø24
OF moments -127.36 55.73 1 1428 _ 5 ø24
AXIS -3 3rd,2nd -123.07 54.78 1 1373.5 _ 4 ø24
AND 1st 59.71 38.16 1 620 _ 4 ø16
FLOUR span
78.34 43.7 1 835.03 _ 5 ø16
moments
54.24 36.6 1 558.4 _ 2 ø24
-45.98 1 800.03 _
support -47.37 1 800 _
≈54.02 2 ø 24
moments -46.92 1 823.6 _
GRADE
-47.44 1 823.4 _
BEAM
17.61 27.61 1 273.61 _ 2 ø16
span
17.13 27.61 1 273.61 _ 2 ø16
moments
25.38 34.24 1 428.3 _ 3 ø20
75
position Beam
no. type
-9.09
support -7.84
moments -9.37
TIE Minimum
BEAM
3.7
span
3.5
moments
5.05
-102 48.4 1 1040.4 4 ø20
BEAMS support -96.7 48.3 1 1037.6 _ 4 ø20
OF moments -103.06 49.88 1 1115.9 _ 4 ø20
AXIS -1 3rd,2nd -83.03 44.776 1 858.7 _ 3 ø20
AND 1st 53.39 36.08 1 544.7 _ 2 ø20
FLOUR span
82.08 44.52 1 854.3 _ 3 ø20
moments
26.9 25.5 1 264 _ 2 ø16
-47.7 46.65 1 800.03 _ 4 ø16
support -47.51 45.65 1 800 _ 4 ø16
moments -48.27 46.24 1 823.6 _ 2 ø24
GRADE
-48.09 46.2 1 823.4 _ 2 ø24
BEAM
17.79 27.8 1 279.9 _ 2 ø12
span
17.35 32.16 1 272.75 _ 2 ø12
moments
26.25 34.24 1 428.3 _ 3 ø16
Beam Shear span Total

type forces AB BC CD reinforcements
Vc 15.4 KN
Tie 5.12 KN 6.63 KN 5.7 KN
beam Vd 6.91 KN 5.98 KN 6.7 KN 75 φ 6c/c 160
Vc 44.18 KN 43 φ 6 c/c 160
3rd 63.9KN 2 φ 6c/c 260 81.5KN 6 φ 6c/c 140 56.17 KN 2 φ 6c/c300
floor Vd 83.48KN 8 φ 6c/c 130 80.23KN 7 φ 6c/c 140 56.17 KN 2 φ 6c/c 320 93 φ 6
Vc 44.18 KN 40 φ6 c/c 160 46 φ6
2nd 71.01KN 4 φ 8c/c 200 82.71 KN 9 φ 8c/c 110 68.02 KN 3 φ 6c/c220
floor Vd 85.29KN 8 φ 8c/c 130 81.05 KN 8 φ 8c/c 110 66.19 KN 2 φ 6c/c 230 29 φ8
Vc 44.18 KN 39 φ 6 c/c 160 39 φ6
1st 75KN 7 φ 8c/c 120 88.1 KN 5 φ 8c/c 210 78.33KN 3 φ 8c/c 270
floor Vd 87.3KN 11 φ 8c/c 100 86.75 KN 5 φ 8c/c 220 75.56KN 3 φ 8c/c 290 34φ8
Vc 44.00 KN 95 φ 6 c/c 160
Grade
beam Vd 32.91KN 34 φ6 c/c120 32.69KN 34 φ6 c/c 120 34.83KN 27 φ6 c/c 120 95 φ6
On AXIS 1
76
Beam shear span Total
type forces AB BC CD reinforcements
Vc 15.4 KN
tie
5.12 KN 6.63 KN 5.7 KN 75 φ 6c/c 160
beam Vd
6.91 KN 5.98 KN 6.7 KN
Vc 44.18 KN 54 φ 6 c/c 160
67.25 KN 5φ
72.17KN 4 φ 8c/c250 106.43KN 5 φ 6c/c140
c/c150
3rd Vd
91.12KN 9 φ 8c/c 62.89KN 4 φ 95 φ 6
floor 102.77KN 4 φ 6c/c150
160 6c/c180
69.62KN 5 φ 6c/c 140
Vav
67.78KN 5 φ6c/c 150
Vc 44.18 KN 58 φ6 c/c 160
72.01 KN 8
73.97KN 8 φ 6c/c 130 105.92 KN 5 φ 6c/c 140
φ6c/c100
2nd Vd
70.6 KN 8 φ 113 φ6
floor 89.06KN 11 φ 6c/c130 102.2 KN 5 φ 6c/c 150
6c/c140
69.36KN 5 φ 6c/c 150
Vav
67.2KN 5 φ 6c/c 150
Vc 44.18 KN 50 φ 6 c/c 160 50 φ6
83.9KN
1st 77.49KN 6 φ 8c/c 210 106.5KN 10 φ 8c/c 130
5φ 8c/c190
floor Vd 45φ8
93.04KN 10 φ 79.73KN
103.04 KN 10 φ 8c/c130
8c/c 160 4φ8c/c200
Vc 44.00 KN 95 φ 6 c/c 160
Grade
35.25KN 95 φ6
beam Vd 33.05KN 34 φ6 c/c120 33.05KN 34 φ6 c/c 120
27φ6c/c120
On AXIS 3
Beam shear span Total reinforcements

type forces AB BC
Vc 15.4 KN
tie 42 φ 6c/c 160
9.79KN 10.02 KN
beam Vd
9.9KN 11.18 KN
Vc 44.18 KN
3rd floor 42 φ 6c/c 160
Vd 35.96KN 33.6 KN
Vc 44.18 KN
2nd
42 φ6c/c 160
floor Vd 32.02KN 41.3 KN
Vc 44.18 KN
1st floor 42 φ6c/c 160
Vd 36.7KN 42.6 KN
44.00 KN
Grade
124 φ6c/c 120
beam Vd 36.67KN 40.0KN
On AXIS B
The above tale can also represent beams on AXIS C, D, E, F
77
Beam shear span Total reinforcements
type forces AB BC
Vc 15.4 KN
tie 42 φ 6c/c 160
9.14KN 8.08 KN
beam Vd
7.67KN 9.81 KN
Vc 44.18 KN
3rd floor 42 φ 6c/c 160
Vd 31.35KN 32KN
Vc 44.18 KN
2nd
42 φ6c/c 160
floor Vd 30.54KN 37.62KN
Vc 44.18 KN
1st floor 42φ6c/c 160
Vd 43.71KN 34.05KN
44.00 KN
Grade
124 φ6c/c 120
beam Vd 36.67KN 40.0KN
On AXIS A
This table can also represent the beam on AXIS G
The reinforcement details are depicted as follows.
78
5.0 Column Design
5.1 Effective buckling length of compression members (columns)
The effective buckling length of a column in a given plane can be obtained from the
following equation:
Le = αm + 0.4 ≥ 0.7 --- for non sway mode
L αm + 0.8
And Le = √(1 + 0.8 αm) ≥ 1.15 --- for sway mode
L
For the model shown, the stiffness calculations α1 and α2 are obtained from
K1
α1 = K1 + Kc
K11 K12 K11 +K12 Kij =1 fixed
=0.5 pin
Kc
α1 = K2 + Kc = 0 cant.
K21 +K22
K21 K22 αm = α1 + α2
2
K2
Amplified sway moments method for sway frames

