By comparison to carbonation,the repair requirements for chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion

are somewhat more stringent.this is because the processes involved in chloride-induced corrosion
depend on several factors, e.g.chloride diffusity,cement type,concrete quality and environmental
conditions.hence,precise diagnosis of the sources of chloride corrosion can be complicated and
requires specialist advice.

Field and laboratory tests are necessary to verify chloride levels and to evaluate the impact of
prevailing environmental conditions on the susceptibility of corrosion.the chloride ion content of the
concrete must be checked against criteria shown in chapter 2 (table 2.1). as an approximate
guide,chloride ion contents below the range 0.3-0.5% relative to the mass of cement have a low
corrosion risk under normal conditions.

For carbonated concretes.chloride levels below the critical threshold can induce corrosion.it is
recommended to use the same repair priciple,i.e. C,W or R,where corrosion is induced concurrently
by carbonation and chlorides.

An extensive inspection,and incorporating techniques outlined in chapter 4, is necessary prior to

repair to delineate areas of corrosion severity and areas where corrosion is highly likely. The
inspection should include visual surveys,corrosion potential mapping,resistivity measurements and
chloride analysis. It must be noted that the repair of corrosion in one area can induce corrosion in
areas with no previous corrosion by creating new cathodic and anodic sites.special cleaning
procedures, additional to the requirements previously described for patch repair, have to be
followed to remove all existing traces of chlorides for most repairs. The use of high pressure water
jets is recommended.

B.1 repair principle r

Succesful repair of structures affected by chloride-induced corrosion with the application of a

coating alkaline concrete or mortar is critically dependent on complete elimination of all traces of
chloride in the substrate concrete,especially where the critical chloride content has reached th
reinforcement.on the other hand,carbonation-induced corrosion only requires a limited amount of
concrete removal,depending on the extent of carbonation.The application of a coating must
safeguard against further chloride penetration during the service life of the structure or
component,so that critical chloride levels are not reached at any time.this will normally involve
further application of a film-forming coating which is impermeable to chlorides.

B.2 repair principle w

The influence of concrete moisture content on chloride-induced corrosion remains

unkown.hence,the effectiveness and reliability of this method has to be clearly demonstrated before
application.given the uncertainties associated with this method,extreme caution must be exercised
with its adoption and implementation as a permanent repair method.

B.3 Repair priciple c

This method is not generally practiced and should only be considered when all other repair
principles prove impractical.

B.4 repair principle k

Preparation requires removal of spalled and delaminated concrete,however,sound but chliride-

contaminated concrete may be left in place.there is no surface preparaton for the steel other than
removing loose corrosion products where steel is exposed.good and durable adhesion of overlays
and coatings is critical to the succesful operation of the system.some considerations prior to the
installation of a system include damage assessment of the structure,measurement of electrical
resistance within the reinforcement,preparation of the concrete surface for application of coating or
overlay materials,securing of anodes,and system commissioning.

A high level of quality assurance must be attained throughout the design and installation of cp
systems. An adjustment and maintenance program has to be developed and implemented by a
specialist to achieve good performance and ensure durability. After commisioning,the performance
of the system must be regularly monitored,from an initial weekly basis,to monthly and thereafter
usually every six months or anually.in particularly,the operation of rectifiers must be checked
regularly by suitable personnel.

b.5 re-alkalization and chloride extraction techniques

in australia,field applications using the electrochemical re-alkalization and chloride extraction

methods are rather limited.as such,no standards exist for acceptance of their usage here.