The sway moments found by a 1st order analysis shall be increased by multiplying them
by the moment magnification factorδ:
δ= 1
1 – Nsd/Ncr
Where Nsd = is the design value of the total vertical load
Ncr = is the critical value for failure in a sway mode
- The amplified sway moments method shall not be used when the critical load
ratio Nsd/Ncr is more than 0.25.
79
Kb= 0.065 0.08125 Kbj=2∑Kb =0.293
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.894
0.08125 0.08125 1.71
0.298
0.298
0.894
0.298
0.08125 0.08125 1.71
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.894
0.08125 0.08125 1.71
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.894
0.08125 0.08125 1.71
0.595
1.78
0.595
0.595
5.0 4.0
Actual frame on axis B Substitute beam-column frame
Calculation of α1,α2 , αm , Ic and Ac for substitute beam-column frame.
Bending coeff. Mean bending coefficient Effective length(assume

α = Ic1/Lc1 + Ic2/Lc2 αm sway) Le=L√(1+0.8αm)
Ib1/Lb1 + Ib2/Lb2
0 + 0.894 = 6.1
0 + ½*0.293 4.1 6.2
0.894 + 0.894 = 2.1
0 + ½*1.71 2.1 4.91
0.894 + 0.894 = 2.1
0 + ½*1.71 2.1 4.91
0.894 + 0.894 = 2.1
0 + ½*1.71 2.615 5.3
80
1.78 + 0.894 = 3.13
0 + ½*1.71 1.65 2.4
0 + 1.78 = 0.178
0 + ½*10
Substitute column dimension

S4/12 = 3*8.93*104
S = 423mm
A = S2 = 178929
I = 1/12*S4 = 26.7*108mm4
Axial loads and shear forces
level Axial load Nsd Shear forces, H (KN)

3rd -48.82 11.84
2nd -480.38 79.0
1st -908.67 126.61
Ground -1340.46 155.67
foundation -1454 157.18
Calculation of 1st order design moment Md1 = α2 + 3 HL

α1 + α2 + 6
level α1 α2 H L Md1
3rd 6.1 2.1 11.84 3 12.76
2nd 2.1 2.1 79.0 3 118.5
1st 2.1 2.1 126.69 3 190
Ground 2.1 3.13 155.67 3 255
foundation 3.13 1.0 157.18 1.5 93.1
81
Checking whether the selected frame is a sway frame or not
Calculation of the equivalent column reinforcement area, As, tot in the substitute columns
Example for 3rd floor
d’
d
S
S
Assume d’/h = 0.15
d’ = 0.15*423 = 63.45
From the above, the 1st order design moment Md1 at the critical section of the substitute
column Md1 = 12.76
ν = Nsd = 48.61*1000
Acfc 178929*11.33
= 0.024
µ = Md1 = 0.018
Acfcdh
From EBCS ω = 0.02
As, tot = ωAcfcd = 155 As, min = 0.008Ac = 1431
fyd Asmax = 0,08Ac = 14314
∴As = As, min
In table form
level ν µ ω As
3rd 0.024 0.018 0.02 1431
2nd 0.2437 0.167 0.18 1431
1st 0.448 0.268 0.33 2565
Ground 0.661 0.36 0.68 5284.4
foundation 0.72 0.131 0.1 1431
82
Moment of inertia Is = (Πr2/4 + asd2) As/as
Level Is (*108)
3rd 1.85
2nd 1.85
1st 3.32
Ground 12.24
foundation 6.3
5.2 Frame stability
If Nsd/Ncr ≤ 0.1 then the frame is non sway

, Ncr = Π2EIe
Le2
EIe = 0.2EcIc + EsIs
Ec = 1100fcd = 12.463Gpa
Es = 200Gpa
In table form
level Nsd/Ncr Sway mode
3rd 0.00436 Non sway
2nd 0.027 Non sway
1st 0.03 Non sway
Ground 0.015 Non sway
foundation 00002 Non sway
Therefore no need of magnifying the 1st order moments
83
5.3 Effective buckling length
Bending coeff mean Effective length
α1 or α 2 bending coeff αm Le = L(αm + 0.4) ≥0.7L
0.065 4.6 αm + 0.8
3.1 2.7
0.296
0.379 1.57
0.296
1.57 2.49
0.379 1.57
0.296
1.57 2.49
0.379 1.57
1.935 2.55
0.296
0.379 2.3
1.65 1.26
0.595
1.0
84
0.061 0.081 0.081
0.298
0.379 0.474 0.474
0.298
0.379 0.474 0.474
0.379 0.474 0.474
0.298
0.379 0.474 0.474
0.298
0.298
Fig -a Fig-b
For figure-a
Bending coefficient Mean bending coeff Effective factor Effective length

α1 or α2 αm αm + 0.4 ≥ 0.7
αm + 0.8
2.04
0.7 1.37 0.81 2.43
0.7 0.7 0.73 2.19
0.70 0.7 0.73 2.19
1.05 0.875 0.76 2.28
1.0 1.025 0.78 1.17
85
For figure-b
Bending coefficient Mean bending coeff Effective factor Effective length

α1 or α2 αm αm + 0.4 ≥ 0.7
αm + 0.8
3.7
1.26 2.48 0.88 2.64
1.26 1.26 0.8 2.4
1.26 1.26 0.8 2.4
1.9 1.58 0.83 2.49
1.0 1.45 0.82 1.23
5.4 2nd order effect
5.4.1 Slenderness ratio: λ = Le/ie

a- for sway frames
25
λ ≤
15/√νa whichever is greater, νa = Nsd/Acfcd
b- for Non sway frames
λ ≤ 50 – 25(M1/M2) where M1 and M2 are first order (calculated)

Moments at the ends
Note: If the slenderness ratio is less than the critical slenderness ratio SR (when the
columns are short) then it can be neglected.
86
col Le ie = √(I/A) Actual SR
25x25
25x35
14/94/88/13 2.7 0.1
0.072
70/10 2.49 0.1
0.072
11/76/52/7 2.49 0.1
0.072
8/58/34/4 25.5 0.1
0.072
2/22/16/1 1.26 0.1
0.072
All the actual SR are less than from the critical SR, so we can neglect the second order
effect.
5.5 Moment due to additional eccentricity
ea = Le/300 ≥ 20mm
level col Le ea col Le ea col Le ea
3rd 88/13 2.7 0.02 14/94 2.43 0.02 100/15 2.64 0.02
2nd 70/10 2.49 0.02 11/76 2.19 0.02 82/12 2.4 0.02
1st 52/7 2.49 0.02 8/58 2.19 0.02 64/9 2.4 0.02
Ground 34/4 2.55 0.02 5/40 2.28 0.02 46/6 2.49 0.02
found 16/1 1.26 0.02 2/22 1.17 0.02 28/3 1.23 0.02
Nsd – axial load of the critical condition (1st order)
Therefore the total design moment is the some of the three moments
etot = eo + ea + e2 where eo - 1st order eccentricity
ea - additional eccentricity
e2 – eccentricity due to 2nd order effect
Md = Nsd* etot
87
5.6 Design moments reinforcement area calculation
The design moments are tabulated below for critical columns
col Nsd etot Mx My ν µ ω As

94 38.7 0.152 5.9 - 0.355 0.154 0.01 700
76 368.95 0.135 49.81 - 0.372 0.143 0.1 700
58 702.87 0.082 58.06 - 0.71 0.167 0.25 950
40 1024.61 0.078 80.15 - 1.033 0.231 0.7 2660
22 1137.11 0.132 150.0 - 0.956 0.360 1.05 4788
Example ν = Nsd = 38.7*1000

Acfcd 87500*11.33
= 0.355
µ = Md1 = 0.017
Acfcdh
From EBCS ω = 0.01
As, tot = ωAcfcd As, min = 0.008Ac = 700
Fyd Asmax = 0,08Ac = 7000
∴As = As, min
col Nsd etot Mx ν µ etot My ν µ ω As

14 30.98 0.573 17.74 - - 0.393 12.18 - - As, min
11 183.12 0.124 22.78 - - 0.102 18.74 - -
8 342.28 0.124 42.3 - - 0.062 21.39 - -
5 502.8 0.078 39.31 - - 0.041 20.68 - -
2 572.89 0.086 49.13 0.578 0.141 0.022 12.7 0.57 0.036 0.17 As, min
88
Longitudinal Reinforcement for selected columns
Level Foundation Ground 1st floor 2nd floor 3rd floor

Column
C1 6ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16
C2 6ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16
C3 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16
C4 8ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16
C5 8ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16 4ø16
C6 16ø20 14ø16 6ø16 4ø16 4ø16
Biaxial Bending Columns (EBCS2, 1995 art 4.415.1)

¾ Column of rectangle cross section which are subjected to biaxial bending may
be checked separately for uniaxial bending in each respective direction provided
that the relative eccentricities are such that K ≤ 0.2 , where K denotes the ratio
of the smaller relative eccentricity to the larger eccentricity.
¾ The relative eccentricity for a given direction is defined as the ratio of the total
eccentricity, allowing for initial eccentricity and second order effect in that
direction to the column width in the same direction.
Calculation of ‘K’
Col. level axis etot Relative K

eccentricity
3rd 1 0.3294 0.0132
A 0.3354 0.0096 0.726
2nd 1 0.0958 0.0038
A 0.1421 0.00406 0.833
1st 1 0.058 0.00232
A 0.197 0.00563 0.412
Ground 1 0.0393 0.0016
89
A 0.0822 0.00235 0.681
Foundation 1 0.0248 0.009
A 0.107 0.003 0.327
Therefore, there is no need to check the columns separately for uniaxial bending in
each respective directions.
5.7 Lateral Reinforcement for the column
EBCS 2, 1995, art 4.5.3.1 recommends that the shear force carried by the concrete in
members with out significant axial forces shall be taken as:
Vc = 0.25fcdK1K2bwd ; fctd = 1.03Mpa
Where K1 = (1 + 50ρ) ≤ 2.0
K2 = 1.6 – d , d in meters
ρ = As/bwd
To compute the additional shear carried by the concrete for members subjected to axial
compression is:
Vcn = 0.1bwdNsd (EBCS, 2, 1995 art 4.5.3.2)
Ac
Note it is checked that the concrete shear capacity of the column is enough to resist the
design shear forces. Therefore we need minimum transverse reinforcement.
Minimum Transverse Reinforcement
• Minimum diameter of ties or spirals 6mm or ølong /4.
12ømain
• c\c spacing ≤ b (least width of the column)
300
In table form
Long. diameter Spacing(mm) Diameter of stirrup
Ø8 190 Ø8
Ø8 240 Ø8
90
5.8 Development Length
• All reinforcements shall be properly anchored at each end with due consideration
for the effect of each action and shear cracks.
• To prevent bond failure, the tension or compression in any bar at any section due
to ultimate loads shall be developed on each side of the section by an appropriate
embedment length or end anchorage or a combination theory.
5.8.1 Basic Anchorage Length

The basic anchorage length Lb for a bar of diameter ø is
Lb = ø fyd
4 fbd
fbd = 2fctd = the design bond strength for deformed
compression bar of good bond condition.
fctd = fctk / γc , fctk = 0.21fck2/3
= 0.21(20)2/3 = 1.547Mpa
fctd = 1.032Mpa
fbd = 2*1.03 = 2.06MPa
Basic anchorage length in table form (Lb)

Bar diameter Lb (mm)
Ø14 444
Ø16 507
Ø20 633
Ø22 697
Ø24 760
5.8.2 Required anchorage length
The required anchorage length Lb,net depends on the type of anchorage and on the
stress in the reinforcement can be calculated as:
91
Lb,net = aLbAs,cal ≥ Lb,min
Aseff
Where As,cal – is the theoretical area of reinforcement
required by the design.
As,eff – is the area of reinforcement actually
Provided.
a = 1.0 for straight bars
a = 0.7 for looked anchorage bars
Lb,min = the minimum anchorage length
For tension bars
Lb,min = 0.3Lb ≥ 10ø
≥ 200mm
For bars in compression
Lb,min = 0.6Lb ≥ 10ø
≥ 200mm
5.9 Laps and joints

The length of lap Lo shall be at least equal to:
Lo ≥ a1Lb, net ≥ Lo, min
Where Lo, min = 0.3aa1Lb ≥ 15ø
Or ≥ 200mm
Lb, net & a are given in previous
a1 is the function of the percentage of the reinforcement
lapped at any one section. Lapped joints are considered to
be at the same section if the distance between their
center doesn’t exceed the required lap length.
The lap length Lo shall be at least equal to the basic anchorage length Lb.
Note in our case a1 = 100%.
Calculation of Required anchorage length and lap
92
level col No. bar Col. As,cal As,eff Lb,net Lap Total
dim. (mm2) (mm2) (mm) (2* length
(cm) Lb,net)
3rd C1 4ø16 25x35 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90

C2 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C3 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C4 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C5 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C6 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
2nd C1 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C2 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C3 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C4 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C5 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C6 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
1st C1 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C2 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C3 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C4 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C5 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C6 6ø16 “ 950 6*201 435 2*435 3.80
Ground C1 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C2 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C3 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 3.90
C4 4ø16 “ 799 4*201 505 2*505 4.0
C5 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 505 2*505 4.0
C6 14ø16 “ 2660 14*201 480 2*480 4.0
Foundation C1 6ø16 “ 1014 6*201 445 2*445 2.80
C2 6ø16 “ 1014 6*201 445 2*445 2.80
93
C3 4ø16 “ 700 4*201 445 2*445 2.80
C4 8ø16 “ 1520 8*201 445 2*445 2.80
C5 8ø16 “ 1520 8*201 445 2*445 2.80
C6 16ø20 30x35 4788 16*314 445 2*625 3.20
5.10 Reinforcement detail for the columns

X-section of C6 on 1st floor, C1 on found. , C2 on found
d’= 25
6ø16 Ø8 c\c190
35
50
50
x
300
y
25
200
X-section of C6 on ground floor
d’= 25
50
50
14ø16 300
25
35 Ø8 c\c190 200
94
X-section of C4 on found. And C5 on found.
d’= 25
Ø8 c\c190
35
8ø16 50
50
300
25 200
X-section of C6 on foundation
d’= 25
35
16ø20
50
Ø8 c\c240 50
300
30
250
95
For all remaining columns the X-section is the following
d’= 25
50
50
35
4ø16 Ø8 c\c190
300
25 200
96
6.0 Design of Stair case
6.1 Design of stair case 1
Depth required for deflection
d = (0.4+0.6 *fyk) le/βa fyk=300mpa, βa =25

400 le=5400
d = (0.4+ 0.6*300)*5400 =183.6mm
400 25
The overall depth,
D=183.6+15+8=206.6mm
Use D=210mm
d=187mm
Loading (taking 1m strip)

Dead load on the stair
RC slab (inclined) = 0.21*1*24 =5.635KN/m
Cos 26.56
Due to steps per meter width = 0.3*0.15*1*24*1 = 1.8KN/m
2 0.3
Floor Finishing
Terrazzo tile (2cm) = 0.02*23 = 0.4KN/m2
Cement Screed (2 cm) = 0.02*20 = 0.4 KN/m2
Total = 0.86 KN/m2
On the thread = 0.86*1m = 0.86 KN/m

On the riser = 0.86*0.15*1*10 = 0.43KN/m
3.0
97
Plastering = 0.02*20 = 0.4KN/ m2 * 1 = 0.4KN/m
Dead load on the stair = (5.635+1.8+0.86+0.43+0.4 )

Cos26.56
= 9.17KN/m
Dead load on the landing portion
Landing Slab = 0.21*1*24 = 5.04KN/m

Plastering = 0.4*1 = 0.4KN/m
Cement screed = 0.4*1 = 0.4KN/m
Terrazzo tile = 0.46*1 = 0.46KN/m
6.3KN/m
Total load on the landing = 6.3KN/m
Live Load
On stair category A, qt = 3 KN/m2 (EBCS-2,1995 table 2.10)

Total live load on stair case = 3 KN/m2 * 1m = 3 KN/m
Design Load
On stair, DL1 = 1.3*9.17+1.6*3 = 16.72 KN/m

On landing, DL2 = 1.3*6.3+1.6*3 = 13 KN/m
Shear Force Diagram
Bending moment Diagram
98
Check depth for flexure
d = (M/rb bw fyd (1-0.4rb m)) ½

= (58.27E6/(0.0187*1000*260.87*(1-0.4*0.0187*28.78))1/2
= 123.4mm<187mm OK!
Reinforcement Design
Reinforcements are calculated using design table
Km = √(M/b) = √(58.27/1) = 40.82

d 0.187
Ks = 4.19
Hence
As = Ks * M = 4.19 * 58.27 = 1305.8 mm2
d 0.187
Spacing
S = as * b = 201 * 1000 = 153mm
As 1305.8
Spacing provided
Ф16 c/c 150
6.2 Design of Stair Case 2
Depth required for deflection
99
d= (0.4+0.6fyk) le/ba fyk=300mpa, ba=25
400 le=4200
d=(0.4+0.6*300)*4200 =142.8
400 25
D=142.8+15+8 = 166mm
Use D=170mm
d=147mm
Loading
Design load the same as stair case 1
DL1 = 16.72KN/m
DL2 = 13KN/m
Shear force diagram
Bending moment diagram
100
Check depth for flexure
d = (35.52E6/(0.0187*1000*260.87*(1-0.4*0.0187*28.78))1/2
= 96.33mm < 147mm OK!
Rienforcement Design
Km = √(M/b) = √(35.52/1) = 40.5

d 0.147
Ks = 4.185
As = Ks M = 4.185 * 35.52 = 1011.2 mm2

d 0.147
Spacing
S = 154 * 1000 = 152.3 mm
1011.2
Provide
Ф 14 c/c 150
101
7.0 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
An Isolate footing are selected and designed as per EBCS-7, 1995 for the critical
combinations for the foundation to be designed. The bearing capacity of the soil is taken
as 280Kpa.
FOUNDATION LAYOUT
F1
F1 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4
F3 F6 F6 F3
F6 F6 F6
F2 F5 F5 F5 F5 F5
Foundation-1(F1 & F2): F2

7.1 Proportioning of the footing.
The proportioning of the footing is determined from the critical of the combinations.
For comb-1:
102
P
My
Mx
a
Pd=484.17KN
M1=5.324KN-m
M2=3.28KN-m
a=b
§all=280Kpa
C-25
S-300
103
Calculation of eccentricity
eY = M1/P ; P( Un-factored load for proportioning)=Pd/1.4=484.17KN/1.4=345.84KN
=5.324KN-m/345.84KN=0.0154m
ex=M2/P=3.28KN-m/345.84KN=0.009m
§max=P/A (1+6* ey+6* ex); A=a*b=a2
§all >=§max
280Kpa=345.84KN/ a2 *(1+6*0.0154/a+6*0.009/a)
a3 - 1.24a - 0.18=0
Solving by trial and error
a=1.18m take a=1.2m
For comb-5:
Pd=442.17KN
M1=62.17KN-m
M2=2.8KN-m
a=b
§all=280Kpa
C-25
S-300
Calculation of eccentricity
eY = M1/P ; P( Un-factored load for proportioning)=Pd/1.4=442.17KN/1.4=316.24KN
=62.17KN-m/316.24KN=0.197m
ex=M2/P=2.8KN-m/316.24KN=0.009m
§max=P/A (1+6* ey+6* ex); A=a*b=a2
§all >=§max
280Kpa=316.24KN / a2 *(1+6*0.197m /a+6*0.009/a)
a3 – 1.13a – 1.4=0
Solving by trial and error
a=1.45m take 1.5m
Therefore the footing area is 1.5m x 1.5m
Actual stress calculation for comb-1:
§max=484.17KN/ (1.5m x 1.5m)*(1+0.0924/1.5+0.054/1.5)
=236.19KN/m2
§max<=§all--------------------------ok!
104
§min=484.17KN/ (1.5m x 1.5m)*(1- 0.0924/1.5- 0.054/1.5)
=194.18Kpa
§B= 484.17KN/ (1.5m x 1.5m)*(1-0.0924/1.5+0.054/1.5)
=209.68Kpa
§C =484.17KN/ (1.5m x 1.5m)*(1+ 0.0924/1.5- 0.054/1.5)
=220.69Kpa
Therefore the critical stresses at the four corners are
§A=236.19Kpa §B =209.68Kpa §C =220.69Kpa §D=194.18Kpa
7.2 STRACTUERAL DESIGN OF THE FOOTING

7.2.1 Thickness Determination
Stress distribution on the footing.
220.7Kpa 236.19Kpa
194.16Kpa 209.68Kpa
105
a) Punching Shear.
d/2
a
0.35+d
0.35
0.25+d
Acting punching shear

Vact= 484.17KN-((236.19KN/m2 + 209.68Kpa)/2
+(220.69Kpa+194.18Kpa)/2)/2*(0.25+d)*(0.35+d)
=465.34-129.1*d-215.17
Resisting shear
VRest=0.5*f ctd*(1+50*r )*U*d
Where; f ctd =0.35* f ck^0.5 = 0.35*(0.8*25)^ 0.5 =1.04
Γc 1.5
Rmin=0.002
U=2*(0.35+d)+2*(.25+d)=1.2+4d
VRest=0.5*1.04*10^3*(1+50*0.002)*(1.2+4d)
=686.4*d+2288*d2
Vact<= VRest
465.34-129.1*d-215.17=686.4*d+2288*d2
2503.17* d2 + 815.5*d - 465.35
d=0.298m
106
b) Diagonal tension
2 2
d
0.35m d a
0.25m
1
b
Along (1-1)
Acting wide beam
§1-1=207.4Kpa + (0.85m+d)*(222.24Kpa-207.4Kpa)
1.5m
=216.1Kpa+9.9*d
Vact=§1-1*1.5*(0.625-d)
=(216.1Kpa+9.9*d)*(0.94-1.5d)
=202.6-314.84-14.85d2
VRest=0.3* f ctd*(1+50*r)*bw*d
=0.3*1.04*10^3*(1+50*0.002)*1.5*d
=514.8*d
Vact= VRest
14.85*d2 + 829.64*d-202.6=0
d=0.243m
Along(2-2)
§2-2=201.93Kpa+(0.925m+d)*(228.1Kpa-201.93Kpa)
1.5m
107
=218.07Kpa+17.45*d
Vact= §2-2*1.5*(0.575-d)
=188.09 - 312.05*d - 26.175*d2
Vact= VRest
26.175* d2 + 826.85*d - 188.1=0
d=0.226m
Therefore the critical effective depth is d=298mm.
The over all depth be
D=298mm+50mm+7mm=355mm
Use D=400mm
Modified effective depth d=400mm-50mm-7mm=343mm
7.3 Reinforcement
§1-1=207.4Kpa + (1.5m-0.625m)*(222.24Kpa-207.4Kpa)
1.5m
=216.06Kpa
Reinforcement along X-direction
M1-1= ( 216.06*0.6252+(222.24 - 216.06)*0.6252 )*1.5m

1
2 3
64.5KN-m
Col.
Km = ( M/b*d2)^0.5=(64.5KN-m/(1.5m*(0.343m)^2)^0.5 2 2
= 19.12
From design table No.1a of EBCS-2: Part 2 16
Ks=3.95 1
2
As = Ks*M = 3.95*64.5KNm = 742.8mm
d 0.343m
Asmin=ρmin*b*d=0.002*1.5m*0.343m*106
=1029mm2
Use As=1029mm2
No- bars=1029mm2 = 5.2 Ф16 use 6Ф16
108
201mm2
Spacing= as *1.5m = 201mm2 *1.5m = 160mm

As 1206mm2
Therefore use 6Ф16c/c 160mm
Reinforcement along y direction
M2-2=(207.4+222.24)*0.6252*1.5
2 2
=62.93KNm
Km = ( M/b*d2)^0.5=(62.93KN-m/(1.5m*(0.343m)^2)^0.5
=18.88
Use Asmin=ρmin*b*d=0.002*1.5m*0.343m*106
=1029mm2
Therefore use 6Ф16c/c 1600mm
With the same procedure as the above in designing the Foundation Footing, Dimension
Proportioning and Structural Design is summarized in Tabular Form as shown below.
Joint Reaction (SAP result – factored load) KN-m Units
JOINT LOAD F3 M1 M2
COMB1 484.17 -5.324 -3.28
COMB2 286.36 -5.33 -42.24
F1 COMB3 283.36 54.18 2.135
COMB4 439.89 -2.65 -47.17
COMB5 442.73 -62.17 -2.8
COMB1 993.58 -5.42 -0.58
COMB2 741.62 -5.17 -102.344
F2 COMB3 652.22 71.8 -1.18
COMB4 748.75 -2.9 101.46
COMB5 835.15 -79.9 0.307
COMB1 713.7 1.18 1.8
COMB2 467.16 -0.2513 -43.44
F3 COMB3 497.68 68.69 1.37
COMB4 603.41 2.87 46.15
COMB5 572.89 -66.07 1.33
COMB1 1454.1 1.87 -1.075
F4 COMB2 1084.01 -1.154 -133.85
COMB3 1044.02 177.2 -0.74
COMB4 1092.25 3.96 132.24
109
COMB5 1137.11 -174.39 0.87
COMB1 835.12 3.39 -0.0023
F5 COMB2 622.32 1.45 -99.97
COMB3 765.7 80.37 0.687
COMB4 630.37 3.68 99.97
COMB5 486.98 -75.3 -0.69
A. Footing Dimension Proportioning

Unfactored Axial Loads and their eccentricity
Assuming square footing, B=L
Unfactored
Footing Load ex ey Side B BΧL
Load
COMB1 345.88 -0.009 -0.150 1.2
COMB2 204.5 -0.231 -0.026 1.55
F1 COMB3 202.5 0.011 0.268 1.7 1.7 X 1.7
COMB4 314.21 -0.150 -0.008 1.4
COMB5 316.23 -0.009 -0.197 1.45
COMB1 709.7 -0.001 -0.008 1.65
COMB2 527.73 -0.193 -0.010 1.8
F2 COMB3 465.9 -0.003 0.154 1.65 1.8 X 1.8
COMB4 534.82 -0.189 -0.005 1.8
COMB5 598.7 0.001 -0.133 1.8
COMB1 509.8 0.007 0.002 1.4
COMB2 333.7 -0.130 -0.001 1.4
F3 COMB3 355 0.004 0.193 1.55 1.55
COMB4 431 0.107 0.007 1.5
COMB5 409 0.003 -0.161 1.55
COMB1 1038.6 -0.001 0.002 1.95
F4 COMB2 774.3 -0.173 -0.001 2.05 2.2 X 2.2
COMB3 745.71 -0.001 0.238 2.15
COMB4 780 0.170 0.005 2.10
COMB5 812.14 0.001 -0.215 2.20
COMB1 596.51 0.000 0.006 1.5 1.75 X
F5 COMB2 444.51 -0.225 -0.015 1.7 1.75
COMB3 546.93 0.001 0.003 1.75
COMB4 450.3 0.222 0.008 1.75
COMB5 347.84 -0.002 -0.216 1.55
110
B. Structural Design
Assume footing thickness of 0.4m for F1 and F2 and 0.5m for F8.
Bar diameter of Φ16
Effective Depth for: Provide

d
Footing Load Pd M1 M2
Punchin Required thicknes
g W.Beam thickness s
COM
B1 484.17 -5.324 -3.28 0.251 0.273 0.347 0.350
COM
B2 286.36 -5.33 -42.24 0.201 0.235 0.309 0.350
COM
F1
B3 283.36 54.18 2.135 0.20 0.231 0.305 0.350
COM
B4 439.89 -2.65 -47.17 0.242 0.296 0.354 0.400
COM
B5 442.73 -62.17 -2.8 0.242 0.289 0.347 0.350
COM
B1 993.58 -5.42 -0.58 0.331 0.404 0.478 0.500
COM
B2 741.62 -5.17 -102.344 0.301 0.407 0.481 0.500
COM
F2
B3 652.22 71.8 -1.18 0.288 0.347 0.421 0.450
COM
B4 748.75 -2.9 101.46 0.302 0.408 0.466 0.500
COM
B5 835.15 -79.9 0.307 0.314 0.388 0.462 0.500
COM
B1 713.7 1.18 1.8 0.272 0.334 0.408 0.450
COM -
B2 467.16 0.2513 -43.44 0.236 0.304 0.378 0.400
COM
F3
B3 497.68 68.69 1.37 0.242 0.307 0.373 0.400
COM
B4 603.41 2.87 46.15 0.258 0.340 0.414 0.450
COM
B5 572.89 -66.07 1.33 0.254 0.321 0.395 0.400
COM 1454.1 1.87 -1.075 0.411 0.490 0.564 0.600
F4 B1
COM 1084.01 -1.154 -133.85 0.375 0.475 0.549 0.550
B2
COM 1044.02 177.2 -0.74 0.370 0.472 0.546 0.550
B3
111
COM 1092.25 3.96 132.24 0.376 0.476 0.550 0.600
B4
COM 1137.11 - 0.87 0.381 0.487 0.261 0.600
B5 174.39
COM 835.12 3.39 -0.0023 0.308 0.368 0.442 0.450
F5 B1
COM 622.32 1.45 -99.97 0.279 0.381 0.455 0.500
B2
COM 765.7 80.37 0.687 0.30 0.373 0.447 0.450
B3
COM 630.37 3.68 99.97 0.281 0.383 0.457 0.500
B4
COM 486.98 -75.3 -0.69 0.255 0.310 0.384 0.400
B5
Reinforcement
Provided As Calculated
LOAD M y-y M x-x b As min
deff. Along X Along Y
COMB1 76.13 66.73 1.7 0.276 1205.76 1004.8 938.4
COMB2 60.76 40.23 1.7 0.276 1004.8 803.84 938.4
COMB3 44.66 56.84 1.7 0.276 803.34 1004.8 938.4
COMB4 86.42 59.87 1.7 0.326 1205.76 1004.8 1108.4
COMB5 69.54 80.95 1.7 0.292 1004.8 1004.8 992.8
COMB1 166 146.91 1.8 0.426 1607.68 1406.72 1533.6
COMB2 164.31 110.12 1.8 0.426 1607.68 1406.72 1533.6
COMB3 109.28 120.79 1.8 0.376 1205.76 1406.72 1353.6
COMB4 165.1 110.36 1.8 0.426 1607.68 1406.72 1533.6
COMB5 139.96 150.82 1.8 0.426 1406.72 1406.72 1533.6
COMB1 97.95 83.27 1.55 0.376 1205.76 1004.8 1165.6
COMB2 80.18 54.33 1.55 0.326 1004.8 1004.8 1010.6
COMB3 68.35 80.7 1.55 0.326 1004.8 1004.8 1010.6
COMB4 99.78 71.03 1.55 0.376 1205.76 1004.8 1165.6
COMB5 78.58 88.57 1.55 0.326 1004.8 1205.76 1010.6
COMB1 298.68 283.48 2.2 0.526 2411.52 2210.56 2314.4
COMB2 275.67 211.24 2.2 0.476 2411.52 1808.64 2094.4
COMB3 214.44 270.66 2.2 0.476 1808.64 2411.52 2094.4
COMB4 276.71 213.91 2.2 0.526 2210.56 2009.6 2314.4
COMB5 233.58 287.69 2.2 0.526 2009.6 2210.56 2314.4
COMB1 134.22 118.11 1.75 0.368 1406.72 1406.72 1288
COMB2 139.36 87.64 1.75 0.381 1406.72 1406.72 1333.5
COMB3 123.33 135.49 1.75 0.376 1406.72 1607.68 1316
COMB4 140.66 89.55 1.75 0.426 1406.72 1406.72 1491
COMB5 78.54 94.68 1.75 0.326 1004.8 1205.76 1141
112
Summary for the area of reinforcement and their spacing
Footing Along X Along Y Over all
As prov No. bars Spacing As prov No.bars Spacing depth
F1 1205.76 6Ф16 310 1206 6Ф16 280 400
F2 1607.68 8 Ф16 230 1607.68 8 Ф16 220 500
F3 1205.76 6Ф16 290 1165.6 6Ф16 250 450
F4 2411.52 12 Ф16 190 2411.52 12 Ф16 190 600
F5 1406.72 7 Ф16 270 1607.68 8 Ф16 240 500
Note: mm2 and mm units for area of reinforcement and spacing respectively
113
References
1) EBCS – 1----------------------Actions on Buildings

2) EBCS – 1----------------------structural Design
3) EBCS – 1----------------------steel & timber
4) EBCS – 1----------------------foundation
5) EBCS – 1----------------------earthquake
114
Part 2
Cost Estimation
8. Bill of quantity
Item Unit
No Unit Qty Amount
Description Rate
SPECIFICATION AND BILL OF QUANTITIES
FOR LEFT WING BLOCK
A. SUB STRUCTURE
1 Excavation and Earth Works

.......................................... Birr 26,127.10
2 Concrete Works
.............................................................. Birr 145,142.90
3 Masonry Works
.............................................................. Birr 19,836.00
Total A ................ Birr 191,106.00
B. SUPER STRUCTURE
1 Concrete Work ………………………………… Birr 589,828.99
Total B ................ Birr 589,828.99
Total A + B …………………… Birr 780,934.99
A-SUB STRUCTURE
1. EXCAVATION & EARTH WORK
1.01 Site clearing and removing of the top 200 mm thick soil. m2 330.00 3.00 990.00
1.02 Bulk excavation in ordinary soil to reduced levels(70cm) m3 176.40 18.00 3,175.20
1.03 Pit excavation in ordinary soil to a depth of 1500 mm from
reduced level. m3 174.00 20.00 3,480.00
1.04
Trench excavation in ordinary soil for masonry foundation
a depth of 1500 mm from reduced level. a depth of 1500
mm from reduced level. m3 52.90 20.00 1,058.00
1.06
Fill around foundation and building in non expansive
material from the site well rolled and compact in layers not
exceeding 200 mm thick. m3 63.24 35.00 2,213.40
1.07
Fill under hard core with imported selected materials from
outside well rolled and compact in layers not exceeding 200
mm thick. m3 44.20 35.00 1,547.00
1.08 Cart away surplus excavated materials from the site as per
the Engineer's instruction. m3 469.30 15.00 7,039.50
1.09 25 cm thick basaltic or equivalent stone hardcore well
rolled, consolidated and blinded with crushed stone. m2 220.80 30.00 6,624.00
TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY .................... 26,127.10
2. CONCRETE WORK
2.01 50mm lean concrete quality C-5, 150 kg of cement/m3:
under
a) Footing m2 72.26 30.00 2,167.80
2
b) Grade beam m 59.03 30.00 1,770.75
2.02 Reinforced concrete quality C-25,360 kg of cement/m3
filled in to form work and vibrated around rod
reinforcement (formwork and reinforcement measured
separately).
a) In footing m3 37.06 1000.00 37,060.00
b) In foundation column m3 2.86 1000.00 2,860.00
c) In grade beam m3 14.39 1000.00 14,390.00
d) In 100mm thick ground floor slab m2 220.08 100.00 22,008.00
2.03 Provide, cut and fix in position sawn zigba wood or steel
formwork which ever appropriate.
a) To footing m2 78.38 50.00 3,919.00
b) To foundation column m2 33.24 50.00 1,662.00
c) To grade beam m2 28.23 50.00 1,411.50
2.04
Mild steel reinforcement according to structural drawings.
Price includes cutting, bending, placing in position and tying
wire and required spacers.
a) Φ 6 mm deformed bar kg 231.23 15.00 3,468.45
b) Φ 8 mm deformed bar kg 142.04 15.00 2,130.60
c) Φ 12 mm deformed bar kg 359.16 15.00 5,387.40
d) Φ 16 mm deformed bar kg 2080.41 15.00 31,206.15
e) Φ 20 mm deformed bar kg 839.53 15.00 12,592.95
f) Φ 24 mm deformed bar kg 207.22 15.00 3,108.30
3. MASONRY WORKS
3.01
500mm thick basaltic or equivalent well dressed stone
masonry bedded in cement mortar (1:3) mix below ground
surface. Price shall include cement mortar bed. m3 52.20 300.00 15,660.00
3.02
500mm thick trachytic or equivalent well dressed stone
masonry above ground level bedded in cement mortar (1:3)
in full joints. Price shall include pointing of exposed face. m3 10.44 400.00 4,176.00
B-SUPER STRUCTURE
1. CONCRETE WORK
1.01 Reinforced concrete quality C-25, 360 kg of cement/m3,
filled into formwork and vibrated around rod reinforcement
(formwork and reinforcement measured separately)
a) In elevation columns m3 22.05 1000.00 22,050.00
b) In floor beams . m3 46.25 1000.00 46,245.00
c) In roof beams . m3 8.56 1000.00 8,560.00
d) In stair case & landing m3 0.00 1000.00 0.00
2
e) In 150mm thick roof slab m 0.00 150.00 0.00
1.02
Ribbed slab for suspended floor slab made of 50 mm thick
concrete slab,50x120 mm one way concrete girder with c/c
spacing of 600mm ,250x625 mm hollow concrete ribbed
block all according to the detail structural drawing. Price
includes hollow concrete ribbed block and provide support
at 1/3(one third) of precasted beams. m2 660.24 150.00 99,036.00
1.03 Provide, cut and fix in position sawn zigba wood or steel
formwork which ever appropriate.
a) To elevation column m2 283.24 60.00 16,994.10
b) To floor beams . m2 472.80 60.00 28,368.00
c) To roof beams . m2 103.78 60.00 6,226.80
d) To stair case & landing m2 0.00 60.00 0.00
e) To roof slab m2 0.00 60.00 0.00
1.04
Mild steel reinforcement according to structural drawings.
Price includes cutting, bending, placing in position and tying
wire and required spacers.
a) Φ 6 mm plain bar kg 5428.39 15.00 81,425.85
b) Φ 8 mm deformed bar kg 919.29 15.00 13,789.38
d) Φ 12 mm deformed bar kg 1260.94 15.00 18,914.13
e) Φ 16 mm deformed bar kg 3204.95 15.00 48,074.28
f) Φ 20 mm deformed bar kg 3999.17 15.00 59,987.55
g) Φ 24 mm deformed bar kg 1043.86 15.00 15,657.90
1.05
Pre-cast elements (PB 2) to the size of
4000x120x50mm.made of 0.03m3/beam and price
including formwork and reinforcement bar.
(a) Φ 8 mm plain bar ( 1.5pcs )
(b) Φ 10mm deformed bar ( 0.367 pc )
(c) Φ 14 mm deformed bar ( 0.733 pc )
to be placed in position. pc 150.00 350.00 52,500.00
1.06
Pre-cast elements (PB 2) to the size of
5000x120x50mm.made of 0.030m3/beam and price
including formwork and reinforcement bar.
(a) Φ 8 mm plain bar ( 1.842pc )
(b) Φ 10 mm deformed bar ( 0.45 pc )
(c) Φ 16 mm deformed bar ( 0.90 pc )
to be placed in position. pc 150.00 480.00 72,000.00
Sample structural
detail drawings.
The beam on first floor on AXIS B
The beam on Ground floor on AXIS B

The beam at Ground floor on AXIS 2
The beam at First floor on AXIS 2

Final Year Project of Iyasu

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Final Year Project of Iyasu

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In Partial Fulfillment of B.Sc.

Thanks to the almighty God who gives us power,

Part 2 Structural Coast Estimation

1.1 Computation of wind pressure

We= qref Ce (Ze) Cpe .........................Eqn 3.1 EBCS -1 1995

Where qref - reference mean wind pressure

Vref = reference wind velocity give by

Vref = Cdir Ctem Calt Vref

Ce (Ze) = Cr²(Z)*Ct²(Z) 1+ 7Kt ----------(Art. 3.8.5)

Cr(Z)is the roughness coefficient (Art.3.8.2)

Ce (Ze) = (0.8348)2 (1)2 [1+ 7*0.22__ ] = 1.983

We= 227.48* 1.983* Cpe

Wi = qref Ce (Zi) Cpi .........................Eqn 3.1 EBCS -1 1995

Wi= 227.48 * 1.983 Cpi

For the computation of the exposure coefficient we considered three directions of

For wind direction θ = 0˚ wind

For wind direction θ = 0˚/180˚

0.15 0.15 0.15

-2 -0.9 1.5 -0.8 -0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2

For wind direction θ = 90˚

pitch angle F/F¹ G/G¹ H/H¹ I/I¹

5˚ 2.2 -1.6 -2 -1.3 -1.2 -0.7 -0.5

12.5˚ -2.15 -1.375 -2 -1.3 -1.575 -0.625 -0.5

15˚ -2 -1.3 -2 -1.3 -1.7 -0.6 -0.5

For θ = 180˚ Wind

Max. Negative = -1.0

Cpe = Cpe + (Cpe ,10. - Cpe ,1) log A

For zone F / α = 12.5˚

For zone G / α = 12.5˚

For zone F¹ / α = 15˚

For zone G¹ / α = 15˚

for θ = 90˚ the maximum coefficient becomes -1.785

Cpi = -0.8 or -0.5

The Net wind pressure

Wi = 451*Cpi and We = 451*Cpe then

Finally the net presures will turn out as follows:

DL Cosθ the down ward perpendicular component of the dead load

The maximum perpendicular dead load is given as :

The weight of a single EGA 300 sheet = 2.35Kg/0.823m²

Dead load = (0.572+0.05)KN/m = 0.1072 KN/m

Py (+ve) = 1.3[0.1072*Cos 12.46˚] + [0.3176*1.25] 1.4

1.56 KN M = PL/4 + WL²/8

check for punching due to the concentrated live load.

f16 51.47 1 201.1 16 334.2 20.9 89.12 0.23 0.98

ST33 224 1.1 1.25 56 89.35 12.16

φ16 201.1 1.1 1.25 47.7 62.26 46.74

1.5 Design of trusses

Load on trusses due to the celling 1

Struts ST33 (330*30*2mm) γ =1.68 kg\m

Total weight = 7.55 KN

For Negative load case

γM1 γM2 Nt,Sd1(10³) N t,Sd 2 (10³) Nbrd (10³)

1.1 1.25 81 100.3 25.57 25.57

Reactions passing on to the columns.

For positive load case

For Negative load case.

4.04 KN 11.96 KN 2.9 KN

Types of Precast beam elements

Fig, 1.1 PCB Types 1

Fig,. 1.2 PCB Type 2

Fig 1.3• HCB

Fig 1.4 HCB of Type 2 PCB

FLOOR SLAB LAY OUT

Wi = 451Cpi and We = 451Cpe then

Py (+ve) = 1.3[0.1072Cos 12.46˚] + [0.31761.25] 1.4

Struts ST33 (330302mm) γ =1.68 kg\m

- Pre-cast beam 1.3.12.05*25=.2 KN/m

Live load 1.61.5.6 = 1.44 KN/m

- Pre-cast beam 1.3.12.05*25 = .2 KN/m

Live load 1.62.0.6=1.92

As, min = .001100050 = 50mm2

As, min = .001100050 = 50mm2